青藏高原东侧暴雨过程的水汽图像分析

利用1998年汛期GMS-5卫星水汽图像,分析了1998年高原东侧区域性暴雨天气过程的水汽图像.发现高原东侧暴雨过程的产生及强度与其对流层中、上层水汽的汇集形式密切相关.     

1998年青藏高原东侧边界层风场与长江暴雨洪水的关系

应用1998年6～8月四川省和重庆市探空资料,分析了青藏高原东侧大气边界层风场演变与长江上游暴雨和长江洪水的关系.结果表明:1998年夏季长江上游的暴雨天气与高原东侧成都边界层风场变化密切相关,当成都边界层为东北风时,高原东侧边界层维持气旋式偏东流场,长江上游未来产生暴雨等强对流天气;当为西南风等其他风向时,高原东侧边界层维持反气旋式偏南流场,未来是无降水天气;高原东侧边界层的动力激发作用是1998年长江上游暴雨产生的重要机制.并且,再次证明了西邻青藏高原的成都是长江上游天气变化关键点的观点.     

青藏高原东侧大暴雨数值分析及截断水汽场数值试验

利用天气学原理和η-坐标有限区域中尺度数值模式进行数值试验，分析探讨由西太平洋副热带高压、东北冷涡、西风槽及高原低值系统共同作用造成的青藏高原东侧陕西大暴雨天气过程的成因。结果表明：高原东侧暴雨形成的诸多因素中，水汽场及其输送是很重要的因素，截断暴雨区的主要水汽通道，降水会发生明显的改变，对流场及高层散度场有重要影响。     

一次华西秋季大暴雨的水汽分析

通过对1998年9月15～17日四川盆地北部、西部大暴雨过程的水汽分析,得出几点认识,在这次暴雨过程中,(1)对流层低层的主要水汽源是在南海,东海、孟加拉湾也有水汽输送;对流层中上部有从印度洋输送到青藏高原,再伸展到四川盆地的水汽。(2)在对流层低层有较强的水汽辐合,反映了这次暴雨是在深厚的水汽层内且低层有较强水汽辐合中产生的。(3)暴雨强度的变化与对流层中上部印度洋水汽输送到高原上空与否密切相关,印度洋水汽输送到(撤离)高原上空对华西暴雨发展(减弱)有指示意义。     

高原东侧一次大暴雨过程动力热力特征分析

2006年7月6~7日高原东侧发生了一次区域性暴雨过程,与以往高原东侧暴雨过程概念模型不同的是,这次暴雨过程中没有出现低空急流,在暴雨强盛阶段伴有全风速增强。本文采用诊断分析方法,从暴雨发生所需的热力、水汽及动力条件入手,采用相当位温、水汽通量、视热源和视水汽汇、湿位涡等几个物理量对这次暴雨过程进行综合分析,以揭示了暴雨发生、发展的机制。西南涡与高温、高湿的大气条件相配合,高低空风的垂直切变及来自孟加拉湾的充沛水汽输送和辐合,为该暴雨过程提供了有利的条件。这次暴雨以对流性降水为主,视热源和视水汽汇的垂直输送作用是加热的主要贡献项,而局地变化项和平流项有相反的变化特征,其共同作用是减小对加热的贡献;该过程中湿斜压性是位涡的主要贡献项,湿位涡的演变与暴雨发展有很好的对应关系,湿位涡最大值与暴雨峰值出现时间一致,位势不稳定对触发暴雨的作用也不可忽视。     

武汉地区"98.7"连续性暴雨的卫星水汽图像分析

通过对1998年7月20－21日武汉市连续性暴雨的水汽图像，红外云图以及常规气象资料诊断分析，研究连续性暴雨系统发生发展的原因，探讨利用水汽图像作连续性暴雨预报的可能性，在常规气象资料和红外云图上看不出有连续性暴雨以及暴雨结束信息，而在水汽图像上可以判断出来，这种信息对暴雨预报非常重要。     

