黑河下游典型生态系统水分补给源及优势植物水分来源研究

通过对黑河源区降水、 黑河下游河岸林生态系统、 人工梭梭林生态系统梭梭及戈壁红砂生态系统土壤水和浅层地下水稳定氢氧同位素组成(δD、 δ¹⁸O)的测定, 对黑河下游典型生态系统土壤水和浅层地下水的补给源进行了研究. 同时通过对比分析河岸林生态系统胡杨和柽柳、 人工梭梭林生态系统梭梭及戈壁红砂生态系统红砂等优势植物根系水及其对应的土壤水及浅层地下水的δ¹⁸O, 对黑河下游典型荒漠植物水分来源进行了研究, 并对不同潜在水源对植物水分来源的贡献率进行了计算. 结果表明: 河岸林生态系统和人工梭梭林生态系统的土壤水和浅层地下水来自黑河源区的降水, 源区降水通过黑河河道输水补给河岸林进而形成土壤水和浅层地下水, 但人工梭梭林的土壤水蒸发作用强烈. 戈壁红砂生态系统由于远离黑河, 土壤水不受黑河源区中上游输水的补给. 就植物水分来源而言, 在河岸林生态系统中, 乔木胡杨主要利用40~60 cm的土壤水和地下水, 灌木柽柳主要利用40~80 cm的土壤水; 人工梭梭主要利用200 cm至饱和层土壤水和地下水; 戈壁红砂主要利用175~200 cm的土壤水. 因此, 在黑河下游极端干旱区, 土壤水和地下水是维持荒漠植物生存、 生长及发育的主要来源.     

黑河下游荒漠河岸林典型样带植被空间异质性

应用地统计学的理论与方法,分析了黑河流域下游荒漠河岸林主要种群,即老林胡杨(Popu luseuphratica)、幼林胡杨、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)和苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)的空间异质性程度、异质性组成及尺度依赖问题.结果表明:黑河下游荒漠河岸林种群斑块格局明显,斑块内部异质性较小,斑块之间异质性增强,出现空间异质性变化较大的尺度为430m.而斑块内部因不同种群而变化,苦豆子和柽柳具有较大的空间异质性尺度,分别为43m和55m.老林和幼林胡杨种群的空间异质性尺度(8m和13m)较小,但异质性存在多尺度变化.采用30m分辨率的遥感数据能够较好地分析种群斑块格局,但是对种群内的空间异质性分析需要更高的分辨率.     

断陷盆地高原面典型岩溶洼地旱季土壤水氢氧同位素时空差异特征

以云南省蒙自断陷盆地东山山区典型岩溶洼地为研究区,通过野外采集土壤样品与实验室测试分析相结合的方法,运用稳定同位素技术研究旱季不同深度土壤水氢氧同位素组成,揭示区内土壤水氢氧同位素时空变化特征,为进一步研究云南断陷盆地山区土壤水分运移机制和当地农业合理利用和管理水资源提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)土壤水δD、δ18O同位素值的变化范围分别为-128.3‰~-27.6‰和-17.5‰~2.5‰,平均值分别为-96.1‰±20.7‰和-12.3‰±3.7‰,降雨转化为土壤水和水分在土壤中重新分布时发生一定程度的氢氧同位素分馏。(2)旱季两个月份土壤水氢氧同位素组成发生变化,4月份土壤水δD、δ18O同位素平均值分别为-86.3‰±23.83‰和-10.6‰±4.3‰,显著高于2月份(δD:-106.1‰±9.5‰;δ18O:-14.1‰±1.6‰)(p<0.05),主要和4月份土壤水的蒸发作用强烈有关。(3)在空间上,坡地与洼地之间土壤水氢氧同位素组成存在差异,2月份坡地与洼地之间土壤水δD、δ18O值差异显著(p<0.05),洼地土壤水δD、δ18O比坡地偏轻;4月份坡地与洼地之间土壤水δD、δ18O值差异不显著(p>0.05)。(4)土壤垂直剖面方向上土壤水δD、δ18O值随着土壤深度的增加而减小,浅层土壤水δ18O和深层土壤水δ18O存在显著差异,2月份浅层土壤水δ18O比深层土壤水δ18O偏正2.8‰,4月份浅层土壤水δ18O比深层土壤水δ18O偏正10.5‰。      

