河北一次层状云系降水的微物理机制数值模拟与分析

利用一维层状云模式,详细分析了2009年5月1日中国中东部地区一次层状云系的微物理结构和降水过程。结果表明：此次降水为层状云系降水,云系垂直结构符合顾震潮三层概念模型和“播种云-供给云”机制,其中第一层（上层：4.7-7.0 km）存在冰雪晶,雪主要通过冰晶自动转化和凝华增长。第二层（中层：2.6-4.6 km）有冰晶、雪、霰、云水、雨滴,此层贝吉龙过程作用明显。第三层（下层：1.3-2.5 km）主要粒子为云滴、雨滴、从上层融化的雪和霰,霰的融化对于雨滴的形成贡献最大。云体发展成熟时,各层之间存在一定的播种－供应关系,如第一层向第二层顶部播撒雪和冰晶,第二层向第三层顶部播撒霰和雪。     

降水性层状云系结构和降水过程的观测个例与模拟研究

2004年7月4～6日, 在我国东北地区有一次大范围的降雨过程。作者分析了此次层状云降雨的观测资料, 包括机载PMS资料、雷达资料以及地面雨强计资料等, 并用包含详细微物理过程的一维层状云模式进行了数值模拟, 用顾震潮的三层概念模型（把层状云垂直结构分为三层:第一层为冰晶层, 第二层为过冷水层, 第三层为暖水层）分析了云的结构及降水形成过程。结果表明, 这个模型基本反映了降水性层状云的结构和降水产生的物理过程。在第一层中, 冰晶的凝华增长很重要, 也存在冰晶的碰并过程。在第二层中, 冰晶和雪的增长主要是通过凝华过程, Bergeron过程作用很大, 但不同时刻Bergeron过程的作用程度不同。第三层中主要有云滴、雨滴和从第二层降落下来以后融化的雪和霰。云的第一层对第二层有播种作用, 冰晶层对降水的贡献为7%, 过冷水层对降水的贡献为54%, 暖水层对降水的贡献为39%, 降水的产生中冷云过程作用稍大, 但暖云过程也起重要作用。     

基于多源资料的积层混合云降水微物理特征

基于地基云雷达、微雨雷达和天气雷达等遥测设备观测资料,结合挂载KPR云雷达和DMT粒子测量系统的飞机平台,详细分析了山东积层混合云降水过程的云降水微物理结构特征。结果表明,积层混合云降水过程呈现层状云和对流云降水特征。零度层以上,5～6 km高度层内,对流云降水多普勒速度和谱宽均大于层状云,说明对流云降水环境垂直气流、粒子尺度等均大于层状云。对流云降水,云雷达和微雨雷达时空剖面上出现由衰减造成的“V”字形缺口,云雷达衰减程度大于微雨雷达,且随高度增加,衰减越大。层状云降水,零度层亮带附近,雷达反射率因子跃增高度比多普勒速度高80 m,多普勒速度跃增高度又比谱宽高20 m。降水云系零度层附近降水机制复杂,粒子形态有辐枝冰晶聚合物、针状冰晶聚合物和云滴;0°C层以上,5～6 km处,对流云降水的多普勒速度和谱宽均大于层状云降水,即对流云降水环境垂直气流、粒子尺度范围等均大于层状云降水。     

河南省春季一次层状云降水云系结构和降水机制的数值模拟

利用PSU/NCAR的MM5中的双参数显式云物理方案,模拟了2007年河南省春季一次层状云降水过程,模拟结果显示,降雨主要落区和强度与观测一致.24 h降雨预报的TS评分较高.模式输出的雷达反射率与郑州站雷达RHI回波相比较,模拟的回波结构基本符合层状云回波特征,存在零度层亮带.在成功降水模拟的基础上,分析了云系不同部位结构特征和粒子质量通量分布,发现雨水的形成在不同部位依靠不同的过程.郑州站云的垂直结构和降水微物理过程研究表明,降水机制符合"播种一供给"机制,降水形成主要依靠雪的融化和暖云微物理过程,暖云对整层降水起主要作用,暖云微物理过程是形成降水的更有效方式.     

