半干旱区春小麦受条锈菌侵染后光合作用和蒸腾作用的变化规律

采用美国CI-301PS型便携式光合作用测定仪,对半干旱区大田春小麦的健康叶片和受条锈菌侵染后病叶的光合作用和蒸腾作用进行活体监测。结果表明：在干旱环境下。受条锈菌侵染后小麦叶片的光合作用和蒸腾作用发生了明显变化,其光合速率比健叶明显降低,而病叶细胞间隙CO2浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等有所升高,且日变化随病叶严重度的不同而明显不同。受干旱和病原物侵染的双重胁迫,小麦叶片的光合效率显著降低,水分利用率也随之下降。不仅与叶绿素含量的明显下降有关,而且与干旱造成的水分亏缺对小麦体内生理生化代谢造成损伤,碳同化过程受到抑制等有着密切的关系。     

水分胁迫/复水对谷子光合特性及产量影响

以谷子品种大金苗为研究对象,采用遮雨棚控水的大田试验方法,比较孕穗开花期和灌浆期水分胁迫/复水对叶片光合特性及产量影响,分析光合速率的限制因素,阐述光合速率、水分利用效率与产量的协同关系。结果表明:水分胁迫会导致谷子光合速率和产量下降,水分利用效率提高,随胁迫增强和持续时间延长,光合速率和产量下降幅度增大;水分胁迫后复水后,光合性能有所恢复,光合作用可产生补偿效应,水分胁迫越强和持续时间越长,补偿效应越低;轻度和持续时间短的水分胁迫,光合速率降低主要由气孔因素决定,随胁迫增强和持续时间延长,非气孔限制逐渐成为光合速率下降的主要原因;与孕穗开花期相比较,灌浆期水分胁迫对光合速率的影响更大且复水后光合性能恢复能力更低,光合速率与产量的协同关系更明显,产量对灌浆期水分胁迫更敏感。     

O3,CO2浓度及太阳光谱变化对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究

对光合作用 蒸腾作用 气孔调节进行耦合 ,从生物化学尺度扩展至冠层尺度 ,发展了一个冬小麦冠层光合作用生态动力模式 ,模式考虑了O3,CO2 和光谱变化对作物光合的综合影响。利用美国光合作用实测资料对模式进行验证 ,叶片模式通过了相关显著性检验并具有较高的准确度。数值分析表明 :当O3 浓度由 0× 10 -9V/V上升至2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,冠层光合速率下降 2 9%左右 ;当CO2 浓度由 330× 10 -6V/V上升至 6 6 0× 10 -6V/V时 ,冠层光合速率增加大约 37% ;当光谱比例系数由目前的 0 .5下降至 0 .4时 ,冠层光合速率将下降 2 7%左右。对于污染严重、易发生光化学烟雾的城郊附近 ,在阳光强烈的典型晴天 ,中午O3 浓度达到 2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,即使气候条件不发生改变 ,CO2 浓度对作物光合作用的正效应也不足以弥补O3 浓度升高所造成的负效应 ,冠层光合速率将比目前干洁地区略有下降 ,如果进一步考虑光合作用有效辐射光谱成分下降至 0 .4左右 ,冠层光合作用将比目前的BASE值下降 35 %左右。     

淮北棉区花铃期冠层不同高度叶片光合特性的差异

基于多层二叶模型,在自然群体条件下,将棉花冠层分为上、中、下三层,研究淮北棉花花铃期冠层上、中、下层,阴叶（无直射光照射）与阳叶（有直射光照射）的光合特性的差异。结果表明,同一高度阳叶的光量子通量密度与光合速率显著大于阴叶;不同高度叶片光量子通量密度与光合速率均表现为上层阳叶〉中层阳叶〉下层阳叶,上层阴叶〉中层阴叶〉下层阴叶;上层阳叶气孔导度大于阴叶,中、下层阴、阳叶的气孔导度无显著差异;上部叶片气孔导度〉中部叶片〉下部叶片;同一高度阳叶胞间二氧化碳浓度显著小于阴叶,随着冠层深度（形态学自上而下）的增加,两者差异增大;不同高度叶片胞间二氧化碳浓度随着冠层深度的增加,呈增加趋势,阳叶差异不显著,阴叶差异显著。     

