吕宋海峡附近海域水团分布及季节变化特征

利用2003年2月至2009年4月期间在吕宋海峡附近海域由Argo剖面浮标观测的温、盐度资料,对该海域的水团分布及季节变化特征进行了探讨.结果表明,在120.5°-122.75°E、19°-23°N范围内,水团特征介于南海水和北太平洋水之间,而19°N以南区域的水交换并不显著.北太平洋热带水(NPTW)和北太平洋中层水(NPIW)通过吕宋海峡入侵南海的趋势在夏季较弱.秋季,NPTW入侵南海的趋势增强,而到了冬季,受东北季风控制,北太平洋水的入侵程度最强,然而并无NPIW进入南海的迹象.值得指出的是,整年没有发现明显的NPIW进入南海,而南海中层水可以通过海峡流入太平洋,其强度在秋、冬季节达到最大.     

北太平洋海表面高度(SSH) 与风应力变化的关系

利用1958-2008年的北太平洋海表面高度和风应力资料,并与ENSO和PDO指数进行相关分析.结果发现,风应力及其经向分量主要通过季节振动影响海表面高度(SSH)的年周期变化,纬向风应力主要通过多年振动影响SSH的ENSO和PDO周期.纬向风应力和SSH均以黑潮延伸体主轴为界,两侧呈现出相反的升降趋势,SSH为北降南升,纬向风应力南降北升.风应力和SSH升降趋势相同,均表现为“上升—下降—上升”的变化特征.在地形变化剧烈、等深线南北分布的海区,西风增强会导致SSH升高,且西侧升高较为明显.北风增强将导致北太平洋西岸SSH升高,东岸SSH降低.     

北太平洋经向翻转环流年际变化的数值模拟

北太平洋经向翻转环流(NPMOC)是北太平洋所有经向翻转环流圈的总称,拥有5个环流圈结构.其中,热带环流圈(TC)、副热带环流圈(STC)和深层热带环流圈(DTC)位于北太平洋热带-副热带海域,是该海域间经向物质和能量交换的重要通道.主要运用NEMO模式对这3个经向翻转环流圈的年际变化特征和机理进行了研究.结果表明,TC、STC和DTC的经向流量都具有显著的年际变化特征:在El Nio期间,TC的南、北向流量均减弱,STC的北向流量增强、南向流量减弱,DTC的南向流量减弱;而在La Nia期间则相反.敏感性试验表明,在风应力强迫下得到的TC、STC南、北向流量和DTC南向流量的年际变化特征都很显著,并与在风应力、热通量和淡水通量共同强迫下得到的结果非常一致;而仅在热通量和淡水通量的强迫下,各分支流量的年际变化均较小.由此可见,风场驱动是引起北太平洋经向翻转环流年际变化的主要驱动因素,而热通量和淡水通量的影响却较小.     

赤道外北太平洋冬夏海温场的EOF分析

利用较高分辨率的SODA资料,对赤道外北太平洋海洋上层各层的海温,特别是对中纬度北太平洋海温明显异常的海域(其被定义为关键区)做了海温的EOF分析,得到以下结论:北太平洋第一模态空间场上,冬、夏在中纬度北太平洋中西部均有较强正值带出现。在关键区第一模态空间场上,冬、夏两季近表层在日本本州岛的东、西面海域均分别有较强正值区,而次表层则仅存前者;这表明近表层海温(前者)受辐射、蒸发等影响明显,而次表层海温(后者)则其主要受流场垂直运动的影响,前者属海温的热力变化而后者则属海温的动力变化,两者性质不同。北太平洋和关键区的第一模态冬、夏海温变化的趋势均相近,两者在年尺度上均有持续性;两者的年际变化冬、夏均不明显,但均有明显的约20年的年代际变化;两者时间系数的演变均与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)中的冷、暖位相期有较好的对应;这两个模态均可称为PDO模态。     

