盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物特征分析

基于盘锦湿地生态系统野外观测站芦苇群落生长季6～9月的定位观测资料,分析了芦苇湿地土壤微生物季节动态及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:盘锦芦苇湿地的土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌以及微生物的总数在生长季节呈现出先减少、后增加的变化趋势。湿地的土壤细菌、放线菌以及微生物的总数在8月达到最小,而真菌数量在7月达到最小。湿地土壤中,细菌数量最大,其次是放线菌,最少的是真菌。对细菌、放线菌、真菌以及微生物总数与环境因子的相关分析表明,细菌、放线菌与微生物总数主要受水分影响,而真菌则受水分与气温的协同作用影响     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落蒸发散模拟研究

根据2005年盘锦芦苇湿地监测站的小气候梯度监测数据和涡动通量观测数据,结合芦苇生理生态特性观测资料,采用波文比-能量平衡法、Penman-Monteith模型对盘锦湿地芦苇群落蒸发散进行模拟,并与涡动相关系统的实测资料进行比较。结果表明:Penman-Monteith模型更适合芦苇群落蒸发散的模拟,可为芦苇湿地蒸发散的计算提供依据。     

盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统长期通量观测研究

针对2004年5月26日-2005年10月15日盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量资料进行分析。结果表明:芦苇湿地具有较强的碳汇作用;2005年芦苇湿地固定二氧化碳为13.32 t/hm2,日平均感热通量和潜热通量分别为2 464 kJ/m2和3 880 kJ/m2。2004年和2005年6～9月的日累积值波文比平均值均为0.15。芦苇湿地碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量的日动态呈单峰单谷型变化,极值出现在中午前后,夜间线形平直。芦苇生长季白天通量绝对值远较夜间大,白天碳吸收,夜间碳排放。CO2浓度年平均日变化曲线亦为单谷单峰型,夜间浓度较高且逐渐升高,直到日出前达到峰值;日出后急剧下降,傍晚又开始逐渐增加。芦苇湿地感热通量昼正夜负,潜热通量与林地不同,全天为正。各通量季节变化明显,冬季CO2通量日变化不明显,趋近于零;感热通量总体向上输送,春季数值较大,生长季数值较小;潜热通量冬季最小,接近0,春季开始显著增加,生长季达到最大。     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤碱解氮及溶解性有机碳季节动态

基于2005年4～10月盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤不同土层土壤碱解氮及溶解性有机碳的观测资料,分析了盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤碱解氮与溶解性有机碳(DOC)的季节动态。结果表明:不同土层碱解氮、溶解性有机碳的季节动态并不相同。0～10 cm土层碱解氮与DOC季节动态相似,6月土壤碱解氮与DOC含量均最高,分别为244.86 mg/kg和13.16 mg/L。8月碱解氮含量最低,为139.18 mg/kg;9月DOC含量最低。10～20 cm土层DOC的季节性动态变化与表土具有相似性,峰值均出现在6月,谷值出现在9月;10～20 cm土层碱解氮最低值出现在6月,与0～10 cm土层不同。20～30 cm土层内,4～7月DOC几乎无变化,8月DOC含量最低,9月增加;4～5月碱解氮波动较大,5月降到102 mg/kg,6月增加到151 mg/kg。研究表明,盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤微生物活性与凋落物分解对DOC及碱解氮的季节动态有很大的影响,同时温度、降水量及冻融也影响着DOC及碱解氮的季节动态。     

盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物初步研究

基于盘锦湿地生态系统野外观测站芦苇群落生长季的定位观测资料,分析了芦苇湿地土壤微生物不同层次上的比率变化。结果表明:在0—10,10—20 cm和20—30 cm的3个层次上及微生物总数中土壤的细菌所占比率最大,而且在3个层次上的比率自上至下逐渐增大;其次是放线菌,且在3个层次上的比率逐渐减少;最少的是真菌,在3个层次上相差不大接近为零,在整个微生物中所占比率为最少的。这是由于盘锦芦苇湿地的土壤偏盐碱性,有利于细菌和放线菌繁殖,抑制了真菌的繁殖;而且季节性积水导致通气状况不良也抑制了真菌的生存。在盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物垂直梯度的比率中,细菌垂直梯度变化比较明显,基本上是下面2个层次所占比率比表层大一些;放线菌垂直梯度变化明显,一般表层比率最大,下面2层比率较小;真菌垂直梯度上所占的比率没有明显变化,接近为零。     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落生物量动态特征研究

