湿地地表水—地下水交互作用的研究综述

湿地地表水—地下水之间的水量与水质交互作用是影响湿地水文过程及其生态环境效应的重要机制。从湿地地表水—地下水交互作用的内涵、影响因素、界面效应及其研究方法与模型等5个方面,归纳总结了国内外相关的研究成果。分析认为:湿地地表水—地下水交互作用受到地质/水文地质条件与水文情势共同控制,对未来变化环境尤其是气候变化的响应机制是其影响因素研究关注的焦点,在此背景下物理—化学—生物多层次环境界面之间的"激励—响应"更加显著,将成为理解湿地—地下水交互作用过程及其环境反馈的重要内容。结合多学科交叉理论与方法,利用不同界面特征的响应变化反馈指示湿地地表水—地下水交互作用是未来研究方法发展与创新的基本思路。结合湿地水文特性整合不同尺度的数据信息、耦合交互过程的不同机制等是模型构建的关键科学问题,实现交互作用过程中的地表水—地下水耦合、水量—水质联合模拟是模型研究的发展趋势。     

湿地水文学研究进展

水文过程在湿地形成、发育、演替直至消亡全过程中起重要作用.降水截流、径流和蒸散作用是湿地 大气界面水文过程研究的热点和重点,开发的模型较多但尚需进一步检验和完善.片流和明渠流是湿地主要地表径流,其中片流受地形坡度等因素影响而难以精确计算.湿地的地下水文系统对季节性积水湿地尤为重要,但是关于泥炭沼泽的垂向水力联系尚需进一步研究.可持续的湿地水文管理必须将人类活动和气候变化这两个因素纳入湿地综合水文模型,然而目前除少数几个综合模型外,大多数的湿地水文模型并非如此.加强湿地水文观测、多手段多技术相结合和开发综合湿地水文模型应是今后湿地水文学研究的主流.     

耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型模拟效率评价

耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型是开展流域湿地变化的水文效应及其水文功能评估的有效工具,其模拟效率直接关系到模拟精度和应用价值。选取中国湿地主要分布区之一的嫩江流域,利用PHYSITEL/HYDROTEL模型平台,构建孤立湿地和河滨湿地模块并与流域水文模型耦合,并从拟合优度指数和模拟效率角度评价了耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型模拟效率。结果表明,耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型,拟合和验证期间模型的拟合度指数均有所提高,嫩江富拉尔基和大赉水文站控制流域的Nash-Sutcliffe系数和克林效率系数平均提高了3.08%和4.64%,均方根误差和相对偏差平均降低了12.72%和55.93%,且整个研究时段模拟结果的流量指数总体更接近于观测的径流数据。可见,耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型可提高水文过程模拟精度,更好地定量评估湿地水文功能,为流域水资源精准调控与湿地修复保护提供重要支撑。     

考虑地表-地下水相互作用的地下水流动研究

地下水是水文系统的重要组成部分,对保护和开发日益枯竭的水资源具有重要的战略意义。地下水作为一种自然资源,对供水和水质起着至关重要的作用。地下水模拟是水资源可持续管理的重要组成部分。因此,地下水的物理机制应该通过建立详细的水文和污染物运移模型来确定。此外,为了建立准确的地下水模型,应考虑地表-地下水相互作用。虽然许多研究将地下水作为一个单一系统,研究地下水水力学和水文学,但通过在不同情况下进行敏感性分析来研究地表水-地下水相互作用和地下水行为的研究很少。因此,本文将地表水和地下水视为一个独立的系统,并进行相应的模拟。本研究利用三维有限差分法地下水流动与污染物运移模拟模型,建立了一个概化的河流-含水层模型。研究了地表水与地下水相互作用对水文特性的影响。利用概化河流-含水层系统的水文模型,在不同的水流边界条件和水流路径下进行分析,得到地下水位波动和河流与含水层之间的流量。     

北京城市副中心海绵城市建设对地下水影响分析

海绵城市通过透水铺装、下沉绿地和湿地花园等措施,增加了雨水入渗和地下水补给,减少了地表径流,影响了区域地表水-地下水交换作用过程,势必带来潜在的地下水污染风险.以北京市通州城市副中心为例,基于Hydrus-1D和MODFLOW建立包气带-饱和带耦合模型,实现地下水的水量与水质全过程模拟,并预测了城市化前、城市化现状、海...     

