一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程的数值模拟研究：不同尺度天气系统的影响作用

2003年7月4~5日在江淮地区沿梅雨锋有一系列中尺度对流系统相继生成和强烈发展,导致了江淮地区特大暴雨的形成。该研究利用中尺度数值模式MM5对这次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,在模拟结果的基础上重点分析了不同尺度天气系统相互作用对这次特大暴雨过程的影响作用。在这次特大暴雨过程中,位于梅雨锋北侧的东北—西南走向深厚、稳定的短波槽系统与槽前从西南移来的低涡系统相配合,加强了位于梅雨锋北侧的反气旋性扰动发展,从而导致梅雨锋北侧反气旋性涡旋的形成。该类反气旋性涡旋形成对江淮切变线的加强与维持起重要作用。中尺度对流系统的潜热释放首先导致梅雨锋低层切变线上的中尺度对流性涡旋(MCV)的形成,而中尺度对流性涡旋的形成进一步加强了切变线上的低层辐合,中尺度对流性涡旋消亡后,在切变线上形成低涡。梅雨锋附近主要存在4种不同垂直环流,它在降水的不同阶段具有不同的结构、配置与动力学作用。其中跨锋面、高层非地转两支垂直环流对锋区的对流扰动发展和暴雨形成最为重要,而降水发展可以调整锋区垂直环流的结构、配置,随降水的减弱,梅雨锋区的不同垂直环流系统又重新恢复到先前结构。梅雨锋上不同尺度、高度的天气系统之间的相互作用主要通过这些垂直环流系统调整实现。     

2011年梅汛期一次暴雨过程的对流涡度矢量方程诊断分析

利用NCEP FNL资料、FY-2E云顶亮温、常规观测及加密自动站降水量等资料,以及高分辨率中尺度模式WRF V3.3的模拟结果,结合对流涡度矢量方程对2011年6月一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,模拟结果再现了该次暴雨过程的降水特征,该过程主要受地面低压及梅雨锋锋面系统的控制和影响,其中6月14-15日为所选暴雨个例最旺盛的阶段,且该时段伴随梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统的移动发展和梅雨锋锋生。对流涡度矢量及其垂直分量的倾向方程的诊断分析表明,对流涡度矢量垂直分量的局地变化主要受非绝热加热项的影响;而非绝热加热与次级环流和梅雨锋锋生的关系说明中尺度对流活动与梅雨锋锋生存在类CISK机制的反馈关系。因此,对流涡度矢量,特别是其垂直分量可以用来诊断和揭示伴随非绝热加热的中尺度对流系统与梅雨锋锋生之间的关系。     

梅雨锋中尺度扰动的结构特征及稳定性研究

利用华东中尺度天气试验(1981—1983年)获得的1981年梅雨锋资料,分析表明梅雨锋降水带内大、暴雨雨团与中间尺度(medium scale)和中尺度(meso scale)扰动相联系,这些扰动是在baroclinic-CISK联合不稳定条件下发展的,最优波长的选择与二维波动的经、纬向波长变化、层结稳定、涡动粘滞性有关,中尺度扰动具有重力惯性波特征。     

梅雨锋暴雨的Doppler雷达观测研究:中尺度对流回波系统的结构和特征

详细分析了１９９１年７月９日发生在江淮地区的一次梅雨锋大暴雨过程,研究了梅雨锋中尺度对流回波系统的形态、结构以及与它相伴随的中尺度天气系统,提出了梅雨锋内弱的低层辐合下暴雨对流回波的中尺度回波增强区（ＭＥＥＲ）概念,并与台湾地区中尺度试验（ＴＡＭＥＸ）中的梅雨锋暴雨研究结果作了比较     

暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断研究

本文总结了近年来我们在暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断研究领域的主要成果。从广义位涡理论、梅雨锋及变形锋生、暴雨中尺度系统的不稳定性、有限区域风场分解技术对暴雨中尺度系统的识别、中尺度波流相互作用理论以及数值模拟研究等方面进行了分类概括。对暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断的研究回顾表明,雷达资料同化进入模式有效地改进了对中尺度系统发生、发展的模拟结果;一些新的物理量,如非均匀饱和位涡、对流涡度矢量、变形场锋生以及有限区域风场分解方法等在暴雨中尺度系统及热带对流发展诊断分析中得到了广泛应用。同时,波流相互作用理论也被应用到了中尺度系统发展的动力分析研究中。     