基于2005年4～9月盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统的观测资料,分析了盘锦湿地优势植物芦苇的群落学特性。结果表明:地上生物量峰值出现在7月,4～7月茎重与叶重呈显著的正相关;地下生物量存在明显的季节和垂直变化,其中0～30 cm的芦苇须根最大值出现在7月,根茎最大值出现在6月,30～40 cm深度为生物量变化在垂直剖面的分界线;根冠比以7月为最低,分层营养物质在30 cm以下积累。     

芦苇湿地与玉米旱地近地层小气候特征对比

湿地—大气之间通过物质和能量交换并相互作用形成特有的区域小气候特征,本文采用小气候梯度观测法对比分析了2015年辽河三角洲芦苇湿地与同纬度锦州地区玉米旱地的近地层(0—30 m)小气候特征。结果表明:2015年辽河三角洲芦苇湿地年平均气温为9.91℃,比玉米旱地年平均气温低0.58℃,湿地在春季、夏季和秋季具有降温作用,冬季具有保温作用。芦苇湿地和玉米旱地年平均气温的日变化范围分别为7.50—12.92℃、6.16—15.59℃,芦苇湿地平均气温振幅和层次间气温差小于玉米旱地,玉米旱地存在明显的逆温现象;芦苇湿地年平均相对湿度为64.58%,比玉米旱地年平均相对湿度高7.97%,芦苇湿地月相对湿度主要受水文和植被蒸腾作用的综合影响,芦苇湿地和玉米旱地平均相对湿度的日变化范围分别为51.78%—74.38%、41.00%—73.00%,二者均存在逆湿现象但高度不同;芦苇湿地春季风速为玉米旱地的两倍以上,风速随高度升高呈指数增大,芦苇生长季湿地具有较高的粗糙度,随高度降低风速下降明显,挡风作用明显好于玉米旱地。太阳辐射影响地表湍流是玉米旱地风速日变化的主要影响因子,芦苇湿地风速日变化体现了海陆热力差异的特点。芦苇湿地由于地表有水层覆盖,植被蒸散能力较强,叶面积指数较高,减小近地层气温和相对湿度的变化速率,可有效降低风速,调节区域小气候的生态功能比玉米旱地强,本文研究可为辽河三角洲湿地对区域气候形成的影响及其生态环境效益评价提供参考。     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落冠层内辐射分布特征

基于盘锦湿地芦苇群落冠层内不同层次的微气象要素与生物学特性观测,探讨芦苇群落冠层内总辐射分布与叶面积指数(LAI)的关系。结果表明:芦苇群落内太阳辐射的垂直分布在生长前期(5月)和后期(9月)呈S型曲线,生长盛期(6月和7月)呈指数曲线变化。冠层内不同层次的太阳辐射透射率随叶面积指数的增加而减少,消光系数(k)存在明显的季节变化,表现为从萌芽期到成熟期逐渐减小趋势(最小值k=0.436)。     

盘锦芦苇湿地水热通量计算方法的比较研究

利用2005年7月盘锦芦苇湿地生长旺季的小气候梯度系统30 min观测资料和开放式涡动相关系统10Hz原始观测资料,比较并分析了廓线法、波文比能量平衡法与涡动相关法计算的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量。结果表明:廓线法与波文比能量平衡法计算的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量与涡动相关法得到的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量具有较好的相关性,但是涡动相关法存在能量不平衡。分析盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量的日变化发现,能量平衡各分量基本上以正午为中心,呈倒“U”型分布。用波文比法计算得到的芦苇湿地生态系统日感热通量最大值为164.25 W.m-2,日潜热通量最大值为294.18 W.m-2。降雨之后,芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量都有所增加,尤其是潜热通量增加显著,且峰值出现时间提前。     

盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量参数化方案研究

基于2005年盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量和微气象梯度的连续观测,研究了芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量参数化方案。结果表明,盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层经常维持弱稳定和弱不稳定层结。在不稳定层结(-0.4     

Effects Of Grazing On Soil Respiration Of Leymus Chinensis Steppe

Soil respiration, canopy temperature, soil moisture, above and belowground biomass were observed in 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005 at fenced and grazed typical Leymus chinensis steppes in Inner Mongolia. Based on soil respiration data obtained by the enclosed chamber method, diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration and their controlling factors were analyzed. The effects of grazing on diurnal and seasonal soil respirations were not significant. The diurnal patterns of soil respiration could be expressed as a one-humped curve and the lowest and highest values appearing from 1:00 to 3:00 and from 11:00 to 14:00, respectively. Canopy temperature had a strong influence on the diurnal variation of soil respiration. The rates of soil respiration rose to a seasonal maximum from the middle of June to the end of July and then gradually decreased. Soil moisture explained about 71.3% and 58.3% of the seasonal variation in soil respiration at fenced and grazed plots, respectively, and canopy temperature only 33.9% and 39.7%. Soil respiration rate, above and belowground biomass and soil moisture were significantly increased at the fenced plots compared to the grazed plots (P < 0.05), but the difference was not significant in canopy temperature. The mean soil respiration rates were 247.85 and 108.31 mgCO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹ during the whole experiment at fenced and grazed plots, respectively. Soil respiration rate was enhanced significantly at the fenced plots, which might attribute to the increasing soil moisture and biomass. The response of soil respiration rate to grazing varied among different sites and might be related to local soil moisture status.     

Comparison of CO2 Effluxes and Their Driving Factors Between Two Temperate Steppes in Inner Mongolia, China

Soil respiration is a key component of the global terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. The static opaque chamber method was used to measure the CO2 effluxes from soil of a semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and a Stipa krylovii steppe in the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China from March 2002 to December 2004. The results indicated that the soil respiration rates of the semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and the Stipa krylovii steppe were both relatively high from mid-May to mid-September of each year and remained low during the rest of the year. The minimum value of soil respiration occurred in December or January and negative effluxes of CO2 appeared for several days during the non-growing season of individual years at the two sampling sites. A high annual variation was found in the two steppes with the coefficients of variance (CV) being over 94%, even high to 131%. The annual sums of soil CO2 efflux of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe varied between 356.4 gC m?2 yr?1 and 408.8 gC m?2 yr?1, while those of the Stipa krylovii steppe in the three years were in the range of 110.6 gC m?2 yr?1 to 148.6 gC m?2 yr?1. The mean respiration rates of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe were significantly higher than those of the Stipa krylovii steppe in different statistical periods with the exception of the non-growing season. About 59.9% and 80.6% of the soil respiration variations in both steppes for the whole sampling period were caused by the changes of temperature and soil water content. In the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe, the soil respiration rate has significant or extremely significant positive correlation (r = 0.58 ? 0.85, p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) with air temperature and ground temperature of the topsoil except in 2002; the unique contributions of temperature change to the soil respiration variation of the three years were 53.3%, 81.0% and 58.6%, respectively. But, for the Stipa krylovii steppe in the same time interval, the soil water content (especially that of the 10–20 cm layer) has a greater effect on the change of soil respiration, and the unique contributions of the change of the 10–20 cm soil water content to the variations of soil respiration in 2002 and 2003 were 60.0% and 54.3%, respectively. In 2004, in spite of the higher contribution of temperature than soil water content, the contribution of ground temperature at a depth of 10 cm was only 46.2%, much weaker than that of any single year in the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地流沙下垫面土壤呼吸特征及影响因素分析