西北太平洋波候与大气涛动的联系

利用ECMWF 1958-2001年44 a的ERA-40海浪再分析资料计算了西北太平洋海域(0°~45°N,99°~160°E)月平均有效波高(SWH)、平均周期(T)与北太平洋模态指数(NPI)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)和多变量ENSO指数(MEI)等大气涛动之间的时间和空间的相关性,重点探讨了NPI对北半球西太平洋波候(SWH和T)的影响。结果表明:NPI、PDO和MEI均与SWH和T有显著的相关性;NPI与SWH和T呈现正相关性,NPI超前SWH和T半年左右正相关最强,最强的相关海域位于日本和菲律宾以东洋面;NPI还存在3~5 a、8~9 a和13~15 a的年际和年代际周期变化; NPI高指数且PDO负位相或MEI负位相均使得SWH和T 增大; MEI冷位相且叠加PDO负位相时也利于SWH和T增大。NPI影响西北太平洋波候的可能机制是:NPI处于低(高)指数时,阿留申低压加深(减弱)且位置偏东(西),北太平洋西风带海面风速急流出现(消失),太平洋副热带东北信风大值区东移(西移),西北太平洋海域信风减弱(加强),西北太平洋海域有效波高和平均周期随之减小(增大)。中、东太平洋西向传播的涌浪对西北太平洋海域波侯有重要影响。     

1950～2010年PDO 对北太平洋地区海平面变化影响的量化与评估

本文研究和估计了1950～2010年不同太平洋年代际涛动(Pacific decadal oscillation, PDO)事件对北太平洋地区的海平面上升趋势所造成的影响。研究使用了SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)的海表面高度(sea surface height, SSH)数据资料, 通过多元线性回归方法, 分离了由PDO事件所引起的海表面高度变化(PDO-SSH), 以此分析PDO事件对海平面变化所造成的影响。结果表明, PDO-SSH所引起的海表面变化趋势的空间分布, 及其对区域海平面变化的遮掩效果, 和对应时期内PDO信号的振幅和周期有着紧密的关系。进一步的分析表明, PDO事件对北太平洋地区SSH变化所造成的影响是不均匀的, 在东西太平洋有着相反的变化趋势。1960～1989年, 具有较长数据时间长度的PDO信号对海平面变化的影响, 要强于高度计投入使用后的时期的表现, 而受其影响最重的海域出现在赤道西太平洋海域、阿留申群岛及北美沿岸地区, PDO-SSH在上述地区SSH的占比甚至高达60%。     

淮河流域5～6月降水的年际及年代际变化

对淮河流域降水异常进行分析对于预测黄海绿潮具有重要意义。选取淮河流域10个站,长江流域15个站,通过对国家气象信息中心1951~2011年的逐月降水数据进行分析,研究淮河流域和长江流域5~6月平均降水异常。2000~2010年,淮河流域5~6月降水呈现增加趋势,与长江流域降水呈反位相变化。分别对淮河流域5~6月平均降水异常与印度洋偶极子指数(Dipole Mode Index,DMI),以及太平洋年代际振荡(the Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)指数做相关性分析,结果表明:淮河流域5~6月平均降水异常与6个月前的DMI指数达到最大正相关,与20个月前的北太平洋(20°N以北)SST呈现明显的负相关,与PDO指数达到最大负相关。这表明,PDO、DMI指数对淮河流域5~6月降水异常的年代际、年际变化具有明显的指示作用。     

基于热含量探究PDO的三维结构及信号传播特征

基于1815—2013年SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)数据不同深度的温度数据资料,进行了热含量的计算,并通过EOF分解、功率谱分析等统计方法探究太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific decadal oscillation,PDO)的三维结构和周期性特征。结果表明,太平洋的年代际变化不仅仅存在于海洋表层,海洋300 m以浅均存在年代际变化特征,其中次表层(70 m左右)的年代际变化特征最为显著。功率谱分析的结果显示,北太平洋的年代际变化周期约为18 a。利用SODA数据的温度和盐度资料对北太平洋的Rossby(罗斯贝)波波速进行了计算,计算结果显示,Rossby波向西传播,其波速随着纬度的增大而减小。对300 m以浅水体的热含量时间序列与PDO指数做了超前滞后相关,在热含量序列滞后9 a时相关系数分布与同期相关反相。对不同层次的热含量与PDO指数进行了超前滞后相关,分析PDO的演变特征,结果表明,PDO在低纬度通过Rossby波向西传播,在传播过程中深度逐渐加深。     

