2000年后中国北方东部地区夏季极端降水减少及水汽输送特征

本文研究了1961～2016年中国北方东部地区夏季极端降水日数和极端降水贡献率的年代际变化特征,并进一步分析了该地区极端降水和普通降水的大气环流和水汽输送的差异。主要的研究结果表明:1961～2016年中国北方东部地区夏季极端降水日数和极端降水贡献率在2000年前后发生显著年代际变化,2000年后夏季极端降水天数和极端降水贡献率显著减少。与1984～1999年相比,2000～2016年在对流层高层从欧洲大陆、中亚到东北—蒙古地区,位势高度异常呈现出“正—负—正”的大气波列,从而造成北方东部地区上空为正压的位势高度正异常控制,伴随着下沉运动,大气层结趋于稳定,这些环流条件不利于极端降水发生。2000年后负位相的太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）和正位相的北大西洋多年代际振荡（AMO）共同加强了北方东部地区上空的正位势高度异常。进一步研究表明,极端降水与普通降水的水汽输送和收支以及关键的局地大气系统存在着显著差异,较普通降水而言,极端降水在南北向水汽输送和收支上更强;北方东部地区低空为较强的闭合低压控制,并不断受到高层高位涡空气下传的影响。     

海河流域水汽输送及其变化特征分析

根据海河流域测站降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和日本气象厅JRA-25资料,分析了1951—2008年夏季海河流域大气水汽含量的变化以及不同环流形势下的水汽输送特征,结果表明：海河流域大气水汽含量存在显著的年代际变化特征,与降水量存在显著统计相关;海河流域上空纬向水汽输送主要发生在850~700 hPa之间,经向水汽输送在850 hPa以下存在强的水汽输送带,它是海河流域水汽的主要贡献者,也是影响海河流域降水的最主要因素之一。气旋型环流和南风型环流对海河流域水汽输送有较大影响。     

长江中下游地区持续性暴雨年代际变化特征及环流形势

利用1965—2016年长江中下游地区逐日降水数据和美国气象环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)逐日再分析资料,从年代际变化的角度对长江中下游地区持续性暴雨及环流特征差异进行了分析。结果表明:1965—2016年长江中下游地区持续性暴雨主要集中出现在6月下旬至7月上旬,此时段内持续性暴雨发生频次与夏季持续性暴雨的年代际变化一致,均呈现先增多后减少的特征,1989—2003年为长江中下游地区持续性暴雨频发年代。对长江中下游地区持续性暴雨少发、频发年代的环流特征分析发现,1965—1988年高纬度地区气流平直,冷空气不活跃,而低纬副热带高压明显偏弱,导致南海水汽输送较弱,可降水量偏少,对流运动偏弱;2004—2015年500 h Pa位势高度场上高纬度地区呈西高东低的特征,冷空气输送能力较弱,同时孟加拉湾低槽偏弱,副热带高压虽然偏强但位置偏南,水汽无法远距离输送至长江地区,可降水量也异常偏少;1989—2003年虽然为持续性暴雨频发年代,但其中无持续性暴雨年份与持续性暴雨频发年份的环流配置则完全相反,持续性暴雨频发年鄂霍次克海高压明显偏强,冷空气活跃,低纬副热带高压偏强偏西,其西北侧的水汽可以源源不断输送至长江中下游地区,造成可降水量异常偏多,冷暖空气的交汇则使垂直运动旺盛。可见,长江中下游地区持续性暴雨年代际变化与大尺度环流的年代际变化密切相关。     

长江流域夏季降水异常主模态变化特征及其成因分析

利用1961-2014年长江流域202个地面观测站日降水量、中国地面降水格点数据集(V2. 0)及JRA-55再分析资料,分析了长江流域夏季降水异常主模态变化特征及其可能成因。结果表明,长江流域夏季降水存在两种空间分布型:第一模态为流域一致型变化,具有显著的年际变化特征,对应长江流域典型旱涝年份;第二主模态在空间上为南北反向型变化,年际变化与显著的年代际尺度相叠加。进一步分析表明,长江流域夏季降水第二主模态与斯堪的纳维亚半岛附近的反气旋式环流异常相联系,并通过200 h Pa波列将异常信号传递到东亚,使得南亚高压向西收缩,西北太平洋副热带高压减弱东退,东亚地区夏季水汽输送偏东、偏南,有利于水汽在长江流域南部辐合,北部辐散,使得长江流域夏季降水呈南北反向变化。     