通过LI-COR8100A土壤碳通量观测系统分别于2013年1月、5月、10月和11月进行了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中流沙下垫面土壤呼吸速率测定试验,并分析了相应的土壤水热因子对呼吸速率的影响。结果表明:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地土壤呼吸速率整体偏低,但具有明显的昼夜波动性和季节变化特征。研究区流沙土壤中可能存在的无机碳过程是导致夜间及凌晨的土壤呼吸速率为负值,白天为正值的主要原因。不同时段的土壤呼吸速率(Rs)分别与土壤表层0~5 cm平均土壤温度(T)和湿度(W)间存在较为同步的昼夜变化趋势且具有良好的回归关系。相对于单因素影响的回归分析,土壤温、湿度的协同作用能够从整体角度更好地解释土壤呼吸速率的变化情况。回归方程Rs=a+bT+cW和Rs=a+bT+cW+dTW可解释不同时段土壤呼吸速率76.0%以上的变化情况。这说明土壤温、湿度是控制土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子。沙漠腹地土壤极低的水分条件成为土壤呼吸的限制性因子,呼吸速率对于作为限制性因子的土壤湿度的变化响应则更加直接,而对于土壤温度变化的敏感性就有所下降,导致土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度回归关系出现明显的时滞环现象。     

北亚热带落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸时间变化特征

利用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统测定龙王山森林土壤呼吸速率,研究北亚热带落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸速率的日变化和季节性变化规律.结果表明:北亚热带落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸速率在12—14时达到最大,与土壤温度变化基本一致;森林土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度的季节性变化而变化,在夏季土壤呼吸速率较高,在冬季土壤呼吸速率较低;土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度间存在着明显的指数关系,土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q₁₀为2.81.     

Seasonal patterns of soil respiration in three types of communities along grass-desert shrub transition in Inner Mongolia,China

The seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in steppe (S. bungeana), desert shrub (A. ordosica), and shrub-perennial (A. ordosica + C. komarovii) communities were investigated during the growth season (May to October) in 2006; their environmental driving factors were also analyzed. In the three communities, soil respiration showed similar characteristics in their growth seasons, with peak respiration values in July and August owing to suitable temperature and soil moisture conditions during this period. Meanwhile, changes in soil respiration were greatly influenced by temperatures and surface soil moistures. Soil water content at a depth of 0 to 10 cm was identified as the key environmental factor affecting the variation in soil respiration in the steppe. In contrast, in desert shrub and shrub-perennial communities, the dynamics of soil respiration was significantly influenced by air temperature. Similarly, the various responses of soil respiration to environmental factors may be attributed to the different soil textures and distribution patterns of plant roots. In desert ecosystems, precipitation results in soil respiration pulses. Soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) effluxes greatly increased after rainfall rewetting in all of the ecosystems under study. However, the precipitation pulse effect differed across the ecosystem. We propose that this may be a result of a reverse effect from the soil texture.     

Modeling soil respiration and variations in source components using a multi-factor global climate change experiment

Soil respiration is an important component of the global carbon cycle and is highly responsive to changes in soil temperature and moisture. Accurate prediction of soil respiration and its changes under future climatic conditions requires a clear understanding of the processes involved. Most current empirical soil respiration models incorporate just few of the underlying mechanisms that may influence its response. In this study, a new partially process-based component model that separately treated several source components of soil respiration was tested with data from a climate change experiment that manipulated atmospheric [CO₂], air temperature and soil moisture. Results from this model were compared to results from other widely used models with the parameters fitted using experimental data. Using the component model, we were able to estimate the relative proportions of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration in total soil respiration for each of the different treatments. The value of the Q ₁₀ parameters for temperature response component of all of the models showed sensitivity to soil moisture. Estimated Q ₁₀ parameters were higher for wet treatments and lower for dry treatments compared to the values estimated using either the data from all treatments or from only the control treatments. Our results suggest that process-based models provide a better understanding of soil respiration dynamics under changing environmental conditions, but the extent and contribution of different source components need to be included in mechanistic and process-based soil respiration models at corresponding scales.     