现代黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态水文环境脆弱性

受大气降水、黄河水位断流、风暴潮和人类工程活动等因素影响,现代黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态水文环境极其脆弱和敏感。本文运用地下水数值模拟方法,通过构建滨海湿地水文模型,以氯离子作为模拟因子,预测滨海湿地地下水趋势性变化。计算结果显示,湿地水位和盐度对湿地生长和发育起控制作用;黄河持续断流和强烈风暴潮对湿地水质影响明显;当风暴潮引起增水幅度超过正常潮高的2.4m,会造成沿海低地特别是北部未受防潮大坝保护的滨海湿地淹没。     

中国岩溶湿地生态水文过程研究进展

岩溶湿地是广泛分布于岩溶地区的一种特殊的湿地类型。受特殊水文地质结构的控制,岩溶湿地生态系统的结构和功能与其他湿地类型有着显著差异。基于国内外湿地及岩溶湿地相关研究成果的基础上,阐述了我国西南岩溶湿地具有上下双层结构、封闭的储蓄水构造、快速的生态水文循环等特点,以及地表水-地下水转化、生态需水转化的规律和研究方法,分析了人类活动对岩溶湿地水量、水质以及生态系统演化的影响,并总结了岩溶湿地生态水文模型的研究现状及发展趋势。最后,针对目前岩溶湿地生态水文过程研究中存在的问题,提出在未来研究中应加强对岩溶湿地结构及生态水文循环过程的研究、查明人类活动对岩溶湿地产生的影响、构建生态水文耦合模型等建议。     

洪泛湿地系统地表水与地下水转化研究进展综述

洪泛湿地地表水(SW)与地下水(GW)转化关系研究对综合管理湿地水资源具有重要的理论和实践意义。通过洪泛湿地SW-GW转化研究进展的综述,可深入了解国内外SW-GW转化研究的发展过程,有利于把握国际研究的主流趋势,系统掌握该方面研究的前沿手段。总结得出,洪泛湿地是我国诸多生态系统中特色突出的水文系统,其独特的水文变化及洪水脉冲的周期性扰动,使得SW-GW转化的动力学过程促进了洪泛湿地环境系统之间物质、能量和信息的传递与交换,驱动了湿地演变、物质元素循环和生物生长等生态功能的实现。分析认为,洪泛湿地的开放性和复杂性等特点决定了多学科交叉理论与方法成为SW-GW转化研究的流行手段和创新的基本思路。从学科发展趋势和应用需求的角度出发,应结合洪泛湿地多源数据信息与SW-GW耦合数值模型,深入揭示洪泛湿地SW-GW转化的动力学过程及对洪水脉冲变化的响应机制,这既是一个基础性工作,也是一个具有前瞻性的研究,将为湿地水资源、水环境等综合管理与调控提供科学依据,对诠释湿地生态效应内涵具有重要意义。     

地表地下耦合的水量及溶质运移模拟研究进展

地表水与地下水之间存在强烈的相互作用,构建地表水和地下水耦合的水量和溶质运移模型可以揭示地表水和地下水之间的相互作用机制,并提高地表地下水量水质预测的精度。介绍了现有的地表地下耦合的水量及溶质运移模型,对比了各模型的求解方法和适用领域,总结了这些模型的应用现状。其中水量模型中全耦合模型精度较高,是未来模型发展的主流方向,溶质运移模型中溶质反应过程模拟较为欠缺。未来应在优化求解算法、提高溶质反应模拟和加强裂隙介质模拟等方面深入开展相关研究。     

地表水与地下水相互作用的温度示踪与模拟研究进展

刻画地表水与地下水的相互作用过程及精确计算二者的交换量始终是个挑战,而新兴的温度示踪方法对于这方面的研究具有独特优势。重点介绍了地表水与地下水相互作用的温度示踪方法原理、应用及相关模拟的研究进展。温度示踪方法的数据获取成本低且温度适宜密集与连续监测,可对地表水与地下水相互作用过程进行精细刻画;在进行地表水与地下水相互作用的水-热耦合模拟时,温度数据可用于进一步校正模型,降低模型的不确定性,以提高交换量的计算精度。监测河水温度和河床沉积物内的水温,运用温度示踪方法研究河水与地下水的相互作用过程,并将水流及热运移数值模型相耦合,利用多源数据进行模型校正,可精细刻画地表水与地下水的交换量、相互作用带内的水流途径、流速及其变化趋势和控制因素,为地表水与地下水相互作用研究提供新的模型与方法。     