季风湿润区夏季水汽收支的年代际变化特征

采用1983—2002年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国660站降水资料,对我国东部季风湿润区夏季水汽收支变化与大气环流和我国降水异常特征的关系进行研究。结果表明:20世纪80—90年代夏季水汽收支时间序列表现出明显的年代际变化增加趋势,与降水时间序列的相关系数为0.71;水汽收支高值、低值年代不仅能够指示季风湿润区经向风的异常变化,还能够指示东亚夏季风的强弱和降水异常变化。合成的水汽输送年代际异常在东亚—西太平洋区表现为4个异常环流,异常水汽通量辐合区位于长江流域及以南地区。水汽收支高值年代,亚洲大陆高纬度地区低压偏弱,大陆表面温度及西太平洋海温偏高,我国东部沿海盛行异常偏南风,低层气流辐合、高层气流辐散强,垂直上升运动强烈;低值年代则相反。合成的经向水汽收支占总收支的71.3%,合成的异常降水量最大达100 mm以上。     

塔里木河流域夏季降水年际和年代变化的环流异常

基于1961-2020年夏季（6-8月）NCAR/NCEP再分析资料和塔里木河流域（简称“塔河”）38个气象站降水资料,使用5年滑动平均分离出塔河夏季降水年代际和年际变化,选出了典型的年际变化的干年和湿年与年代际变化的干期（1963-1986年）和湿期（1989-2018年）,分析了与这两种时间尺度变化相关联的大气环流异常。结果表明,两者的变化不同,影响两者变化的大气环流不同。影响年代际变化的大气环流异常主要表现在欧亚大陆对流层从西北至东南交替出现正负位势高度异常中心,在湿期塔河东部和西部分别出现明显的东风和西南风异常,水汽主要由西北太平洋和印度洋输送至塔河,在干期则与之相反;影响年际变化的大气环流异常主要表现为在塔河东部和西部对流层分别为反气旋异常和气旋异常,在多雨年从南北方向向塔河输送的水汽增多,北风水汽通量异常向流域输送较多,南风水汽通量异常向流域输送较小且主要集中在流域西部,水汽主要由北冰洋洋和印度洋输送至塔河。在干年则与之相反。     

2018年7月四川盆地降水异常特征及成因分析

利用1961—2018年四川站点降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,应用统计和天气学诊断方法,分析了2018年7月四川盆地降水异常特征、大气环流特征、异常降水期间水汽、低值系统与冷暖空气活动等对降水的影响。结果表明：2018年7月四川暴雨频繁出现,较气候均值降水异常偏多,表现在降水日数长、降水量增加显著,降水增加的区域主要在盆地西部。同时,降水异常偏多还表现在日最大降水量和连续降水日数显著增加,大雨量级降水、暴雨及以上量级降水的降水量和降水日数显著增加。大气环流与气候态相比,2018年7月更强、更暖、更偏东的南亚高压和更偏西、偏北的副热带高压,有利于青藏高原及其以东高层大气辐散,使得降水天气系统维持,水汽源源不断地输送到盆地,使得降水发生。2018年7月较气候态有更充沛的水汽聚集,异常水汽输送源地为南海和西太平洋,水汽沿副热带高压南侧输送,该水汽输送带与副热带高压异常偏北、偏西以及热带气旋活动密切相关。大气可降水量和水汽通量大值出现时段与降水过程有较好的对应。2018年7月降水期间,盆地低值系统活动频繁,低层为暖湿气流输送,中层为(弱)冷空气活动,有利于触发盆地降水。     

贵州省汛期降水特征及强降水过程分型研究

【目的】为探究贵州省汛期降水的时空分布特征及演变规律。【方法】利用贵州省81个气象观测站1981—2020年汛期降水资料,采用EOF、REOF及交叉小波分析等方法对贵州省汛期降水时空特征进行分析及强降水过程分型研究。【结果】贵州省1981—2020年汛期平均降水量为924.9mm,降水量在682.7~1194.1mm,呈显著上升趋势,上升速率为16.94mm/10a。贵州汛期降水大体上呈现西南向东北递减的趋势,强降水过程次数及持续天数分布及波动变化与汛期降水基本一致。【结论】贵州省汛期降水分布不均,具有显著的年代际变化。贵州省汛期强降水空间场主要有全省一致型、东西反向型和南北反向型3种典型模态。经REOF方法可将贵州省细分为3个强降水区域,根据环流场分析,又可进一步划分为东部型强降水（I型和III型）与西部型强降水（II型）,各类型强降水落区受500hPa环流分布情况以及850hPa水汽来源与强度的影响。     

