Climate Change in China from 1880 to 1998 and its Impact on the Environmental Condition

The global mean surface air temperature (SAT) or the Northern Hemisphere mean SAT has increased since the late nineteenth century, but the mean precipitation around the world has not formed a definite tendency to increase. A lot of studies showed that different climate and environmental changes during the past 100 years over various regions in the world were experienced. The climate change in China over the past 100 years and its impact on China's environmental conditions needs to be investigated in more detail.Data sets of surface air temperature and atmospheric precipitation over China since 1880 up to the present are now available. In this paper, a drought index has been formulated corresponding to both the temperature and precipitation. Based on three series of temperature, precipitation, and drought index, interdecadal changes in all 7 regions of China and temperature differences among individual regions are analyzed. Some interesting facts are revealed using the wavelet transform method. In Northeast China, the aridification trend has become more serious since 1970s. Drought index in North China has also reached a high value during 1990s, which seems similar to that period 1920s–1940s. In NorthwestChina, the highest temperature appeared over the period 1930s–1940s. Along the Yangtze River valley in central eastern China and Southwest China, interdecadal high temperature occurred from 1920s to 1940s and in 1990s, but the drought climate mainly appeared from 1920s to early 1940s. In South China, temperature remained at a high value over the period 1910s–1940s,but the smaller-scale variation of drought index was remarkable from 1880 to 1998. Consequently, the quasi-20-year oscillation (smaller-scale variation) and the quasi-70-year oscillation (secular variation) obviously exist in temperature and precipitation series in different regions over China.Climate change and intensified human activity in China have induced certain environmental evolutions, such as the frequency change of dust-storm event in northern China, no-flow in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the runoff variation in Northwest China. On the other hand, frequent floods along the Yangtze River and high frequency of drought disaster have resulted in tremendous economic losses in the last decade in China. The primary reason for these happenings may be attributed to the evolution of the monsoon system in East Asian.     

华西秋雨趋势变化的年代际转折及其成因分析

华西地区（25°N～35°N,100°E～110°E）是中国秋季降水主要地区之一。本文根据华西地区72站月平均降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和哈德莱中心海温及海冰资料,利用相关和回归等分析方法研究了1961～2014年华西地区秋雨的年代际变率及其与大气环流和海温的关系。华西秋季降水年代际变率分解为呈现显著下降趋势的P1时段（1964～1998年）和呈现上升趋势的P2时段（1998～2014年）发现,对应P1时段降水下降趋势的华西区域大气位势高度异常场具有西正东负结构,大尺度环流场显示为从大西洋东传经北极巴伦支—喀拉海区至东亚的准纬向波列,该波列体现了上游负位相NAO（North Atlantic Oscillation）的调制作用。对于P2时段的降水上升趋势,其位势高度场配置与P1时段相反,而大尺度波列结构在欧亚大陆的部分呈西北—东南走向,且整体偏西,体现了上游正位相NAO的调制作用。这种环流结构导致华西区域西北侧形成负异常中心,有利于西南暖湿气流进入研究区域。影响华西秋雨趋势转折的海温关键区位于热带中东太平洋和热带印度洋。在P1时段,华西秋雨降水趋势与同期热带中东太平洋和印度洋海温呈显著正相关关系。而在P2时段,华西秋雨与前冬热带中东太平洋和印度洋海温存在显著负相关,前冬西北太平洋海温正异常也同时影响了华西秋雨的上升趋势。     

近57a夏季西太平洋副高面积的年代际振荡及其与中国降水的联系

利用1951—2007年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国国家气候中心160站降水和环流特征指数,研究了近57 a来夏季平均的西太平洋副热带高压面积指数的气候变化特征及其对同期中国降水的影响。结果表明,在全球变暖的气候背景下,夏季副热带高压面积也表现出增大趋势,其中20世纪60年代中期和20世纪末显著增强,并呈现出准20 a的年代际周期变化特征。各周期中,中国同期降水及流场均出现较大调整：随着西太平洋副热带高压面积长期趋于增大,东亚夏季风异常偏弱,降水分布由＂北多南少＂转为＂北少南多＂,而降水线性增长的区域则呈现出较上一周期明显北移的特征。     