南海次表层和中层水团年平均和季节变化特征

为了弄清北太平洋水入侵南海的状况,利用历史观测温-盐数据等资料对其进行了分析。结果表明:在盐度极大值层北太平洋水通过吕宋海峡的入侵整年发生,并且其入侵有很大的季节变化,冬季东北季风盛行时最强。北太平洋热带水(NPTW)入侵的季节变化与次表层地转流和南海的经向翻转环流结构有密切联系。具有盐度极小值特性的北太平洋中层水(NPIW)也通过吕宋海峡入侵南海,但其季节变化与NPTW完全反位相。冬季,由于在中层水深度北向运动的南海经向翻转环流的阻碍作用,NPIW入侵南海最弱。作者认为,北太平洋水入侵南海的机制可以基本上从南海的地转流及经向翻转环流得到解释。     

南海次表层盐度的低频变化及与太平洋年代际振荡的关系

南海是西北太平洋最大的边缘海, 是联系北太平洋和北印度洋的关键通道。黑潮北上经过吕宋海峡时会将来自西太平洋的信号传入南海, 进而影响南海的水动力环境。研究了南海次表层盐度的空间分布特征、低频变化规律及其与太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO)的关系, 并进一步探究了次表层盐度近年来的变化。结果显示: 1)南海次表层高盐水的位势密度主要介于24~26σ_θ, 受次表层气旋式环流所驱动, 盐度气候态空间分布北高南低, 以吕宋海峡处为起点, 呈逆时针自北向南逐渐降低。2)次表层盐度低频变化显著, 与PDO呈显著的正相关关系。当PDO处于正位相时, 吕宋海峡处西向平流输送加强, 次表层盐度升高; 当PDO处于负位相时, 吕宋海峡处西向平流输送减弱, 次表层盐度降低, 盐度的变化受到水平环流场的直接影响。3)近年来, 南海次表层盐度呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势, 滞后PDO约10个月, 2006— 2014年初, 盐度呈下降趋势; 2014—2017年初, 盐度呈上升趋势, 且上升速率远大于先前下降的速率; 2017年后盐度再次逐渐降低。     

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has been described by some as a long-lived El Niño-like pattern of Pacific climate variability, and by others as a blend of two sometimes independent modes having distinct spatial and temporal characteristics of North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability. A growing body of evidence highlights a strong tendency for PDO impacts in the Southern Hemisphere, with important surface climate anomalies over the mid-latitude South Pacific Ocean, Australia and South America. Several independent studies find evidence for just two full PDO cycles in the past century: “cool” PDO regimes prevailed from 1890–1924 and again from 1947–1976, while “warm” PDO regimes dominated from 1925–1946 and from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990's. Interdecadal changes in Pacific climate have widespread impacts on natural systems, including water resources in the Americas and many marine fisheries in the North Pacific. Tree-ring and Pacific coral based climate reconstructions suggest that PDO variations—at a range of varying time scales—can be traced back to at least 1600, although there are important differences between different proxy reconstructions. While 20th Century PDO fluctuations were most energetic in two general periodicities—one from 15-to-25 years, and the other from 50-to-70 years—the mechanisms causing PDO variability remain unclear. To date, there is little in the way of observational evidence to support a mid-latitude coupled air-sea interaction for PDO, though there are several well-understood mechanisms that promote multi-year persistence in North Pacific upper ocean temperature anomalies.     

A 290-a record of atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific from a Mt.Logan ice core, Yukon Territory

Calibrations between sodium （Na^＋） concentrations from a Mt. Logan ice core and sea level pressure （SLP） series show that Na^＋ concentrations are closely correlated with the autumn-time （September-October-November） Aleutian low （AleuLow）. A deepening of the AleuLow strengthens the transport of sea-salt aerosols from the North Pacific to the Mt. Logan region. The Mt. Logan Na^＋ record is used to develop a 292 a （1688-1979） reconstruction of the AleuLow revealing a dramatic intensification of atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific region since the 20th century. Mean SLP of the AleuLow was about 1 hPa lower during the 20th century than during prior periods. The strongest deepening of the AleuLow appeared in the 1950s. Significant correlations are also found between the Mt. Logan AleuLow proxy series and the Pacific decadal oscillation （PDO） and Pacific circulation （PC） index during the 20th century. Evolutionary spectral analysis of the proxy record shows significant periodicities from 15 to 30 a consistent with PDO fluctuations and the bidecadal oscillation of North Pacific atmosphere-ocean circulation. A period of 11 a in the AleuLow record may be associated with the Schwabe 11-a cycle of sunspot activity. Additional longer ice core records from this region will aid in the efforts to further understand the climatic change over the North Pacific region.     