新疆北部冬季降水异常成因

利用1960—2004年天山山区及以北地区(新疆北部)38个气象站日降水量和NECP/NCAR逐日4次再分析资料,分析了新疆北部11,12月和1月降水异常的环流和水汽特征。结果表明:冬季斯堪的纳维亚环流型(SCA环流型)与新疆冬季降水异常密切联系;11月水汽输送量最大,1月最小,西风气流输送水汽多少决定降水异常;降水异常偏多时,新地岛以东北冰洋、西伯利亚和阿拉伯海向中亚地区水汽输送异常,高纬度地区和低纬度地区向中亚地区输送水汽汇合后沿西风气流进入新疆,而非来自地中海和里海水汽源地;降水偏少时,里海以东随西风气流向新疆水汽输送减弱。关注SCA环流型活动以及西伯利亚和阿拉伯海向中亚地区水汽输送异常对冬季降水预测具有一定意义。     

柴达木盆地1981-2017年降水及大气环流特征分析

基于1981~2017年柴达木盆地十个气象台站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对柴达木盆地降水特征及主要影响的大气环流形势进行了研究。结果表明：1981~2017年柴达木盆地降水东部大于西部,年际降水总体皆呈增加趋势,且东部增势大于西部。降水具有明显周期,其中年际周期主要为1~3年,年内周期主要存在于降水较为集中的夏季,表现为显著的准单周振荡。EOF分析显示柴达木盆地夏季降水主要有两类空间模态,第一模态为空间一致型,第二模态为“中部正、东部西部负”型。进而对影响这两类主要模态的大气环流特征进行分析,结果表明：空间一致降水正异常时,以黑海—蒙古高原—日本海表现为“丝绸之路”型遥相关波列和东亚从低纬到高纬呈现“+-+”的经向型遥相关波列的异常环流形势为特征,水汽主要源于阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾,经青藏高原东侧向北输送至盆地。第二模态降水偏多时大气环流表现为对流层中层欧亚大陆大部分地区为正异常,盆地受异常反气旋的控制,对流层低层中亚异常气旋和异常反气旋相互作用使冷空气南下,西北太平洋的异常反气旋式环流南侧的偏东气流输送水汽,冷暖空气在盆地交汇,使盆地降水偏多。     

近50 a华南盛夏降水的季节内差异及大气环流异常特征分析

基于CRU、CMAP、PREC/L、CN05.1、NCEP/NCAR以及全国160个台站的月降水资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分解、依赖于季节的经验正交函数(SEOF)分解、滑动平均、空间相关、回归以及合成分析等多元统计方法研究了近50 a华南盛夏降水异常的基本特征及其季节内差异,并讨论了其大气环流异常。结果表明:(1)盛夏7、8月华南降水异常的空间分布都表现为区域一致性,即整个华南地区都为正(负)异常。(2)华南盛夏降水异常在月季变化的时间尺度上存在着同位相和反位相演变,1963—1993年,华南7、8月降水大致为反相演变,即7月华南全区一致偏涝(旱)而8月一致偏旱(涝);1994—2015年,二者总体表现为同相演变,即7月华南全区降水一致偏涝(旱)时8月亦一致偏涝(旱)。(3)大气遥相关型的变化是同相和反相两种演变模态产生的主要原因,同相期间对流层中层7月表现为欧亚遥相关(EU)和东亚太平洋遥相关(EAP)相互配置,8月表现为类似EU和太平洋北美遥相关(PNA)型;反相期间对流层中层7月表现为类似北美东西遥相关(NAEW)型,8月表现为类似EAP型。(4)西太平洋副热带高压的变化与华南盛夏降水季节内差异密切相关。反相期间7月与8月西太平洋副热带高压的差异主要体现在东西位置变化较大,而同相期间变化不大。     

华北夏季不同月份降水的年代际变化

利用９５１年到１９９６年华北地区１７个站的月降水资料,分析了华北地区夏季各月降水的年代际变化特征,结果表明：６月降水量较少,且在年代际变化下没有表现出减少趋势;７月降水量较多,年代际变化较大,８０年代是少;８月的降水量在年代际变化上表现出线性减少的趋势并呈准１０年周期的振荡,７月和８月的降水量均在６０年代中期和从７０年代末到８０年代初有两次明显的减少。根据７、８月降水不同的年代际变化特征,我们利用     