盘锦湿地芦苇叶片气孔导度的模拟

基于2005年5～9月盘锦湿地芦苇叶片气体交换观测数据,针对芦苇叶片气孔导度与光合速率以及光合速率与光合有效辐射之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:芦苇叶片气孔导度与光合速率的关系可应用Ball-Berry模型描述,光合速率与光合有效辐射的关系可应用非直角双曲线光合模型描述,联合Ball-Berry模型与非直角双曲线光合模型可通过环境变量求解叶片气孔导度。模型考虑了气孔导度与光合之间的相互作用。利用实验数据对气孔导度模型验证表明,叶片气孔导度模拟值和观测值回归方程的斜率为0.95,方程决定系数R=0.82(P<0.05)。     

相对湿度对黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响

以黄瓜“津优1号”为试材,于2011年4月在南京信息工程大学进行人工环境控制试验,设计8个相对湿度梯度,用LI 6400进行光合参数的测定,系统研究不同相对湿度处理对黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明：黄瓜叶片的净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度随着相对湿度的减小而降低;气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片的水分利用效率在相对湿度为75%时达到最大;而气孔限制值在相对湿度为75%时降到最低;黄瓜叶片最大光合作用速率（Pmax）与空气相对湿度呈指数关系：Pmax=22375e189085fRH;随空气相对湿度的减小,黄瓜叶片的表观量子效率、光饱和点均降低,而光补偿点增加;相关分析表明,净光合速率与叶面水汽压差呈负相关,而与气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、相对湿度、蒸腾速率均呈正相关,且相关性均达到极显著水平。     

干旱胁迫对夏玉米叶片光合及叶绿素荧光的影响

选用华北地区大面积种植的夏玉米品种郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981作为试验材料,通过研究干旱胁迫条件下的玉米叶片光合、叶绿素荧光等指标随着土壤水分的动态变化规律,以期为夏玉米干旱的生理生态变化监测及水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现,在土壤含水量70％左右时,随着土壤相对湿度的下降,上述3个夏玉米品种仍能保持其叶片水分状态。郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981的叶片净光合速率在土壤水分中等条件下最大,分别为39．9、38．8、38．4μmolCO2／m^2·s;在土壤相对湿度较低时,郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981的叶片净光合速率下降趋势明显（P〈0．05）。叶片水势变化规律为：在土壤相对湿度〉90％时,对水分胁迫郑单958、承玉2号不敏感,鲁单981敏感;在土壤相对湿度〈70％时,水分胁迫条件下承玉2号不敏感,而鲁单981、郑单958敏感。气孔导度（g1）变化规律：随着水分胁迫加剧,3个夏玉米品种气孔导度均下降,在土壤水分较高时,气孔导度变化规律不明显,在土壤水分较低时,气孔导度明显下降（P〈0．01）,细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）随土壤水分胁迫加剧而上升。上述结果表明：与叶片的光合和水分状况相比,夏玉米的气孔对土壤水分的匮缺更为敏感。     

基于碳水通量耦合原理改进Penman-Monteith蒸散发模型

陆地蒸散(ET)涵括地表和潮湿叶片的蒸发和植物的蒸散发,是陆地水循环的重要组成部分。Penman-Monteith方程是估算陆地蒸散的重要方法,方程中的叶片或冠层气孔导度是提高估算精度的关键因子。根据碳水循环的耦合原理,植物光合作用模型可用于估算叶片或冠层气孔导度。植物光合作用模型可分为三类:1)使用总冠层导度的大叶模型(BL),2)区别阴、阳叶冠层导度的双大叶模型(TBL),3)区别阴、阳叶叶片导度的双叶模型(TL)。与这三类光合作用模型相对应,衍生出基于不同导度计算方法的三种蒸散估算模型。三种蒸散模型之间的主要区别在于是否进行从叶片尺度到冠层尺度的气孔导度集成。这三种模型中,双叶模型使用叶片尺度的气孔导度,集成度最低。反之,大叶模型使用冠层尺度的气孔导度,集成度最高。由于在Penman-Monteith中,蒸腾和气孔导度之间的关系是非线性的,气孔导度的集合会导致负偏差。因此,与通量测量相比,大叶蒸散模型的估算偏差最大,而双叶蒸散模型的估算偏差最小。     