冬春亚洲大气环流与华北中部夏季降水的相关分析

利用1957~2002年的NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa再分析资料以及同期华北地区夏季降水资料,分析了华北中部夏季降水与前期环流的关系。结果表明:夏季华北中部降水的多少与冬季东亚槽强弱、春季巴尔喀什湖到贝加尔湖的蒙古高原地区高度场呈显著相关。20世纪80年代中期以前冬季东亚槽偏强、春季蒙古高原地区高度值偏低;80年代中期之后冬季东亚槽开始转弱、春季蒙古高原地区高度值偏高。这与华北夏季降水的演变趋势相对应。说明冬季东亚槽的减弱以及春季蒙古高原地区高度值偏高是近年来华北夏季降水减少的原因之一。冬季东亚槽强对应夏季西太平洋副高在日本海地区高度呈偏强趋势,有利华北中部夏季降水偏多;春季蒙古高原地区高度值偏高有利于华北夏季出现西高东低形势,华北中部夏季降水易偏少。     

Multi-year simulation of the East Asian Monsoon and Precipitation in China using a Regional Climate Model and Evaluation

1. Introduction As an important way to study the global climate change, because of its low resolution, GCM (general circulation model) shows obvious deficiency and uncer- tainty in capturing some regional features when used in the regional climate study, and the uncertainty is even serious in regional climate simulation over East Asia (Ding et al., 2000; Zhao and Luo, 1998; Qian et al., 1999). The high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM) developed in the 1980s can provide better simu…     

北美和欧亚大陆冬季快速增温与地表干湿变化

采用东英吉利大学气候研究中心（CRU）提供的月地表温度和降水资料,分析了全球年平均及冬季地表温度变化趋势,发现在北半球中高纬地区半干旱区冬季快速增温。在此基础上通过分析帕默尔干旱指数（PDSI）研究了北美和欧亚大陆冬季地表干湿变化的时空特征和差异,并讨论北美和欧亚大陆冬季快速增温对地表干湿变化的影响。结果表明,北美大陆南部微弱变湿,加拿大北极群岛变湿明显,而在北美大陆的中西部有明显的变干趋势;欧亚大陆大部分地区在冬季有一定的变干趋势,其中尤以西欧南部,中国华北、东北,蒙古中北、东北部及俄罗斯远东地区变干最为显著。但北美和欧亚大陆1950-2008年冬季降水并无显著变化趋势,地表干湿变化主要受气温的影响,尤其是在冬季增温最为快速的地区。     

基于聚类分析的中国东北地区气温和降水时空变化特征

利用1961-2010 年中国东北地区81 个代表站逐日气温和降水资料,采用旋转主分量分析（REOF）和聚类分析（CAST）相结合的方法,对东北地区年平均气温和年降水的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：东北地区年平均气温呈显著的增加趋势,但区域性较为明显,北部和东部地区的升温幅度较小,西部和南部升温幅度较大;年降水量呈现减少的趋势,西部地区降水减少的趋势较为显著。     

2017年华西秋雨异常偏多的环流特征及其成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集和国家气候中心整编的2 000多站逐日降水资料,对导致2017年华西秋季降水异常偏多的大气环流特征及其成因进行分析。结果表明,2017年秋季500 hPa位势高度上欧亚中高纬地区维持一脊一槽环流型,斯堪的那维亚半岛上空有一强大的高压脊,乌拉尔山以东—巴尔喀什湖有一深槽,西太平洋副热带高压异常强大并偏西伸。来自极地的冷空气与来自太平洋和孟加拉湾的暖湿气流交汇于华西地区。华西地区处于东亚副热带西风急流入口南侧的高空辐散区,低层对应较强辐合区和异常上升运动,有利于降水的维持。进一步分析表明,2017年华西秋雨异常偏多是同期巴伦支海海温异常偏暖和中纬度北大西洋海温异常偏暖以及赤道中东太平洋La Ni1a型海温异常共同作用的结果,其中巴伦支海海温异常与华西秋季降水在年代际时间尺度上存在较为一致的变化,两者自1986年起均处于一致的负位相,而2000年以后两者由负位相转为正位相;秋季中纬度北大西洋海温异常与华西秋雨之间的年际关系也存在明显的年代际转折,在2002年前后由两者不存在关系转为显著正相关关系。以上各个海区海温异常对华西秋雨的影响也通过一系列的大气环流模式模拟试验进行了验证。     