一次层状云降水过程微物理机制的数值模拟研究

层状云由于在水平上较为均匀, 可以用一维模式来模拟其云微物理过程。因此, 本文使用一个包含详细微物理过程的一维层状云分档模式结合地面Doppler雷达、 PMS观测资料, 对2007年7月1日吉林省一次锋面抬升引起的层状云降水系统进行了模拟研究。计算结果详细地刻画了水滴、 霰、 雪花和冰晶粒子谱分布、 含水量在垂直高度上的分布与变化, 并定量分析了该例中冰晶层、 混合层和暖层中凝华、 凝结、 碰并等微物理过程对粒子谱型的影响, 以及冰晶层、 混合层和暖层对地面降水的贡献率。结果表明, 在该例中, 冰晶层对混合层的播撒以直径D＜300 μm的小冰晶粒子为主。从混合层播撒D＞100 μm的水滴粒子以及未完全融化的冰晶粒子对暖层中小云滴粒子的碰并收集作用较强, 同时, 一部分降水粒子在暖层内可通过随机碰并机制产生。三层云对降水的贡献分别为3.5%、 38.5%和58%。三层云中若缺少混合层, 地面降水仅为0.475 mm/h, 谱宽920 μm, 且雨滴粒子数浓度较高; 若无暖层, 降水时间滞后, 雨强增加缓慢, 地面降水达0.807 mm/h, 雨滴粒子谱宽达1500 μm; 无冰晶层时, 降水强度与三层俱全时的模拟结果基本一致, 降水及雨滴谱的改变非常微弱。     

典型层状云系催化试验的云物理响应研究

利用2003年秋季延安地区一次典型层状云系加密探空和实时雷达观测资料,设计了催化和对比探测方案,计算得出催化影响区及下风方可能采集到响应值的区域。按照设计方案进行催化和探测。云物理响应观测结果表明:PNS粒子探测系统检测到催化后30min,小云滴减少;大冰晶的浓度增加;催化前冰晶以片状为主,催化后可看到有霰坯;催化前大雪晶浓度很小,雪晶之间没有攀附;催化后雪晶浓度增加,且大雪晶增加很多,可明显看到几个雪团攀附在一起形成的较大雪团;雷达观测到催化前拟播撒区内云的回波强度较弱、范围较小,催化后云体明显增大,强中心增加了5～10dBz;催化约1h后影响区雨量均有增加,说明催化引入的人工冰晶,使冰晶凝结比水滴凝结更有利于过冷云水转化为降水,冰晶效应和雪晶攀附过程是这次层状云系降水系统中的主要过程。过冷水冻结释放的潜热,导致云内升速加大,使催化区云和降水得到发展。     

积层混合云结构特征及降水机理的个例模拟研究

积层混合云是我国一种重要的降水系统, 其降水既有对流云又有层状云特征。基于积层混合云的重要性, 本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model), 结合三维粒子运行增长模式对2012年5月29日北京地区的一次积层混合云降过程进行了模拟研究。模拟的降水与雷达回波与实测结果基本一致。在此基础上, 重点分析了混合云系中积状云与层状云各自的微物理结构特征与降水的发生机理等。结果表明:降水过程云内存在着明显的“播种—供给”机制, 层状云中“播种—供给”机制相对简单。而对流云区中由于降水粒子可以发生上下多次的循环增长, “播种—供给”机制可在云的上下层间双向进行, 云中粒子群可以增长得更大。在积层混合云中, 在低层, 层状云中已有的水凝物粒子进入内嵌的积云块中, 而在高层水成物粒子又从积云中落到层云中, 积层混合云系充分发挥了积云和层云各自的优势, 从而降水效率较高。     