North Pacific Subtropical Mode Waters Observed in Long XBT Cross Sections along 32.5°N Line

The S/V Shoyo, of the Hydrographic Department, Japan Coast Guard, has conducted high-density expendable bathythermograph (XBT) measurements along the 32.5°N line in the North Pacific every year from 1990 to 1993 as a part of the Japanese-World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). These XBT data are analyzed here, focusing on year-to-year variations of the inventory and core layer temperature (CLT) of the North Pacific subtropical mode water (NPSTMW). Large year-to-year changes are found in the NPSTMW CLTs estimated in longitudes between 140°E and 160°E. CLT values were found of 17.4°C in 1990, 17.1°C in 1991, 17.3°C in 1992 and 17.6°C in 1993. Inspection of the wintertime westerlies over the formation area and sea surface temperature distribution revealed that this change in CLT can be qualitatively attributed to the strength of atmospheric cooling in the formation area in the previous winter. Although a large year-to-year variation of NPSTMW inventory was also found, it is hard to state any relationship between CLT and atmospheric forcing. There is a possibility that different observational seasons may affect the inventory. It has also been found that the thermocline depth in 1991 was shallower in the sea area east of 180° than in 1992 and 1993. Associated with this change, the North Pacific central mode water (NPCMW), characterized by thermostad with temperatures ranging from 14°C to 11°C, appears in the sea area east of 180° in the 1992 and 1993 cross sections. The 1993 cross section, which ranged from the Japanese coast to the west coast of North America, possessed another thermostad in the surface layer, with a temperature of about 17°C in the eastern part of the cross section, off California. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

热带西太平洋海表盐度的变化特征及其对淡水通量的响应

基于1980~2015年的全球简单海洋资料同化分析系统(SODA)、全球海气通量(OAFlux)和全球降水气候学计划(GPCP)等海洋、大气观测再分析资料,采用线性拟合、经验正交函数(EOF)分解、相关分析和波谱分析等数理统计方法,分析了热带西太平洋海表盐度(SSS)和淡水通量时空变化特征及其关系.结果表明,SSS与淡水通量的气候态及长期线性变化趋势有较好的空间对应关系,两者均有多种时间尺度的EOF模态,其年代际变化模态有较好的正相关关系,并与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)有密切的滞后相关.分析表明,PDO可能通过影响Walker环流的变化来影响热带西太平洋的淡水通量分布,从而影响SSS的时空格局.     

Further evidence for non-reemergence of winter SST anomalies in the North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water area

Following our previous study (Sugimoto and Hanawa, 2005b), we further investigate the reason why reemergence of winter sea surface temperature anomalies does not occur in the North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water (NPESTMW) area, despite its occurrence in the North Pacific subtropical mode water and North Pacific central mode water areas. We use vertical temperature and salinity profiles of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Program and Argo floats with high vertical and temporal resolution, together with heat flux data through the sea surface. We point out first that one of the causes for non-occurrence of reemergence is that the thickness of NPESTMW is very thin. In addition to this basic cause, two major reasons are found: a vigorous mixing in the lower portion of NPESTMW and less heat input from the atmosphere in the warming season. Since, in the lower portion of NPESTMW and deeper, the stratification is favorable for salt-finger type convection to occur compared with the other mode water areas, vigorous mixing takes place. This is confirmed by both a large Turner Angle there and the existence of staircase structures in vertical temperature and salinity profiles. From the viewpoint of heat input, the NPESTMW area gradually gains heat in the warming season compared with other mode water areas. As a result, NPESTMW cannot be capped so quickly by the shallow summer mixed layer, and water properties of NPESTMW are to be gradually modified, even in the upper portion.     