梅雨锋上三类暴雨特征的数值模拟比较研究

中国暴雨的地域性、时间性特征明显,尤其是暴雨多发区--长江流域,沿江不同地段暴雨成因各异.为综合研究长江不同地域暴雨特征和形成规律,利用我国新一代暴雨数值模式AREM对梅雨锋东端(116°E以东)初生气旋类暴雨、β中尺度深对流类暴雨和梅雨锋西端"北槽南涡"类暴雨的典型个例进行了数值模拟.通过诊断分析和比较研究,初步揭示了三类暴雨在结构和形成机制等方面的主要差异.结果表明:(1)梅雨锋上生成并发展的α中尺度气旋是造成梅雨锋东端初生气旋类暴雨的系统.强盛时,系统的垂直上升运动伸展不高,正涡度柱、辐合层以及最大加热和增湿均位于中低层.(2)β中尺度深对流类暴雨发生时梅雨锋区的南北温差很小.在低空辐合风场作用下,强位势不稳定能量的释放导致了β中尺度深对流系统的发生与发展.强盛时,系统的正涡度柱和上升运动柱贯穿对流层,深厚的辐合层达到了中层,最大加热出现在中高层.(3)"北槽南涡"类暴雨是在青藏高原大地形作用下高低空系统有利配置的结果."北槽南涡"的天气系统配置有利于低层辐合的加强和位势不稳定能量的释放,使低层涡旋向中高层强烈发展.强盛时,系统的正涡度柱贯穿对流层,积云对流发展强烈,最强上升运动和最大加热层都位于中层.     

中国长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨形成机理以及监测与预测理论和方法研究

国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“我国重大天气灾害形成机理与预测理论研究”经过项目全体科学家的 5a研究 ,取得了一系列重要的研究成果 :(1)提出了基于多种实时观测资料的梅雨锋暴雨的多尺度物理模型 ;(2 )建立了梅雨锋暴雨的天气学模型 ;(3)梅雨锋是由多个不同尺度系统构成的梅雨锋系 ,它具有介于温带锋系结构与热带辐合带结构之间的副热带锋系结构 ,在长江中下游有时可表现为双锋结构。锋前的湿物理过程与锋上强对流系统发展形成的正反馈过程以及梅雨锋系的不同尺度系统的相互作用是梅雨锋维持与发展的重要机制 ;(4 )提出了多种中尺度暴雨的定量卫星遥感反演理论和方法 ,并形成一系列新的反演产品 ;(5 )成功地研究了双多普勒雷达同步探测和反演中尺度暴雨三维结构的理论和方法 ;(6 )发展了配有三维变分同化系统的中尺度暴雨数值预报模式系统 ,在 2 0 0 3年淮河抗洪救灾中发挥了积极作用。上述研究成果表明该项目已经圆满地完成了预定的目标与任务。     

梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统研究若干进展

梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统是暴雨的直接影响系统,对其结构特征、活动规律及其发生发展的物理机制的深入研究,对提高梅雨锋暴雨的预报能力有重大意义。近年来对梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统的研究取得了很大进展,文章对梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展作了简要综述,包括梅雨锋暴雨云系多尺度结构、梅雨锋暴雨的β和γ中尺度系统发生发展的环境条件和结构、云微物理分布和转化特征及其对热力动力过程反馈等方面,并对有关问题进行讨论。     

长江中下游一次非典型梅雨锋中尺度暴雨过程的分析研究

利用T10 6物理分析资料、地面与高空加密观测资料和TBB资料对 2 0 0 1年汛期一次非典型的梅雨锋中尺度暴雨过程进行天气学和动力学诊断分析 ,并与 1998年典型的梅雨锋中尺度暴雨过程作一些比较。首先分析了该次暴雨过程的大尺度背景场 ,发现与 1998年典型的梅雨锋形势不同的是 ,5 0 0hPa环流形势表现为贝加尔湖地区是阻塞高压 (阻高 ) ,南海季风涌形式不明显 ,南亚高压位置偏东南 ,高空辐散气流较弱。接着对该暴雨系统的结构进行诊断分析 ,揭示了该非典型梅雨锋中尺度暴雨系统的三维结构 ,包括各物理量如涡度、散度、假相当位温、水汽的通量以及湿位涡等的结构特征。分析表明 ,总体来说 ,该次暴雨过程的强度要比 1998年典型的梅雨锋暴雨要弱 ,相应的各物理量的三维结构与 1998年典型的梅雨锋中尺度暴雨系统的三维结构相比有明显差异。     

一次典型梅雨锋暴雨过程的多尺度结构特征

利用多种类型资料,对2009年6月29—30日引发鄂皖境内梅雨锋特大暴雨过程的天气形势和中尺度对流系统（MCSs）进行了初步分析,揭示了梅雨锋暴雨系统的多尺度结构特征,并用中尺度模式WRF对梅雨锋暴雨系统进行了9km三重双向嵌套大区域精细模拟,再采用Morlet小波变换对模式输出进行空间带通滤波,分离出α、β和γ中尺度系统,对不同中尺度系统的热力动力三维空间结构特征进行了研究。结果表明：梅雨锋特大暴雨由梅雨锋上多个不同尺度的MCSs活动造成,这些不同尺度的MCSs在卫星云图和雷达回波上呈现出不同的特点。在α、β和γ中尺度上,梅雨锋暴雨中尺度系统在水平和垂直方向上的动力、热力结构特征存在着明显的差异,α、β中尺度系统具有明显的垂直环流,而γ中尺度系统则具有惯性重力波特征,往往嵌套在α、β中尺度系统内发生发展。最后,提出了典型梅雨锋暴雨系统的物理概念模型。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.