Different Configurations of Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Westerly Jet in Summer

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward(eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward(northward) shift of the EAJ, which is consistent with the general correspondence between their variations. The out-of-phase configuration includes the residual cases. We find that the in-phase configuration manifests itself as a typical meridional teleconnection. For instance, there is an anticyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific and a cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly over the mid-latitudes of East Asia in the lower troposphere. These circulation anomalies are more conducive to rainfall anomalies over the Yangtze River basin and south Japan than are the individual WNPSH or EAJ. By contrast, for the out-of-phase configuration, the mid-latitude cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly is absent, and the lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies feature an anticyclonic(cyclonic)anomaly with a large meridional extension. Correspondingly, significant rainfall anomalies move northward to North China and the northern Korean Peninsula. Further results indicate that the out-of-phase configuration is associated with the developing phase of ENSO, with strong and significant sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific which occur simultaneously during summer and persist into the following winter. This is sharply different from the in-phase configuration, for which the tropical SSTs are not a necessity.     

Interdecadal Variability of East Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation over 220 Years （1777-1997）

In this study, long-term (1777–1997) precipitation data for Seoul, Korea, wetness indices from eastern China, and modern observations are used to identify the interdecadal variability in East Asian summer monsoon precipitation over the last 220 years. In the East Asian monsoon region, two long-term timescales of dry–wet transitions for the interdecadal variability and quasi-40-and quasi-60-year timescales are dominant in the 220-year precipitation data of Seoul, as well as in the wetness indices over China....     

Cross-season relation of the South China Sea precipitation variability between winter and summer

The present study reveals cross-season connections of rainfall variability in the South China Sea (SCS) region between winter and summer. Rainfall anomalies over northern South China Sea in boreal summer tend to be preceded by the same sign rainfall anomalies over southern South China Sea in boreal winter (denoted as in-phase relation) and succeeded by opposite sign rainfall anomalies over southern South China Sea in the following winter (denoted as out-of-phase relation). Analysis shows that the in-phase relation from winter to summer occurs more often in El Niño/La Niña decaying years and the out-of-phase relation from summer to winter appears more frequently in El Niño/La Niña developing years. In the summer during the El Niño/La Niña decaying years, cold/warm and warm/cold sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies develop in tropical central North Pacific and the North Indian Ocean, respectively, forming an east–west contrast pattern. The in-phase relation is associated with the influence of anomalous heating/cooling over the equatorial central Pacific during the mature phase of El Niño/La Niña events that suppresses/enhances precipitation over southern South China Sea and the impact of the above east–west SST anomaly pattern that reduces/increases precipitation over northern South China Sea during the following summer. The impact of the east–west contrast SST anomaly pattern is confirmed by numerical experiments with specified SST anomalies. In the El Niño/La Niña developing years, regional air-sea interactions induce cold/warm SST anomalies in the equatorial western North Pacific. The out-of-phase relation is associated with a Rossby wave type response to anomalous heating/cooling over the equatorial central Pacific during summer and the combined effect of warm/cold SST anomalies in the equatorial central Pacific and cold/warm SST anomalies in the western North Pacific during the mature phase of El Niño/La Niña events.     

中国东部地区夏季极端高温的特征分析

利用中国东部地区449个气象站的日最高气温资料,应用趋势分析法等,分析了1960-2012年夏季极端高温日数、持续高温日数的时空变化特征。分析发现:北方地区、华南地区和杭州湾周围地区两个高温指数都呈现增加趋势,长江与黄河之间的中部地区都减小。而在长江下游南部地区极端高温日数显著增加,但持续高温日数却明显减少。从季节特征上看,淮河以北的地区两个高温指数主要集中在6、7月;而以南的区域主要集中在7、8月。各个地区的这两个高温指数与降水日数均呈现显著的负相关,但南北有明显的差异,北方地区负相关的在年际变率以及5 a尺度都很显著,而中部地区则只在年际尺度上显著。杭州湾与华南地区持续高温日数与降水日数的相关体现在5 a尺度上。北方极端高温的显著增加与该地区降水日数与降水量明显减少密切相关。西北太平洋副热带高压显著的西伸,与东南地区的两个高温指数的变化有关。     

Latest update of the climatology and changes in the seasonal distribution of precipitation over China