青藏高原东侧陡峭地形对一次强降水天气过程的影响

利用高分辨率中尺度模式分析资料,研究了青藏高原东侧陡峭地形对一次暴雨天气发生发展的影响。结果显示,青藏高原地形对大气环流的动力阻挡作用形成了本次暴雨过程的水汽输送通道,青藏高原东侧陡峭地形结构造成了四川西北部和黄河上游的强水汽辐合中心,并使低层高能舌和能量锋区位于海拔较低的四川盆地,在四川盆地对流层低层建立起位势不稳定层结。青藏高原东侧陡峭地形结构引起了低层偏东气流强烈的垂直上升运动,最强的垂直上升运动出现在东西风垂直切变与陡峭地形交汇处,激发不稳定能量释放,促使强对流猛烈发展,暴雨过程中高原东侧还有一个中尺度涡旋的发生发展相伴。青藏高原东侧暴雨区最显著的热力特征是高温高湿区域仅出现在对流层低层,最显著的动力特征是强涡度柱也仅出现在对流层低层。     

滇西北高原一次突发性特大暴雨过程水汽输送特征分析

针对滇西北高原华坪县一次突发性特大暴雨天气过程,采用常规计算及数值模拟方法,分析其水汽输送特征。结果表明:中南半岛热带低压及孟加拉湾低压稳定维持为暴雨区水汽输送通道建立提供较好的大尺度环境场;暴雨区存在两条水汽输送通道,孟加拉湾低压东侧偏南气流转向后形成的西南水汽输送与副热带高压南侧偏东气流转向后形成的西南水汽输送,其源地可追溯至南海、西太平洋、孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海等地;水汽输送及水汽辐合主要来自700hPa以下层,其中700hPa与850hPa水汽输送特征与整层水汽输送特征表现一致;数值模拟结果可较好再现暴雨区水汽输送特征,同时发现后向追踪时段内,暴雨区中低层水汽输送起始于该高度层之上,随暴雨发生时间临近水汽输送高度逐渐降低。     

夏季青藏高原及周边大气热源与四川盆地暴雨的关系

利用1960-2016年川渝逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了夏季青藏高原及周边大气热源与四川盆地暴雨的关系。结果表明,青藏高原及其周边的大气热源对四川盆地夏季暴雨频数具有显著的影响。影响关键区分别位于高原中南部及其南侧和高原中东部及其东侧,由此定义了一个影响四川盆地夏季暴雨频数的高原热力差指数Itc,该指数能够较好地反映出盆地夏季暴雨频数的东、西部差异变化特征。当Itc偏高时,副高位置偏西偏北,阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾水汽输送增强,同时贝加尔湖西侧槽或低压位置偏西,盆地西部水汽辐合上升异常增强,暴雨明显偏多;而盆地东部暴雨偏少。当Itc偏低时,副高位置偏东,来自于东南沿海的水汽输送在盆地东部增强,同时贝加尔湖南侧多阻塞形势,使得水汽在盆地东部辐合上升增强,产生暴雨偏多;此时盆地西部暴雨偏少。     

水汽图像在高原天气预报中应用的初步分析

通过对1998年8月4～5日那曲低涡和7月18～20日高原切变线活动的卫星水汽图像以及这次高原低涡形成前改进高原以南洋面上空对流层中上部湿度的数值试验的分析,分析指出(1)水汽图像上水汽涡旋比天气图上高原低涡形成反映提前,且水汽涡旋对高原低涡活动有指示意义.(2)水汽图像上切变线水汽带比天气图上高原切变线形成反映提前,且切变线水汽带的变化对高原切变线活动有指示意义.在切变线水汽带范围变宽时,高原切变线稳定;切变线水汽带减弱时,高原切变线东南移.(3)水汽图像上高原以南洋面上空对流层中上部水汽输送会影响低值天气系统的形成和发展,水汽灰度梯度大值区的变化可预示强降水中心区的变化.(4)数值试验表明利用水汽图像改进高原以南洋面上空对流层中上部湿度,可对数值预报有较大的改进.在高原地区天气预报中应重视水汽图像的应用.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。     

2003年黑龙江省主要灾害性天气及其对作物生长发育和粮食产量的影响

利用40年气温、降水资料和历史上千旱、低温严重的年份与2003年进行对比分析．评估黑龙江省2003年发生的严重灾害的分布范同,灾害程度,及其对主要粮食作物生长发育和产量的影响。得出2003年的灾害是30年未遇的全省性严重灾害年,各种灾害对各种作物都产生了不同程度的影响,受害最重的作物是小麦。     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002