GMS模型的水文水质模拟应用研究

GMS模型是应用广泛的地下水水文模拟系统。以昆山市某古镇为研究区域,采用GMS模型对其水文水质进行模拟研究。通过用概化方法建立水文地质概念模型和数学模型,用反演迭代方法矫正模型的主要参数等过程,分别用MODFLOW和MT3DMS模块模拟和预测了研究区水文水质状况和污染物迁移趋势。数据对比结果显示,模拟值与检测值基本一致,表明校正后的GMS模型能较好再现地下水流系统特征,并能应用于流域污染物扩散过程的模拟和预测中,对地下水污染物的迁移趋势进行分析,以便及时采取有效措施控制污染源。     

分布式水文模型在岩溶地区的改进与应用研究

在我国西南岩溶峰林地区，碳酸盐岩岩溶的强烈发育使含水层空间结构具有高度非均质性，加之表层岩溶带对降雨入渗的影响，导致传统的含水层高度概化的水文模型难以定量刻画地表水对地下水的补给过程。文章在开源的SWAT（土壤和水评估工具）模型基础上，通过改进土壤水及地下水模块，刻画水分经表层岩溶带以慢速流和快速流的方式进入含水层的过程，分别以活塞式推进方式及以捷径式入流方式进入浅层含水层，构建了适应于岩溶地区的分布式水文模型。以桂林市漓江流域为例，在碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩交叉分布的流域建立水文模型，并对构建的模型进行率定与验证，结果表明:与原模型径流模拟相比，本文构建的模型较好体现了表层岩溶带的调蓄作用，改善了各水文站枯水期模拟较差的情况（其中潮田站纳什系数由0.78提高到0.92，决定系数由0.85提高到0.92，比改进前有明显提高）；改进后的模型能适用于碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩分布不均的岩溶流域水分循环模拟。     

Deuterium composition and flow path analysis as additional calibration targets to calibrate groundwater flow simulation in a coastal wetlands system

A conceptual model of the Lake Warden coastal wetlands system, Western Australia, was developed using hydraulic, chemical and stable isotopic data, and formed the basis for a groundwater flow model using the finite element numerical code (FEFLOW). The system to be modeled is complex. The surface water and groundwater within the wetlands system show varying salinity and isotopic composition over short distances and time frames. As a first step, the flow model was calibrated to observed groundwater levels measured since 2001 for both steady state and transient stresses. Particle tracking analysis was conducted to test the source areas of water discharging to the lakes within the wetlands system. The analysis was able to delineate the connectivity between the lakes in the wetland and the flow path. Enrichment of isotopic concentration is evident along a NE–SW transect and the data set provides a means for calibrating a detailed transport model. The study incorporates the varying deuterium composition of the water bodies directly into a transport model and a good match between observed and simulated temporal variations along the transect indicates that the model closely simulated the dynamics of water exchange between the lakes and groundwater within the system.     

Numerical simulation of the effect of heavy groundwater abstraction on groundwater–surface water interaction in Langat Basin, Selangor, Malaysia

The paper aims at evaluating the interaction between ground and surface water along the Langat River in Malaysia through the development of a numerical simulation. Malaysia has been experiencing a rapid economic growth since the last few decades, driven by many factors such as agriculture, industry, and the like. The demand for water in these sectors has increased so tremendously that surface water has been utilized in conjunction to groundwater. Approximately 18,184 m³ of water per day is obtained from the aquifer to supply to the steel factory. There are also workshops, petroleum stations, and houses in the area thus causing the water quantity and quality to degrade. In terms of quantity, the pumping activity has altered the interaction between the groundwater and surface water. Therefore, a numerical model was proposed and two aquifer layers were simulated, with the first layer being approximately >20 m in depth and the second layer >100 m. The recharge estimated from the tank model was input into the groundwater modeling. The effects of the surface water to the aquifer were included in the simulation by defining the river conductance, river bed, and river level. The calibrated model (error about 0.9 m) was achieved and applied to predict the flow pattern in its natural state without the pumping and with the pumping states. As a result, in the first scenario, the stream was in an effluent condition influenced by the groundwater from the northeast to the west. A hyporheic flow occurred and was observed from the contour map. The flow system was changed in the second scenario when the pumping activity was included in the simulation. The groundwater lost its original function but received leakage from the stream near the pumping sites. The findings of this study will help the local authorities and other researchers to understand the aquifer system in the area and assist in the preparation of a sustainable groundwater management.     