中国近80年来气候变化特征及其形成机制

自 2 0世纪 2 0年代以来 ,中国地区 4 0和 90年代出现了 2个暖期及 5 0～ 6 0年代相对冷期。最近的 90年代的最暖年 (1998年 )或 5a滑动平均气温几乎已达或略高于 4 0年代的最暖年 (194 6年 )或 5a滑动平均气温。变暖最明显是北方地区 (黑龙江和新疆北部 ) ,而 35°N以南和 10 0°E以东地区自 5 0年代以来存在一个以四川盆地为中心的变冷带 ,虽然 90年代有变暖趋势 ,但基本达到 4 0年代暖期气温。中国降水则以 2 0年代为最少 (192 9年最少 ) ,5 0年代为多水年代 ,以后缓慢减少 ,70年代以后变化不大 ,但多雨带在 80年代及以后由华北南移到长江中下游。195 1～ 1990年 ,大部分地区气温和降水呈负相关 ,在东北和长江—黄河间存在 2个负相关中心 ,表明北方是变暖变旱 ,江淮间是变冷变湿。这些气候变化特征和全球气候变化相比较 ,除北方外 ,变暖期明显的滞后于全球变暖 ,并且出现变冷带等明显差异。文中还综述了用诊断和数值模拟方法对影响中国变化的气候自然变化和人类活动影响 (热岛效应和气溶胶影响 )的研究结果。我们认为 ,以上提出的 3种人类活动对中国气候变化有明显影响 ,特别是工农业发展造成的气溶胶增加是四川盆地气温变冷的主要原因。     

近50年我国西部地区气象要素的变化特征

利用1951-2000年全国194站地面观测资料和高空观测资料,对近50年我国西部地区的气候变化特征进行分析。结果表明:从20世纪70年代开始,我国西部地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,其中河套区和新疆区气温上升最为明显,其次为青藏高原区和河西区,西南区气温增幅最不明显,地表温度变化与气温的变化基本同步,但地温变化要比气温变化更加剧烈一些。西南区的地温从70年代中期开始回升,但始终未达到50年代初期的水平,因此从线性变化上表现为下降趋势。西部地区除了河套区外,其他4个区的年平均降水量均增加,增加最明显的是新疆区和青藏高原区。我国整个西部地区年平均总云量和低云量均呈线性减少趋势,减少最明显的是西南区和河套区。在辐射变化上,我国西部总辐射呈减少趋势,青藏高原区减少最多;西南区的散射辐射呈增加趋势,其他4个区减少,其中新疆区和青藏高原区散射辐射减幅明显。散射辐射的大小与天空中云量和气溶胶含量的多少成正比,西南区散射辐射呈增加趋势,而总云量和低云量呈下降趋势,可以推测是气溶胶含量增加导致了散射辐射的增加。     

Decadal trends of main Eurasian oscillations and the Eastern Mediterranean precipitation

Summary ?The role of the two main European low-frequency oscillations – the East Atlantic/West Russian (EA/WR) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), in controlling the precipitation in the Eastern Mediterranean region is investigated based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and the Israeli precipitation data for 1958–1998. The data on the EA/WR and NAO indices, received from the NCEP Climate Prediction Center, are also adapted. Composite mean sea level and precipitation anomaly patterns are constructed and analyzed. In addition to the widely investigated positive NAO trend, another, also positive EA/WR trend characterized atmospheric developments during the period. During NAO positive months, the EA/WR-associated positive SLP anomaly areas were shifted from the east Atlantic to southwest Europe. The areas were shifted to the north during the NAO-negative months and were located over central and northern Europe. This demonstrates that the use of fixed pressure NAO patterns may be not the optimum way to understand climate variability. Analysis of the NAO, EA/WR patterns, as well as that of their decadal trends, demonstrated a relationship between the main European oscillations and the EM precipitation. The results allow explanation of the observed reduction of the north Israeli precipitation by the EA/WR positive trend during the period. Received April 5, 2001; Revised February 14, 2002     

中国近海海表温度对气候变暖及暂缓的显著响应

基于多套全球海温再分析数据和2种线性趋势分析方法,评估了1958-2014年中国近海海表温度（SST）的变化及其对全球气候变化的响应特征,并与全球平均地表温度特别是与若干重要海区的SST做了比较。研究表明：在全球变暖的显著加速期（1980年代和1990年代）,中国近海区域年平均SST表现出更快速的升温特征,其速率达0.60℃/10a,是同期全球平均升温速率的5倍以上;在变暖暂缓期（1998-2014年）,中国近海SST出现显著的下降趋势。研究还表明,中国近海区域SST的年代际变化与太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）的位相转换一致,前者SST的快速上升（下降）期与PDO正（负）位相最大值的时期相对应,PDO可能是通过东亚季风和黑潮影响中国近海SST的年代际变化。     

Direct Radiative Forcing and Climatic Effects of Aerosols over East Asia by RegCM3