黑河流域不同生境植物水分来源及环境指示意义

选择黑河流域三种典型生境类型(绿洲、 绿洲-荒漠过渡带、 荒漠), 通过分析其不同植物木质部水分与其土壤潜在水源稳定氢(δD)和氧(δ¹⁸O)同位素组成, 研究了不同生境中植物的水分来源情况. 结果表明: 荒漠生境中植物倾向于利用深层土壤水(>160 cm); 绿洲-荒漠过渡带中沙蒿和沙拐枣主要利用20~40 cm层位的土壤水, 梭梭可能的利用层位是60~80 cm, 花棒可能利用100 cm左右的水分, 柽柳则利用120 cm以下的土壤水; 绿洲植物吸水层位多集中在0~100 cm, 其中, 假苇拂子茅可能水源是20 cm左右的土壤水, 玉米则为20~40 cm, 柽柳和杨树的吸水层位为60 cm左右, 棉花则是利用80 cm左右的水分. 稳定性同位素估测各生境植物水分来源的结果与其土壤含水量的结果一致, 同一生境中吸水层位相似的植物间存在水分来源竞争. 不同生境中植物水分来源的深浅存在递变, 从深到浅表现为荒漠>过渡带>绿洲, 不同生境同种植物也存在同样变化, 说明植物稳定氢氧同位素组成可以用来指示干旱区绿洲化、 荒漠化过程.     

黑河中游临泽地区沙丘植物水分来源的D、18O同位素示踪

基于2008年7月份降雨、地下水、土壤水和植物茎干水的D、18O同位素观测结果,分析了黑河中游临泽地区沙丘顶、底部不同深度土壤水分的来源,确定了红柳、花棒、梭梭等沙丘植物的吸水层位及其对降雨和地下水的依赖程度,发现:①土壤水δ(D)、δ(18O)剖面总体呈指数形式,局部受降雨事件入渗过程影响,土壤剖面的上界面受连续蒸发...     

锡林河流域地表水和浅层地下水的稳定同位素研究

2006年4—9月,在从锡林河源头沿河流进行地表水和地下水同位素样品采集和分析的基础上,利用全球降水同位素监测网(GNIP)包头站的大气降水稳定同位素资料,结合锡林河流域的气象和水文资料,对锡林河流域大气降水、地表水和地下水稳定同位素进行了研究.结果表明:地下水中δ18O和δD值分别集中在-11.7‰～-14.9‰和-80‰～-89.5‰范围内,δ18O沿地下水流向有增加的趋势,大部分地下水中δ18O的季节波动性不大;河流干流δ18O和δD的年算术平均值从源区的-12.8‰和-94.5‰到入锡林河水库处的-10.0‰和-79.3‰,差值分别约为3‰和15‰.河水中的δ18O值沿流程增加而增大的现象可归结为受含有较高δ18O值的地下水补给作用和河水的蒸发作用的共同影响,其中对δ18O蒸发富集的研究显示,蒸发引起δ18O富集值为1‰.通过地下水线(GWL)和地表水线(SWL)及区域大气降水线(LMWL)的对比分析发现,在径流季节,降水对地表水的贡献小,地下水是地表水主要的补给源,地表径流基本是地下水的排泄.     

阿拉善高原地下水的稳定同位素异常

1987～1995年对降水、黑河水和古日乃草原地下水作了定位观测,在巴丹吉林沙漠水文探险中采集了沙漠和戈壁地下水及湖水.降水同位素组成δD～δ18O与Craig线相同,但发现了地下水的δD～δ18D关系平行于降水线且有氘盈余为负且达-22‰的异常,其成因不明.由地表、地下水环境同位素组成,分析了黑河治理规划实施后可能对地下水资源产生的工程影响,它近期不会成为古日乃草原沙漠化进程的因素,但对额济纳绿洲的影响却不容忽视.     