黑河流域中游盆地地表水与地下水转化机制研究

地表水与地下水相互转化是中国西北干旱内流盆地水循环的显著特征,转化机制研究是盆地水循环规律认知和水资源可持续管理的重要基础。以我国西北干旱内流河黑河流域中游的张掖盆地和盐池盆地为研究区,建立了黑河主干河道时变水平衡模型和地表水地下水耦合数值模型,研究了长周期水文变化和人类活动双重影响下地表水与地下水转化机制,得到如下认识:（1）补给条件由以天然条件下河流渗漏为主的线状补给演变为以河流与引水渠道渗漏的线状补给和灌区田间入渗面状补给,排泄条件由以泉水溢出和天然湿地排泄演变为以泉水溢出与地下水开采为主的排泄。（2）张掖盆地黑河干流河道入渗段和溢出段大致以G312 大桥为界,亦称为地表水与地下水转化的转折点。莺落峡—G312 大桥段为悬河渗漏段,河道入渗补给主要受控于进入河道的实际过水量。其中,莺落峡—草滩庄段河道入渗补给率为28.20 %;草滩庄—G312 大桥段河道入渗补给量与河道过水量的关系可用分段函数表达,河道过水量大于或等于0.37×108 m3/mon时呈幂函数关系,小于则呈线性函数关系。G312 大桥—正义峡段为地下水溢出段,其中G312大桥—平川大桥段地下水溢出量约占全部溢出量的70%,溢出峰值出现在高崖水文站下游约6 km处,其单长溢出量可达0.46 m3/(s·km)。（3）研究区是一个相对完整的河流—含水层系统,近31年来经历了连枯和连丰的水文变化,地下水补给排泄条件及与地表水转化机制均发生了相应的变化。地表水与地下水转化最强烈的地区为张掖盆地中部的黑河—梨园河倾斜平原。1990—2001 年连枯期,灌区引水量总体逐年减少,以河道入渗和渠系渗漏为主的补给量平均以0.06×108 m3/a速率减少,农田灌溉面积增加导致灌溉用水增加,地下水开采量显著增加,地下水水位逐年下降,储存量累计减少5.77×108 m3,地下水溢出量平均减少0.16×108 m3/a;而2002—2020 年连丰期,灌区引水量总体逐年减少,河道入渗量呈增加趋势,地下水总补给量平均增加0.15×108 m3/a,灌溉面积继续扩大,农灌开采量随之增加,以河道入渗量增加为主导,地下水水位持续上升,储存量累计增加5.45×108 m3,地下水溢出量平均增加0.08×108 m3/a。总之,补给和排泄条件变化较大,地下水储存量先减后增,地下水溢出总量变化较为平缓,反映了该区巨厚含水层系统的巨大调蓄功能。（4）位于张掖盆地东部的诸河倾斜平原地下水水位长期处于持续下降状态,这是由于地表水开发过度,补给量锐减。黑河侵蚀堆积平原地下水水位基本稳定。30 多年来盐池盆地倾斜平原地下水水位长期处于持续下降状态,这是由于移民开垦导致地下水过量开采。（5）内流盆地天然悬河入渗段是珍贵的地下水补给通道,无论连枯期还是连丰期,河道实际过水量是河道渗漏补给量的关键,保护上游天然河道和一定的河道实际过水量是内流盆地水资源可持续管理的关键。     

基于DRAINMOD-S模型的滨海盐碱地农田暗管排水模拟

在分析农田暗管排水饱和-非饱和土壤水、盐运移数学模型的基础上,对DRAINMOD-S模型的基本原理和参数输入要求进行了详细描述,利用典型滨海盐碱地区实测土壤、气象、作物等资料,用DRAINMOD模型对不同排水暗管布置方案的地下水埋深进行了长序列模拟,在模拟率定参数的基础上,用DRAINMOD-S模型对0~80 cm土壤层剖面含盐量进行了模拟,结果表明:模型具有良好的水文模拟性能,地下水位及土壤含盐量模拟值与实测值拟合精度较高;可用于预测盐碱地地下水埋深、土壤层剖面中盐分含量,是改良盐碱地农田暗管排水工程设计和水管理的有效工具。     

Numerical groundwater-flow modeling to evaluate potential effects of pumping and recharge: implications for sustainable groundwater management in the Mahanadi delta region,India