Long-Term Variability of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water in Response to Spin-Up of the Subtropical Gyre

The Meteorological Research Institute's ocean general circulation model (MRI-OGCM) has been used to investigate the temperature variability of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) over a time series longer than 5 years via the spin-up of the subtropical gyre. Besides an interannual variation, the wintertime sea surface temperature in the area where the NPSTMW is formed, and the temperature of the NPSTMW itself, both change remarkably in a >5-year time scale. An analysis of heat budgets showed that the long-term changes in NPSTMW temperature are due mainly to a leading advection of heat by the Kuroshio Extension and compensating surface heat flux. As a result of a dynamical adjustment to the wind stress fields, the transports of the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Extension increased in the mid 1970s with a lag of 3 years after the wind stress curl in the central North Pacific. The increased heat advection by the Kuroshio Extension induces a warming in the mixed layer in the NPSTMW formation area, followed by a warming of the NPSTMW itself. Both these warming actions increase the heat release to the atmosphere. These results imply that the surface heat flux over the Kuroshio Extension area varies in response to the change in the ocean circulation through the spin-up of the subtropical gyre. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Spatiotemporal Decreases of Nutrients and Chlorophyll-a in the Surface Mixed Layer of the Western North Pacific from 1971 to 2000

Using time series of hydrographic data in the wintertime and summertime obtained along 137°E from 1971 to 2000, we found that the average contents of nutrients in the surface mixed layer showed linear decreasing trends of 0.001∼0.004 μmol-PO₄ l⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and 0.01∼0.04 μmol-NO₃ l⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with the decrease of density. The water column Chl-a (CHL) and the net community production (NCP) had also declined by 0.27∼0.48 mg-Chl m⁻² yr⁻¹ and 0.08∼0.47 g-C-NCP m⁻² yr⁻¹ with a clear oscillation of 20.8±0.8 years. These changes showed a strong negative correlation with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index (PDO) with a time lag of 2 years (R = 0.89 ± 0.02). Considering the recent significant decrease of O₂ over the North Pacific subsurface water, these findings suggest that the long-term decreasing trend of surface-deep water mixing has caused the decrease of marine biological activity in the surface mixed layer with a bidecadal oscillation over the western North Pacific.     

Reconstruction of subsurface DIC and alkalinity fields in the North Pacific using assimilation of upper ocean data

The subsurface water beneath the summer mixed layer is important to air–sea carbon flux, while its geochemical properties are not frequently observed. A data assimilation method is applied to determine the geochemical fields in the subsurface (i.e., 100 m) from the data collected at the surface in the North Pacific. This method, in the family of the inverse methods, is constructed on a one-dimensional bulk mixed layer model. In addition to temperature and salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity are also considered as model variables, whereas biological productivity is omitted. The geochemical properties increase from the fall to the winter, which is the period simulated by the model, as the mixed layer develops and entrains subsurface water rich in DIC and alkalinity. Consequently, the geochemical fields in the mixed layer must have extremely sharp north–south gradients in the western region of the North Pacific and can be reproduced only by enhancing the north–south gradients in the subsurface. The fields reconstructed by the data assimilation provide useful information about the biogeochemical cycles. It is suggested that the large difference in DIC between the surface and the subsurface in the northwestern region is produced by transporting DIC from the mixed layer to the subsurface in the summer, implying extremely high biological productivity. Furthermore, it is suggested that high DIC in the ambient water is maintained by the upwelling of lower layer water.     

北太平洋大气沉降的时空特征及其对副极区海洋生态系统的影响

北太平洋副极地海区作为全球海洋三个高营养盐低叶绿素(high nutrient and low chlorophyll, HNLC)海区之一, 其浮游植物生长受到微量元素铁的限制。对于开阔大洋, 大气沉降是海洋表层铁的一个重要来源, 铁元素沉降进入海洋后能够促进浮游植物生长, 进而引起海洋初级生产力和生物泵的响应。本文利用SPRINTARS(Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species)模式的时长为20a的日均大气沉降数据, 对北太平洋海区大气沉降的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明, 进入北太平洋海区的大气沉降量为26.81Tg·a^-1, 并且存在显著的季节变化: 春季最高, 冬季最低, 5月份进入海洋的沉降量达到峰值。大气沉降主要来源于陆地区域, 在风场的驱动下向海洋传输, 因此大气沉降量的空间分布呈现出西高东低的特征。本文以2010年8月中旬卫星观测到的一次强沙尘(即高大气沉降量)事件为例, 研究了大气沙尘的传播路径。进一步结合2001年4月9—12日及2008年4月20—22日的沙尘事件, 分析了西北太平洋K2站位(47°N, 160°E)附近海域海洋初级生产力对大气沉降——沙尘事件的响应。结果表明, 三次沙尘事件后, K2站位的颗粒有机碳通量、叶绿素浓度均有明显增加, 即沙尘事件对北太平洋副极区海洋初级生产力存在促进作用。