同位素技术解析安阳河与地下水相互作用

河流与地下水相互作用研究是水文学研究的难点和热点。安阳河与地下水相互作用研究,对于安阳市水资源科学开发与管理具有重要意义。安阳河冲洪积扇地表水与地下水转化率为17%～27%。潜水位标高为80 m,向下游逐渐变成多层含水层（水位40 m）。当地降水环境同位素监测数据表明,当地大气降水线与全球大气降水线接近平行,表明该线代表本地区大气降水的氢氧同位素特征。地表水同位素值较集中,2016年8月δ18O值变化范围为-9‰~-8.7‰,δD值变化范围为-65‰~-63‰,2017年1月δ18O值变化范围为-8.5‰~-8.2‰,δD值变化范围为-63‰~-61‰,河水水化学类型为HCO3·SO4—Ca型,表明流域内地表水的同位素值受距离的影响较小。地下水稳定同位素值变化较大,2016年8月δ18O值范围为-10.4‰~-5.5‰,δD值范围为-75‰~-46‰,2017年1月δ18O值范围为-10.2‰~-5.4‰,δD值范围为-75‰~-45‰,即从接近降水值到最大值形成一条“蒸发”线。河流出山口一带地下水同位素值呈现最大蒸发值,表明地表水补给地下水,地下水化学类型为HCO3·SO4·Cl—Ca,存在明显人为污染成分。下游为大气降水补给浅层地下水,中深层地下水主要来源于中游侧向径流,水化学类型主要为HCO3—Ca·Mg型,综合分析表明,安阳河中下游（冲洪积扇）地带“三水”转换积极,并影响其水质、水量。     

黄土丘陵区降水-土壤水-地下水转化实验研究

通过对黄土丘陵区燕沟流域2005~2007年雨季的多次降水、0~400 cm土层土壤水、沟道地表水、地下水(泉水、井水)水样中D和18O采样分析,研究了该区降水、土壤水、地表水、地下水的转化关系.结果认为:燕沟流域的降水线与中国、世界的降水线有明显区别,斜率和截距偏小;降水、地表水、土壤水、地下水逐渐富集δD和δ18O,且δ18O富集速度高于δD,由D和18O的蒸发分馏差异所致,可利用各类水体的δD和δ18O变化情况甄别水体之间的水量转化;土壤水δD和δ18O剖面在200 cm深度处出现低值区,应是降水补给到达该深度且土壤蒸发影响逐渐衰减共同作用的结果,其在200 cm以下逐渐升高则因为降水补给影响逐渐降低、土壤水本底同位素影响增强所致.由于380~400 cm深层土壤水的δD和δ18O对降水事件的响应存在,因此认为降水-地下水的转化存在,降水补给泉水的滞后期小于35 d.而对井水的补给滞后时间以及土壤水对地下水的补给量还需进一步研究.     

干旱区植物水分来源的D、18O同位素示踪研究进展

在干旱、半干旱地区,水是生态系统的主要限制因子,对植物水源的研究有助于指导干旱、半干旱地区的生态建设.在水分被根系吸收和从根系向叶片输送的过程中,其δ(D)、δ(18O)值一般不会发生变化.因此,水中天然δ(D)、δ(18O)值的分析为确定植物的水分来源提供了一种有效的途径:只要各潜在水源的稳定同位素组成具有显著差异,就可通过植物体内水的δ(D)、δ(18O)值和各潜在水源δ(D)、δ(18O)值的对比,定量确定植物对这些水源的吸收情况.但是,由于各潜在水源的不确定性和蒸发富集等因素的影响,该技术还存在一些不足.另外,隐性降水是干旱环境下植物的重要水源,但目前尚未开展隐性降水对植物补给作用的定量评价.利用稳定同位素技术定量评价干旱区植物隐性水源将是今后重要的研究方向.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the