Process-based groundwater models are useful to understand complex aquifer systems and make predictions about their response to hydrological changes. A conceptual model for evaluating responses to environmental changes is presented, considering the hydrogeologic framework, flow processes, aquifer hydraulic properties, boundary conditions, and sources and sinks of the groundwater system. Based on this conceptual model, a quasi-three-dimensional transient groundwater flow model was designed using MODFLOW to simulate the groundwater system of Mahanadi River delta, eastern India. The model was constructed in the context of an upper unconfined aquifer and lower confined aquifer, separated by an aquitard. Hydraulic heads of 13 shallow wells and 11 deep wells were used to calibrate transient groundwater conditions during 1997–2006, followed by validation (2007–2011). The aquifer and aquitard hydraulic properties were obtained by pumping tests and were calibrated along with the rainfall recharge. The statistical and graphical performance indicators suggested a reasonably good simulation of groundwater flow over the study area. Sensitivity analysis revealed that groundwater level is most sensitive to the hydraulic conductivities of both the aquifers, followed by vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining layer. The calibrated model was then employed to explore groundwater-flow dynamics in response to changes in pumping and recharge conditions. The simulation results indicate that pumping has a substantial effect on the confined aquifer flow regime as compared to the unconfined aquifer. The results and insights from this study have important implications for other regional groundwater modeling studies, especially in multi-layered aquifer systems.     

Development of a coupled surface-groundwater-pipe network model for the sustainable management of karstic groundwater

This paper considers the hydrogeological simulation of groundwater movement in karstic regions using a hydrological modelling system (SHETRAN) which has been adapted for modelling flow in karstic aquifers. Flow and transport through karstic aquifers remains poorly understood, yet quantitative hydrogeological models are essential for developing and implementing groundwater protection policies. The new model has been developed and used within the STALAGMITE (Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Karstic Environments) project, funded by the European Commission. The SHETRAN model is physically based insofar as most of the parameters have some physical meaning. The SHETRAN model represents all of the key processes in the hydrological cycle, including subsurface flow in the saturated and unsaturated zones, surface flow over the ground surface and in channels, rainfall interception by vegetation canopies, evapotranspiration, snow-pack development and snowmelt. The modifications made to SHETRAN to simulate karstic aquifers are (1) the coupling of a pipe network model to a variably saturated, three-dimensional groundwater component (the VSS-NET component), to simulate flow under pressure in saturated conduits; (2) the coupling of surface water features (e.g. sinking streams or "ponors", and spring discharges) to the conduit system; (3) the addition of a preferential "bypass" flow mechanism to represent vertical infiltration through a high-conductivity epikarst zone. Lastly, a forward particle tracking routine has been developed to trace the path of hypothetical particles with matrix and pipe flow to springs or other discharge points. This component allows the definition of groundwater protection zones around a source for areas of the catchment (watershed) which are vulnerable to pollution from non-point sources (agriculture and forestry).     

Implication of subsurface flow on rainfall-induced landslide: a case study

Post-failure field investigation, instrumentation, monitoring, and numerical simulation were performed to give insights into the failure mechanism of a 13-h-delayed rainfall-induced landslide. A conceptual hydrological model was postulated based on the findings obtained from the investigation works. The results showed that subsurface flow was recharged by intense and prolonged rainfall through outcrops of fissured bedrock. The recharged water was mounded in the moderately weathered granite layer and caused an increase in hydraulic head. The groundwater seeped gradually upward into the overlying fill layer even after the rain has ceased, and eventually triggered the landslide when the water table was raised to a critical state. As most of the existing hydrologic-slope stability models were developed on the basis of soil-impermeable bedrock model, this could result in great discrepancies between the simulated results and the real hydrological responses of the slope. The findings from the present study highlighted the importance of considering subsurface flow and hydro-geological features in assessing the mechanism of rainfall-induced landslide.     

云贵高原典型串珠状岩溶湿地水文地质演化研究

位于云贵高原面上宣威岩溶断陷盆地北东部的格宜镇,地貌类型为岩溶丘峰谷区,广泛分布碳酸盐岩地层,由于岩石建造和外地质应力的复杂性,在强烈的溶蚀作用下形成了多种多样的地貌形态,既有溶蚀形成的溶洞、洼地、谷地、落水洞等地表岩溶地貌,又有地下河管道等。通过水文地质学、岩溶学方法,对湖泊型串珠状湿地的构造、水文地质、岩溶发育特征进行研究,云贵高原面上串珠状岩溶湿地演化过程经历了地壳抬升期、南地壳稳定期、地壳再次抬升期三个阶段,在新构造运动作用下,由于地壳抬升,侵蚀基准下切等原因,岩溶管道在漫长的时间内垮塌、淤泥堵塞及岩溶发育的不均匀条件下了形成地表串珠状湿地。针对目前湿地面积的不断萎缩、减小问题,提出了具体的保护建议。