The authors used a high-resolution regional climate model(RegCM3) coupled with a chemistry/aerosol module to simulate East Asian climate in 2006 and to test the climatic impacts of aerosols on regionalscale climate.The direct radiative forcing and climatic effects of aerosols(dust,sulfate,black carbon,and organic carbon) were discussed.The results indicated that aerosols generally produced negative radiative forcing at the top-of-the-atmosphere(TOA) over most areas of East Asia.The radiative forcing induced by aerosols exhibited significant seasonal and regional variations,with the strongest forcing occurring in summer.The aerosol feedbacks on surface air temperature and precipitation were clear.Surface cooling dominated features over the East Asian continental areas,which varied in the approximate range of-0.5 to-2°C with the maximum up to-3-C in summer over the deserts of West China.The aerosols induced complicated variations of precipitation.Except in summer,the rainfall generally varied in the range of-1 to 1 mm d-1 over most areas of China.     

Regional climate simulations of summer diurnal rainfall variations over East Asia and Southeast China

This study evaluates the performance of RegCM3 (Regional Climate Model Version 3) in simulating the East Asian rainfall, with emphasis on the diurnal variations of rainfall over Southeast China during the 1998–2002 summer (June–August) seasons. The evaluation focuses on the sensitivity of the choice of cumulus parameterizations and model domain. With the right setup, the spatial and temporal evolution of diurnal rainfall over Southeast China, which has not been well simulated by past studies, can be accurately simulated by RegCM3. Results show that the Emanuel cumulus scheme has a more realistic simulation of summer mean rainfall in East Asia, while the GFC (Grell scheme with the Frisch-Chappell convective closure assumption) scheme is better in simulating the diurnal variations of rainfall over Southeast China. The better performance of these two schemes [relative to the other two schemes in RegCM3: the Kuo scheme and the GAS (Grell scheme with the Arakawa–Schubert closure assumption) scheme] can be attributed to the reasonable reproduction of the major formation mechanism of rainfall—the moisture flux convergence—over Southeast China. Furthermore, when the simulation domain covers the entire Tibetan Plateau, the diurnal variations of rainfall over Southeast China are found to exhibit a noticeable improvement without changes in the physics schemes.     

1880—2010年中国东部夏季降水年代际变化特征

利用1880—2010年中国东部66站夏季降水数据,开展夏季长序列降水的年代际变化特征研究。结果表明,中国东部夏季降水年代际变化特征显著,华北、江淮和华南地区存在明显的差异。经验正交分解结果表明,偶极型("-+"和"+-")和三极型("+-+"和"-+-")分布是中国东部夏季的两种主要降水模态。夏季500 h Pa高度场年代际分量与同期太平洋SST典型相关分析(BP-CCA)得出,太平洋年代际振荡(PDO,Pacific Decadal Oscillation)正位相可以激发出负的PJ型遥相关波列,导致长江中下游地区降水偏多,华北降水偏少;反之亦然。同时,通过滑动相关分析发现,中国东部不同区域的夏季降水对PDO不同位相的响应特征存在差异。     

Synergistic contribution of precipitation anomalies over northwestern India and the South China Sea to high temperature over the Yangtze River Valley

This study explores the characteristics of high temperature anomalies over eastern China and associated influencing factors using observations and model outputs. Results show that more long-duration (over 8 days) high temperature events occur over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) than over the surrounding regions, and control most of the interannual variation of summer mean temperature in situ. The synergistic effect of summer precipitation over the South China Sea (SCS) region (18°-27°N, 115°-124°E) and the northwestern India and Arabian Sea (IAS) region (18°-27°N, 60°-80°E) contributes more significantly to the variation of summer YRV temperature, relative to the respective SCS or IAS precipitation anomaly. More precipitation (enhanced condensational heating) over the SCS region strengthens the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and simultaneously weakens the westerly trough over the east coast of Asia, and accordingly results in associated high temperature anomalies over the YRV region through stimulating an East Asia-Pacific (EAP) pattern. More precipitation over the IAS region further adjusts the variations of the WPSH and westerly trough, and eventually reinforces high temperature anomalies over the YRV region. Furthermore, the condensational heating related to more IAS precipitation can adjust upper-tropospheric easterly anomalies over the YRV region by exciting a circumglobal teleconnection, inducing cold horizontal temperature advection and related anomalous descent, which is also conducive to the YRV high temperature anomalies. The reproduction of the above association in the model results indicates that the above results can be explained both statistically and dynamically.     