河北省一次降水云系云物理结构的飞机探测研究

利用机载粒子测量系统资料、天气雷达和Ka波段云雷达资料,分析了2017年5月22日河北省一次低槽冷锋降水过程积层混合云的微物理结构。结果表明:降水云系出现在低槽槽前西南气流中,积层混合云为大范围的层状云系中镶嵌大量对流云核结构,0℃层高度位于3577—4004m,随降水过程发展0℃层高度降低,嵌入的对流加强将抬升云顶高度。云内粒子浓度随云内对流的发生和加强而提高,云粒子浓度从1.8×10^5L^-1上升至5.0×10^5L^-1;云内过冷水含量大幅提高,从0.05g·m^-3上升至0.60g·m^-3,冷云中上层过冷水含量可长时间维持在0.20g·m^-3,中上层过冷水占比达60%。对流发生和加强可提高冰晶粒子增长速度,弱对流区冷云低层出现冰晶粒子浓度爆发增长区,强对流区冷云中上层成为冰晶粒子浓度快速增长区;最大降水粒子直径从8000μm增长至10000μm以上,直径在10000μm以上降水粒子谱分布区域从云底向中上层拓展。     

吉林一次降水层状云的结构和物理过程研究

利用机载粒子测量系统的探测结果,配合雷达及地面降水资料,结合一维层状云模式,通过对吉林2004年7月1日的一例降水性层状云系的宏微观物理结构和降水机制的定量化分析,对顾震潮三层模型有了进一步的认识.观测资料表明,该降水过程为典型的层状云降水,地面降水存在不均匀性,云系结构符合顾震潮三层概念模型,其中第1层为尺度很小的冰...     

层状云结构和降水机制研究及人工增雨问题讨论

总结了层状云及其降水物理研究的部分成果。在此基础上, 讨论了层状云人工增雨的几个问题, 提出用常规观测资料判断人工增雨条件的方法。具体结果如下:层状云结构是不均匀的。层状云系在垂直方向上具有分层结构。“催化—供给”云是降水性层状云的典型结构, “催化—供给”云相互作用是导致降水的主要过程。按微观结构可以将降水性层状云分成3 层:冰相层、冰水混合层和液水层。冰相层是催化云, 冰水混合层和液水层是供给云。层状云降水过程研究表明, 对应于层状云或“催化—供给”云的3层宏观结构, 发生着不同的微物理过程, 粒子形成和增长过程也不同。冰相层的冰晶和雪, 凝华是其主要增长方式, 其次是雪与冰晶的聚合过程;雪(或聚合体)落入冰水混合层后, 继续通过凝华增长或贝吉龙过程增长, 同时撞冻过冷云水增长, 有部分冰雪晶通过撞冻增长而转化成霰。在液水层, 雪(或聚合体)霰开始融化, 同时收集云暖区云水增长。冰相粒子的撞冻增长过程和凝华增长过程相比同样重要。层状云各层对降水的贡献不同。一般而言, 对于“催化—供给”云, 催化云对降水的贡献低于30%, 供给云在70%以上。在以上研究的基础上, 讨论了层状云人工增雨的问题。(1)“催化—供给”云结构有利于云水转化成降水, 只有冰相层、冰水混合成和液水层相互“配合”, 才能形成有效降水。可以将“催化—供给”云作为层状云人工增雨催化的结构条件。(2)要选择降水形成以冷云过程为主的层状云催化, 冰面饱和水汽量和过冷水含量要大些。(3)层状云人工增雨原理应该补充。降水形成不但经历贝吉龙-芬德森过程, 冰水混合层的聚合和撞冻增长也是十分重要的过程。过冷水对于降水的形成非常重要, 但冰面饱和水汽量对降水的形成也同样重要。最后, 结合层状云的研究成果, 提出用常规探测资料判别层状云人工增雨催化条件的方法:利用卫星云图和雷达回波判别“催化—供给”云的结构, 用雷达RHI 回波(在距离高度显示器上的回波)判别降水机制和液水层。       

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.