Based on daily precipitation data from 524 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960–2009, the climatology and the temporal changes (trends, interannual, and decadal variations) in the proportion of seasonal precipitation to the total annual precipitation were analyzed on both national and regional scales. Results indicated that (1) for the whole country, the climatology in the seasonal distribution of precipitation showed that the proportion accounted for 55 % in summer (June–August), for around 20 % in both spring (March–May) and autumn (September–November), and around 5 % in winter (December–February). But the spatial features were region-dependent. The primary precipitation regime, “summer–autumn–spring–winter”, was located in central and eastern regions which were north of the Huaihe River, in eastern Tibet, and in western Southwest China. The secondary regime, “summer–spring–autumn–winter”, appeared in the regions south of the Huaihe River, except Jiangnan where spring precipitation dominated, and the southeastern Hainan Island where autumn precipitation prevailed. (2) For the temporal changes on the national scale, first, where the trends were concerned, the proportion of winter precipitation showed a significantly increasing trend, while that of the other three seasons did not show any significant trends. Second, for the interannual variation, the variability in summer was the largest among the four seasons and that in winter was the smallest. Then, on the decadal scale, China experienced a sharp decrease only in the proportion of summer precipitation in 2000. (3) For the temporal changes on the regional scale, all the concerned 11 geographic regions of China underwent increasing trends in the proportion of winter precipitation. For spring, it decreased over the regions south of the Yellow River but increased elsewhere. The trend in the proportion of summer precipitation was generally opposite to that of spring. For autumn, it decreased over the other ten regions except Inner Mongolia with no trend. It is noted that the interannual variability of precipitation seasonality is large over North China, Huanghuai, and Jianghuai; its decadal variability is large over the other regions, especially over those regions south of the Yangtze River.     

江苏省夏季暴雨的时空变率特征及其与不同类型ENSO的联系

利用1961—2016年江苏省70个站点的逐日降水资料和暴雨定义,分析了江苏省半个世纪以来暴雨发生的年代际时空变化特征,并分析了不同分布型El Nino发展年份对江苏省夏季降水和暴雨的影响特征。结果表明江苏省暴雨主要集中在6—8月,暴雨日数占全年的73.6%,尤其又以7月为最多;暴雨总的分布特点为苏北多于苏南,淮北西北部及苏南东部最少;江苏暴雨发生频次具有明显的年代际变化,且各地区暴雨的年代际变化有一定差异,频发期为1960s、1990s至今,尤其是1990s以来,全省暴雨增多趋势明显,且2011年之后雨带明显南移;东部型El Nino发展年份较中部型El Nino年份的环流形势更有利于导致江苏夏季降水偏多,尤其是沿江苏南地区与常年同期均值有显著性差异。     

黄土高原夏季极端降水及其成因分析

利用1961-2016年夏季黄土高原地区64个气象监测站的逐日降水资料及同期NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,分析了近56年黄土高原夏季极端降水的时空变化特征,并对比了极端降水强弱年以及不同年代黄土高原地区夏季大气环流形势的异同.结果表明,黄土高原夏季极端降水占夏季总降水量的54％左右,总体上呈现出东多西少的空间分布特征....     

Climate Variability-Observations, Reconstructions, and Model Simulations for the Atlantic-European and Alpine Region from 1500-2100 AD

A detailed analysis is undertaken of the Atlantic-European climate using data from 500-year-long proxy-based climate reconstructions, a long climate simulation with perpetual 1990 forcing, as well as two global and one regional climate change scenarios. The observed and simulated interannual variability and teleconnectivity are compared and interpreted in order to improve the understanding of natural climate variability on interannual to decadal time scales for the late Holocene. The focus is set on the Atlantic-European and Alpine regions during the winter and summer seasons, using temperature, precipitation, and 500 hPa geopotential height fields. The climate reconstruction shows pronounced interdecadal variations that appear to “lock” the atmospheric circulation in quasi-steady long-term patterns over multi-decadal periods controlling at least part of the temperature and precipitation variability. Different circulation patterns are persistent over several decades for the period 1500 to 1900. The 500-year-long simulation with perpetual 1990 forcing shows some substantial differences, with a more unsteady teleconnectivity behaviour. Two global scenario simulations indicate a transition towards more stable teleconnectivity for the next 100 years. Time series of reconstructed and simulated temperature and precipitation over the Alpine region show comparatively small changes in interannual variability within the time frame considered, with the exception of the summer season, where a substantial increase in interannual variability is simulated by regional climate models.