Influence of Azores High pressure on Middle Eastern rainfall

Several studies demonstrate that North Atlantic Oscillation influences variability of climate over Middle East. We use the centers of action approach for the study of winter rainfall variability over Middle East, taking into account variations in the components of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Azores High and the Icelandic Low pressure systems. The results show there is a negative relation between the interannual variations of winter rainfall over Middle East and Azores High pressure. The east–west shifts of Indian Ocean high pressure has also impact on precipitation over Middle East, there being more precipitation when the Indian Ocean High shifts eastward versus when it is westward. We present a regression model for Middle East precipitation in which the Azores High pressure and the Indian Ocean High longitude are independent variables and it explains 40 % of the variance of precipitation during 1952–2002. Furthermore, the ongoing decrease in winter precipitation over the Middle East is attributed to the increasing pressure of the Azores High over the same period.     

Variation of atmospheric aerosol optical depth and its relationship with climate change in China east of 100°E over the last 50 years

Understanding the role of aerosols in global and regional climate change requires the long-term measurements of aerosol optical properties. We use an indirect method to infer aerosol optical depths (AODs) based on atmospheric visibility and water vapor pressure measured at 504 key climate stations in eastern China (east of 100° E) over 1951–2002. Inferred AODs are compared with the MODIS satellite measurements for year of 2002. Results show that AODs averaged over 1951–2000 exhibit large values in Sichuan Basin and Changjiang River Delta, and there are two belts of high AODs, one from Beijing to South China by the middle reaches of Changjiang River and the other from Beijing to Changjiang Delta. Inferred AODs in eastern China show the lowest value in 1960s, increase dramatically in 1980s, and reach maximum in 1990s. The ratios of the regional and decadal mean AOD in 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s to that in 1960s are 1.085, 1.0, 1.066, 1.195, and 1.22, respectively. Statistical analysis shows that variations in AODs correlate with the changes in precipitation and air temperature in eastern China over the past 50 years. Correlation coefficients between annual mean AOD and precipitation are 0.39, 0.37, and 0.57 in the upper (Sichuan Basin), middle, and lower reaches of the Changjiang River, respectively. In the Sichuan Basin, the increase in annual mean AOD correlates with the reduction in air temperature with a correlation coefficient of ?0.33 at 95% confidence level.     

近46年京津冀地区“夏雨秋下”现象及其成因初探

基于京津冀地区逐日和逐时降水资料,对1970年以来变暖背景下该地区盛夏（7月和8月）和初秋（9月）降水的变化特征分析后:近46年京津冀地区盛夏降水显著减少,在1990年代末由多雨转为少雨位相,降水日变化上,不同时段的降水皆明显减少,其中持续性降水事件的变化对总降水量减少的贡献更大。而初秋降水明显增加,且在2000年代初发生跃变,由少雨转为多雨位相,夜间降水明显增加,并且持续性降水的增加和跃变是初秋降水增加的主要原因。进一步分析发现,日最高气温的变化与短时降水有较好的时间关系,盛夏时最高气温在1997年发生跃变,从较低位相跃变为较高位相,对应的,盛夏短时降水也同年发生跃变,由多雨转为少雨位相。而初秋的最高气温变化不明显,短时降水也没有发生跃变,无明显的变化趋势。此外,在环流场上,2000年代后,盛夏时欧亚中高纬阻高活动加强,阻碍了中纬度西风扰动输送水汽到京津冀地区,东亚急流偏南,京津冀地区上升气流受到抑制,不利于降水产生;而初秋时,输送至京津冀地区的水汽增加,东亚急流偏北,京津冀地区上升气流加强,贝加尔湖地区低槽受到东部高压阻挡,经向环流加强,有利于冷空气的活动,同时,西太平洋副高强度增强位置偏北,有利于降水的形成。东亚海陆热力差指数在初秋的增强反映出东亚夏季风在夏末秋初的南撤过程发生延迟,形成了以上有利于初秋降水的环流形势,导致了“夏雨秋下”的现象的出现。     

中国冬季气温的年际变化

利用中国160站1951-2000年的冬季月平均气温资料，用EOF分析、小波分析和合成分析等方法对中国近50年来的冬季气温的年际变化和时空分布特征进行研究。结果表明：中国冬季气温50年来有显著的增暖趋势，在70年代后期增暖幅度开始加大，年际变化以6～9年周期为主。中国冬季气温的空间变化有很好的一致性，全国绝大部分区域呈整体变暖或变冷的趋势，并且气温变化南北有别，从南向北幅度逐渐变大。另一种模态是当东北、华北和西北地区冬季气温较高时，其它地区则偏冷；反之亦然。