冬奥会张家口赛区一次降水相态特征分析

利用冬奥会气象观测站网资料、ERA5的0.25°×0.25°高分辨率再分析资料、常规探空资料以及激光雷达和风廓线雷达资料,从环流形势、温湿度和微物理特征以及雷达特征等方面对2020年11月17-19日冬奥会张家口赛区一次明显的雨转雪天气过程进行分析。结果表明：低层前期的暖湿西南气流,为降水提供好的水汽和能量条件,后期强的干冷平流为相态转换提供有利条件。赛区出现雨转雪时,700 hPa温度低于-2℃,同时850 hPa温度低于2℃。零度层高度的快速下降是相态转换的重要温度判据,0℃线降到距地面400 m左右赛区降水相态已经转变为纯雪,低层风向的转向对赛场的雨雪相态转换有一定的指示意义。随着高空云冰和雪水含量逐渐增加,其出现最大值后,雨雪相态开始转换。降雪时激光雷达最大探测高度比降雨时有明显的降低,风廓线雷达低层风场的变化和雨雪相态关系密切,风廓线雷达探测的垂直速度变化也能反映雨雪相态的转换。     

一次降水相态转换过程中温度垂直结构特征分析

2012年11月3-5日华北地区出现了该年度的第一次大范围雨雪天气过程,各地区依次都出现了雨转雪的复杂天气,这给预报带来了较大的难度。一直以来,冬季降水相态类型的预报都是国内外气象预报的难题之一,而温度的垂直结构特征是影响最终降水类型的关键因素之一。利用常规地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及中尺度数值模式WRF对此次雨雪天气过程中的温度垂直结构演变特征以及相态转变对温度垂直结构的作用等几个方面进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)在发生雨转雪过程中,温度递减率会持续减小,并最终会在低层形成一个上下一致的均温层,同时还伴有浅薄逆温层的产生;(2)降水相态类型严重依赖于温度的垂直结构,温度垂直结构的细微改变将决定最终到达地面的降水类型,因此,相关层次的厚度差可以成为判别降水相态类型的重要指标;(3)在降水类型由雨转雪的过程中,由于相关层次的融化作用,伴随着相态的变化温度垂直结构会发生一定程度的改变。     

青海东部一次秋季多相态降水天气成因分析

利用Micaps常规资料,对2014年10月10-13日青海东部地区出现的一次历史同期少见的寒潮背景下雨转暴雪天气过程的环流形势、水汽输送以及雨转雪过程中温度的垂直结构特征等方面进行了分析,结果表明:前期特别是近地面层气温背景与不同相态降水的发生与转换关系密切,青海东部地面气温大于3℃时,降水性质以雨为主;当地面气温介与2~3℃之间,降水性质为雨夹雪;气温小于2℃,降水性质为雪;降水相态变化与700h Pa 0℃线位置存在相关。     

河南省一次强雨雪相态多次转换成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、地面自动站资料、欧洲再分析资料（ERA5 025°×025°),对2020年1月5—7日河南省强雨雪过程中雨雪相态多次转换成因进行分析。结果表明：500 hPa高空低槽、中低层切变线、西南（东南）暖湿急流与低层冷空气在强雨雪区交汇为强雨雪提供了动力、水汽条件,亦为雨雪相态转换提供了有利的温度条件。冷空气分别从东路和中路南下影响河南,导致近地层明显降温是雨转雨夹雪或雪的主要原因之一,而冷空气的强度和厚度是决定降水相态的关键因子。中层和近地面暖层厚度对降水相态至关重要。本次过程降水相态为纯雪时,冰雪层和冰水混合层厚度超过2 980 gpm,中层无暖层,近地面0 ℃线低于975 hPa;降水相态为雨夹雪时,有时无冰雪层,冰水混合层厚度超过1 400 gpm,中层有时有暖层,但整层暖层厚度在900～1 330 gpm;雨转雨夹雪发生在地面气温低于21 ℃时,雨夹雪出现在地面气温11～21 ℃时;纯雪发生在地面气温≤11 ℃时。     

利用WRF模式制作东北地区冬季降水相态预报

利用WRFV3.1.1中尺度数值模式,对东北地区冬季降水相态进行预报尝试。在模式预报输出场中,通过对近地面大气层中冻结部分降水混合比在可凝结成降水的水汽混合比中的比例,来判断雨雪分界线及雨夹雪区或雨、雪过渡区。结果表明：该方法可较准确预报出降水过程中雨区、雪区和雨夹雪区的分布特征以及降水相态随时间的演变情况。降水相态数值预报产品的应用能够明显提高冬季气象预报服务水平。     

2014年河南汛期久旱转雨过程分析及模式预报检验

利用常规气象观测资料、土壤相对湿度监测资料以及数值模式预报产品对2014年汛期的久旱转雨过程进行了分析和检验。结果表明:环流调整是久旱转雨过程的必要条件;500h Pa高空槽东移配合中低层切变线和低空急流东伸加强及地面倒槽发展形成了此次天气过程;低空急流发展为此次暴雨提供充沛的水汽,暴雨落区与水汽通量和水汽通量散度以及垂直速度大值区位置相吻合,另外850~700h Pa大于64℃是此次暴雨预报的指标之一。对T639和ECMWF模式产品检验分析表明,两个模式都对稳定性降水预报有优势,ECMWF-THIN模式对降水预报有48小时提前量。     