黑河下游影响荒漠河岸胡杨林蒸腾的冠层与大气耦合分析

基于2014年胡杨主要生长季内树形特征、树干液流、环境因子的实际观测数据,利用经验公式,计算了胡杨冠层蒸腾速率、冠层气孔导度与解耦系数的值,分析了其日变化与季节变化特征。结果表明:(1)从日变化趋势来看,解耦系数在早晨和傍晚时较小,中午达到最大值,这主要是由于早晨和傍晚时太阳辐射比较弱、作物气孔开度小,使冠层气孔导度降低造成的;而中午时冠层气孔导度达到全天的最大值,解耦系数值也达到最大。(2)从季节变化趋势来看,解耦系数与冠层气孔导度变化趋势相近,在生长季内均呈先增大后减小,之后略有浮动增大,最后减小的趋势。本研究对影响荒漠河岸胡杨林蒸腾的冠层与下层大气进行相关性推断,认为影响胡杨林蒸腾的冠层与大气耦合度较高。尽管试验地处于极端干旱区,下层大气十分干燥,林冠层叶气界面水分散失很快,但黑河下游河岸林供水良好,林冠层空气动力学条件相近,使得胡杨林蒸腾主要受叶面气孔控制。     

不同生育期水分胁迫对玉米光合特性的影响

利用遮雨棚以夏玉米为对象进行水分胁迫大田试验,通过分析玉米叶片光合测量数据,研究不同生育期水分胁迫对玉米光合特性的影响,为定量分析不同水分胁迫程度对玉米生育的可能机理提供数据和初步的理论支持.结果表明:土壤水分下降会使玉米叶片的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)会增加;Pn随着光照强度的增加而增加,且随着水分胁迫强度增强,Pn增加速率降低;干旱胁迫会改变Pn、Tr日变化规律,并且对拔节期光合作用的抑制小于成熟期;WUE与Pn存在极显著的正相关关系,与Tr、Ci及Gs存在显著的负相关关系.     

Responses of arid and semiarid watersheds to increasing carbon dioxide and climate change as shown by simulation studies

The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is expected to double in the next century causing increased temperatures and decreasing precipitation in some regions of the U.S. The increase in CO₂ will also directly affect stomatal conductance of plants. At the first-order watershed scale, changes in evaporative demand, transpiration, and runoff will also occur. Previous modeling studies of the effect of increased CO₂ on the water budgets of watersheds have been single-factor exercises where a single parameter representing stomatal conductance was reduced and the results noted. After showing validation results of the hydrology module, we used a comprehensive ecosystem model to examine the consequences of changes in precipitation, temperature, and CO₂-induced plant-function characteristics on small-basin runoff. As a result of the complex interactions and of the compensatory mechanisms simulated by the model, we conclude that for arid and semiarid watersheds of the western United States, there will be little change or an actual decrease in surface runoff because of increased CO₂ and climate change. This is due to the decrease in precipitation imposed on the model simulations. Implementing stomatal closure in the model did not increase runoff from the watersheds when temperatures were increased and precipitation decreased.     

Influence of leaf water potential on diurnal changes in CO2 and water vapour fluxes

Mass and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are driven by meteorological variables, and controlled by plant water status, which may change more markedly diurnally than soil water. We tested the hypothesis that integration of dynamic changes in leaf water potential may improve the simulation of CO₂ and water fluxes over a wheat canopy. Simulation of leaf water potential was integrated into a comprehensive model (the ChinaAgrosys) of heat, water and CO₂ fluxes and crop growth. Photosynthesis from individual leaves was integrated to the canopy by taking into consideration the attenuation of radiation when penetrating the canopy. Transpiration was calculated with the Shuttleworth-Wallace model in which canopy resistance was taken as a link between energy balance and physiological regulation. A revised version of the Ball-Woodrow-Berry stomatal model was applied to produce a new canopy resistance model, which was validated against measured CO₂ and water vapour fluxes over winter wheat fields in Yucheng (36°57′ N, 116°36′ E, 28 m above sea level) in the North China Plain during 1997, 2001 and 2004. Leaf water potential played an important role in causing stomatal conductance to fall at midday, which caused diurnal changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. Changes in soil water potential were less important. Inclusion of the dynamics of leaf water potential can improve the precision of the simulation of CO₂ and water vapour fluxes, especially in the afternoon under water stress conditions.     

气溶胶对陆生植物生长的影响研究进展

陆生植物生长过程受太阳辐射、热量、水分、土壤等多重因素的影响,气溶胶粒子通过对太阳辐射的散射和吸收,并作为云凝结核和冰核,改变云的物理特性及生命期对上述环境因子产生影响,进而影响植物的生长。气溶胶的直接影响主要表现为气溶胶覆盖植物叶片,影响植物的呼吸作用、气孔导度及对阳光的利用率等;间接影响主要表现在气溶胶可降低入射太阳辐射量并降低光合作用及净初级生产力,但同时又会增加散射辐射量,增加植物可利用光合有效辐射,产生相互矛盾的结果;气溶胶还通过影响降水和气温,进一步影响植物对光、水、热的利用等方面。气溶胶对植物的生长影响以间接影响为主,直接影响较少。其次,各种大气气溶胶对植物的伤害作用超过大气气溶胶对植物生长促进作用。在人为气溶胶中,硫酸盐、黑碳及粉尘对植物生长以抑制作用为主,而氮化物中氮沉降既可以促进植物生长,含氮气溶胶形成的酸雨及光化学烟雾又会抑制植物生长。自然气溶胶中,火山气溶胶对植物生长产生的影响差异较大,沙尘总体对植物产生不利影响,而生物气溶胶及宇宙尘埃的影响研究还较少。     

IMPACTS OF OZONE CONCENTRATION CHANGES ON CROPS AND VEGETABLES IN CHINA

The controlled simulation experiments revealed that ozone concentration increases cause various degrees of injury to leaves of crop and vegetable.The injury to vegetables is greater than that to crops.Ozone can dramatically affect stomatal conductance,photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,and consequently the yield of crops.No matter how long exposure time was, stomatal conductance increased and photosynthetic and transpiration rates decreased with increases in ozone concentration.When ozone concentration was 100 nmol/mol,yields of rice and winter wheat declined by 27.1% and 60.5% respectively.When up to 200 nmol/mol,there was a significant reduction of yields:a decline up to 33.7% for rice and 81.3% for winter wheat.On the other hand,ozone benefits the improvement of grain quality such as amino acid and protein.     

Calibration of a land-surface model using data from primary forest sites in Amazonia

Summary A land-surface model (MOSES) was tested against observed fluxes of heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide for two primary forest sites near Manaus, Brazil. Flux data from one site (called C14) were used to calibrate the model, and data from the other site (called K34) were used to validate the calibrated model. Long-term fluxes of water vapour at C14 and K34 simulated by the uncalibrated model were good, whereas modelled net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was poor. The uncalibrated model persistently underpredicted canopy conductance (g _c ) from mid-morning to mid-afternoon due to saturation of the response to solar radiation at low light levels. This in turn caused a poor simulation of the diurnal cycles of water vapour and carbon fluxes. Calibration of the stomatal conductance/photosynthesis sub-model of MOSES improved the simulated diurnal cycle of g _c and increased the diurnal maximum NEE, but at the expense of degrading long-term water vapour fluxes. Seasonality in observed canopy conductance due to soil moisture change was not captured by the model. Introducing realistic depth-dependent soil parameters decreased the amount of moisture available for transpiration at each depth and led to the model experiencing soil moisture limitation on canopy conductance during the dry season. However, this limitation had only a limited effect on the seasonality in modelled NEE.     

A comparison of two methods of estimating transpiration rates from a Sitka spruce plantation

Estimates of hourly transpiration from a 16–17 yr old Sitka spruce forest were calculated from the Penman-Monteith combination equation and compared with estimates from an eddy correlation/energy balance method.Canopy conductances were estimated from stomatal conductances measured using null balance diffusion porometers and took account of canopy variations of stomatal conductance and needle area index.Vertical heat fluxes were measured by the eddy correlation method; transpiration fluxes were then estimated from an energy balance of the forest.There was not a 1:1 relationship between the estimates of transpiration from the two methods. The major sources of error were concluded to be (i) difficulties of estimating the variation in stomatal conductance and leaf area through the canopy, (ii) errors in the value of total leaf area index, and (iii) errors in stomatal conductance measurements.The eddy correlation method was suggested as the more useful for future studies of the variation of forest transpiration in time or space, because the Penman-Monteith equation requires extensive biological measurements.