东亚季风区夏季陆地生态系统碳循环对东亚夏季风的响应

东亚地区陆地生态系统的时空变率表现出明显的对季风气候的响应特征。使用EOF（经验正交分解）方法分析了AVIM2动态植被陆面模式离线模拟试验模拟的1953～2004年东亚季风区夏季陆地生态系统总初级生产力（GPP）、生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）、净生态系统初级生产力（NEP）、植被呼吸以及土壤呼吸的时空分布特点,探讨了东亚夏季风对陆地生态系统碳循环影响机制。研究发现,在强季风年,江淮地区高温少雨的特点限制了光合作用,造成GPP偏低;而华南地区在强季风年气候温暖湿润,利于植被生长,GPP偏高。季风对于植被呼吸和土壤呼吸影响不明显,使得GPP和植被呼吸之差NPP的变化及NPP和土壤呼吸之差NEP的变化与GPP的变化保持一致。在强季风年江淮流域地区干热的气候条件使得NPP和NEP降低;但是在华南地区温度升高的同时降水增多使得在NPP偏高的基础上NEP也偏高。     

表层覆盐对新疆巴里坤盐湖土壤呼吸特征的影响

本文以新疆巴里坤盐湖周边硫酸钠型盐渍土壤为研究对象,通过土柱异位培养的方法,使用开路式土壤碳通量测量系统Li-8100,研究了不同覆盐量（CK、1倍覆盐、2倍覆盐、3倍覆盐和4倍覆盐处理）对土壤呼吸特征的影响。结果表明：(1) 土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰曲线,其峰值表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势;4倍覆盐处理下土壤呼吸速率的峰值出现时间（15: 00）比其他处理（17: 00）有所提前;凌晨0: 00-6: 00,部分土壤呼吸速率呈现负值。(2) 覆盐后土壤CO2日排放量随时间呈先增加后降低的趋势,与气温变化一致;培养期间土壤CO2日均排放量表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势,4倍覆盐处理下土壤CO2日均排放量显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）。(3) 土壤温度敏感系数Q10表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势。综上可见,覆盐处理显著影响了盐湖周边盐渍化土壤CO2排放通量、特征和土壤温度敏感性,因此,在研究气候变暖对盐渍化土壤呼吸影响时,不仅要考虑增温对土壤呼吸的直接影响,也要考虑土壤盐层厚度与土壤温度敏感性的变化。     

Use of a land surface model to evaluate the observed soil moisture of grassland at the Tongyu reference site

A land surface model driven by the continuous three-year observed meteorological data with a time interval of 30 minutes at the Tongyu station, a reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP）, was used to evaluate the observation bias of soil moisture （SM） data and analyze the variation of SM at different time scales. The saline-alkaline soil of the grassland at the Tongyu site makes the measured SM too high, especially in boreal summer of 2003-05. The simulated annual mean SM has the lowest value in 2004 and its three-year variation corresponds to the change of precipitation, whereas the observation shows the increasing trend from 2003 to 2005. Compared to the variation range between -60% and 40% for the anomaly percentage of the simulated daily mean SM during May-October of 2004, the measured data show the higher values more than 40%. The magnitude of the variation trend of the observed daily mean SM in 2003 and 2005 is generally consistent with the simulation. The largest deficiency for the soil moisture observation of the grassland is the overestimated value in the drought year with less precipitation. The simulated monthly mean SM has the lowest value in March due to the large contribution of evaporation relative to precipitation and this phenomenon can not be reproduced in the observation.     

陆面模式中土壤呼吸的研究概况

土壤呼吸是陆地植被吸收的CO2返回大气的基本途径,土壤呼吸速度轻微变化也会引起大气中CO2浓度的明显改变,进而影响气候变化。陆面过程模式中更好地描述土壤呼吸过程对于预测未来气候变化是至关重要的。对于土壤呼吸的模拟研究,介绍了经验模型和以过程为基础的机理模型,以及国内外陆面过程模式中土壤呼吸的研究情况,并讨论了土壤呼吸模式中需要改进的问题。