深度神经网络方法在山东降水相态判别中的应用

利用欧洲中心(ECMWF)ERA-Interim再分析资料,通过分析2008—2017年山东冬半年不同降水相态(雨、雪和雨夹雪)下温度和位势厚度特征,统计得到8个降水相态判别因子(T_(2 m)、T_(1000)、T_(975)、T_(950)、T_(925)、T_(850)、H_(850-700)、H_(1000-850)),并给出每个判别因子降水相态阈值指标。然后利用8个判别因子和阈值建立降水相态判别方程和训练DNN模型,通过随机检验发现DNN法对雨、雪和雨夹雪的预报准确率分别提高1.9%、0.2%和21.6%;利用ECMWF细网格预报资料进行个例检验,雨、雪和雨夹雪共106站中判别方程法判别错误29站,DNN法判别错误14站,即DNN法的降水相态判别能力优于判别方程法,且明显提高了对雨夹雪的判别能力。     

江淮气旋影响下的山东降雪过程相态特征

利用常规的地面观测资料、高空探测资料、自动气象站1 h间隔观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料（1°×1°,6 h）和ERA5再分析资料（0.25°×0.25°,1 h）,针对1999—2013年山东省12例江淮气旋降雪过程,总结了降水形态类型及时空分布、相态转换等特征并讨论了降水相态“逆转”现象的物理机制。结果表明：1）江淮气旋降雪过程的降水形态种类多样,可出现雨、雪、雨夹雪、冰雹、冰粒、霰、米雪和雨凇,降水相态转换过程中,除了雨夹雪,冰粒也是一种过渡形态;2）冰雹、冰粒、霰、米雪和雨凇5种特殊降水形态最易出现在2月和3月,“雷打雪”现象亦多发于2月和3月;3）鲁东南和半岛南部地区以降雨为主,鲁西北地区多出现降雪,雷暴集中出现在鲁中的中西部和鲁南地区,尤其是鲁东南地区;4）江淮气旋降雪过程相态转换的基本形式为雨转雪,以有无明显雨雪分界线为依据,可分为“典型雨转雪”和“无明显雨雪转换”两类,二者的影响系统特点显著不同;5）范围较大的相态逆转现象易发区域在地面雨雪分界线附近,位于地面倒槽后部,走向与地面倒槽槽线走向一致。气旋生成前低层暖温度平流增强引起低层增温以及气温日变化导致的中午前后近地层浅薄增温均可引起相态逆转,上述两个因素均与地面倒槽的发展态势关系密切。     

2019年陕西汛期暴雨预报检验评估

基于陕西省气象台(下简称省台)主观订正预报产品、ECMWF细网格预报产品和模式动态交叉取优要素预报方法(DCOEF)预报产品,对2019年4-10月陕西省暴雨天气过程进行检验评估。结果表明,省台主观订正预报产品对晴雨、小雨、暴雨、一般性降水、暴雨以上降水均有较好的预报效果,ECMWF细网格预报对中雨、大雨预报较好,评分较高;三种产品对区域性暴雨的预报能力均强于对局地性暴雨的预报能力,省台主观订正预报产品和DCOEF预报产品评分优于ECMWF细网格预报产品。     

一次江淮气旋复杂降水相态特征及成因分析

本文应用常规探空资料、地面观测资料、欧洲中心细网格(0.25°×0.25°)数值预报初始场资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料分析了山东一次江淮气旋降雪过程的复杂相态特征,并初步分析了成因。结论如下:(1)山东省2014年2月16—17日的雨雪天气过程,降水相态多样性和相态转化复杂性是主要特点,表现为同一时刻雨、雪和雨夹雪三种相态共存,郯城站降水相态逆转(由雨夹雪转雨再转雪),鲁东南地区降雪同时鲁西南地区降雨的"东雪西雨"现象。(2)在系统发展不强的江淮气旋降雪过程中,鲁中山区相对高海拔地区夜间强烈的辐射降温和山脉迎风坡的动力抬升作用均会造成边界层温度的降低,后期对流层低层为东北风控制时,除鲁中山区外,其迎风坡东麓或东北麓(潍坊地区)出现固态降水可能性也较大,一般情况下,地面2 m温度为1~2℃,1 000 hPa温度为0℃左右,925 hPa温度为-3℃左右,可出现固液共存降水现象。(3)相态逆转现象的发生与江淮气旋发展阶段和气温日变化两个因素紧密相关。0℃层在925 hPa上下的状态是一种临界状态,可产生雨夹雪或雨,但0℃层高度下降不是由雨转雪的充分条件,还需考察冷平流发展情况。(4)当江淮气旋生成地偏东(位于长江口附近),且发展不强烈时,山东若受其影响产生降水,后期上游如有新系统发展,可能与气旋共同影响山东,造成复杂相态的江淮气旋降雪过程。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences