北方玉米冠层光合有效辐射垂直分布及影响因子分析

玉米冠层内光合有效辐射(PAR)的大小直接影响冠层内叶片的光合作用,进而影响玉米净第一性生产力或作物产量的准确评估。为弄清玉米冠层内光合有效辐射的分布规律及其影响因子,基于锦州玉米农田生态系统于2006年生育期的光合有效辐射观测数据和叶面积指数动态观测数据,对玉米冠层光合有效辐射的垂直分布特征及其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:玉米冠层内不同垂直层次叶片的PAR分布随生育期变化显著,与叶面积指数呈显著的负相关(R2=0.89);玉米冠层光合有效辐射的消光系数K值在生育期呈动态变化,约为0.76,且表现为苗期较大、生育后期较小。分析表明,在进行光合有效辐射及与此密切相关的光合作用模拟时,应考虑消光系数的动态变化。     

北方玉米冠层光合有效辐射垂直分布及影响因子分析

玉米冠层内光合有效辐射（PAR）的大小直接影响冠层内叶片的光合作用,进而影响玉米净第一性生产力或作物产量的准确评估。为弄清玉米冠层内光合有效辐射的分布规律及其影响因子,基于锦州玉米农田生态系统于2006年生育期的光合有效辐射观测数据和叶面积指数动态观测数据,对玉米冠层光合有效辐射的垂直分布特征及其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：玉米冠层内不同垂直层次叶片的PAR分布随生育期变化显著,与叶面积指数呈显著的负相关（R2=0.89）;玉米冠层光合有效辐射的消光系数K值在生育期呈动态变化,约为0.76,且表现为苗期较大、生育后期较小。分析表明,在进行光合有效辐射及与此密切相关的光合作用模拟时,应考虑消光系数的动态变化。     

作物蒸散的研究:无水分亏缺条件下大豆田间蒸发与蒸腾的分别计算

分别用茎杆热量平衡和鲍思比法来估算无水分亏缺时的大豆田间的蒸腾(T)和蒸散(ET)。从ET中减去T就直接得到了大豆冠层下土壤蒸发的估算值。T/ET比值的日变化可用一条午间值最低、早晨和傍晚值较高的拋物线来表征。这种变化是由冠层吸收太阳直接辐射的日变程而决定的。结果表明,在土壤水分充足的条件下,大豆生育早期冠层稀疏时的田间蒸发,几乎与生育后期冠层稠密时田间的蒸散量相等。冠层下面的土壤日蒸发量随叶面积指数(LAI)增加而非线性下降。将估算蒸散的Makkink太阳辐射模式和冠层太阳总辐射的传输函数结合起来,形成一个估算冠层蒸腾的简单模式。由此模式估算的蒸腾量随叶面积指数的增加而非线性地增大,这种关系可由叶面积指数的负指数函数很好地逼近。     

植物群体结构与太阳辐射的垂直分布及其变化

茶树、小麦和樟树群体叶面积垂直分布的差异显著，但在一定精度内，它们可用相同的函数形式描述，具有理论意义。茶树叶倾角基本服从正态分布，方差较大。不同的植物群体中，太阳辐射的垂直分布有别，与群体叶面积垂直分布密切相关。光合有效辐射（PAR）的消光系数大于总辐射（TSR）的消光系数；一天中，群体下部的光照条件以中午前后为佳，消光系数（k）最小；k值与太阳高度角的正弦成反比。考虑到k值的日变化，指数衰减律仍不失为一种简单实用的数学模型。     

芦苇湿地与玉米旱地近地层小气候特征对比

湿地—大气之间通过物质和能量交换并相互作用形成特有的区域小气候特征,本文采用小气候梯度观测法对比分析了2015年辽河三角洲芦苇湿地与同纬度锦州地区玉米旱地的近地层(0—30 m)小气候特征。结果表明:2015年辽河三角洲芦苇湿地年平均气温为9.91℃,比玉米旱地年平均气温低0.58℃,湿地在春季、夏季和秋季具有降温作用,冬季具有保温作用。芦苇湿地和玉米旱地年平均气温的日变化范围分别为7.50—12.92℃、6.16—15.59℃,芦苇湿地平均气温振幅和层次间气温差小于玉米旱地,玉米旱地存在明显的逆温现象;芦苇湿地年平均相对湿度为64.58%,比玉米旱地年平均相对湿度高7.97%,芦苇湿地月相对湿度主要受水文和植被蒸腾作用的综合影响,芦苇湿地和玉米旱地平均相对湿度的日变化范围分别为51.78%—74.38%、41.00%—73.00%,二者均存在逆湿现象但高度不同;芦苇湿地春季风速为玉米旱地的两倍以上,风速随高度升高呈指数增大,芦苇生长季湿地具有较高的粗糙度,随高度降低风速下降明显,挡风作用明显好于玉米旱地。太阳辐射影响地表湍流是玉米旱地风速日变化的主要影响因子,芦苇湿地风速日变化体现了海陆热力差异的特点。芦苇湿地由于地表有水层覆盖,植被蒸散能力较强,叶面积指数较高,减小近地层气温和相对湿度的变化速率,可有效降低风速,调节区域小气候的生态功能比玉米旱地强,本文研究可为辽河三角洲湿地对区域气候形成的影响及其生态环境效益评价提供参考。     

玉米冠层对降水的截留模型构建

降水资源是农作物的主要水分来源,农作物通过吸收土壤中的水分维持正常的生长发育,但由于未考虑农作物冠层对降水截留作用,在水资源评估和农田水分平衡研究中往往高估降水作用。该文通过2018年玉米生长季在辽宁锦州农业气象试验站开展的降水模拟试验系统分析了玉米冠层对降水的截留效应,结果表明:在降水量一定条件下,玉米冠层截留量与叶面积指数的二次多项式拟合相关最佳;在叶面积指数一定条件下,玉米冠层截留量与降水量的幂函数拟合相关最佳。综合叶面积指数和降水量分析表明:玉米冠层截留量与叶面积指数平方及降水量对数函数拟合呈正相关。根据我国玉米传统种植方式,高产玉米的叶面积指数最大一般为5~6,因此,对一次降水的最大截留量通常约为1.5~2.3 mm,当叶面积指数小于1时,对降水的截留可忽略不计。     

夏玉米植被指数与叶面积指数的关系研究

利用ASD便携式地物光谱仪和SunScan冠层分析仪实测了陕西杨凌区和扶风县夏玉米关键生育期冠层光谱反射率及叶面积指数(LAI),对归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)和差值植被指数(DVI)与叶面积指数进行了相关性分析,建立了基于三种植被指数的LAI估算模型,并进行精度检验。结果表明:基于抽穗期和蜡熟期NDVI以及灌浆期RVI的LAI估算模型的均方根差和相对误差较低,模拟效果较好。结果对夏玉米生长状况及病虫害监测、产量预测以及田间管理具有参考价值。     

棉花冠层阴阳叶空间分布的日变化及其对光合作用的影响

在2007年7—8月棉花生长旺季,将冠层按高度分多层,通过简单的试验方法确定了棉冠内叶片丛聚指数(clumping index,Ω),以此区分计算出田间各层逐时阳叶(受光叶)和阴叶(被遮荫叶)叶面积指数的动态值。在8月23日用LI-6400R便携式光合测量系统分多层分别测定阴、阳叶单张叶片净光合作用的日变化,结合阴、阳叶面积权重,探讨利用Ω区分阴阳叶之后对整个冠层日总光合作用的影响。试验结果表明:(1)花铃期棉花冠层内Ω约为0.68;(2)利用Ω计算得到8月23日冠层日间(09:00—18:00)总净光合作用日平均值大约为20.3μmol·m-2·s-1,其中阳叶贡献约占总量的72%,阴叶约占总量的28%;(3)上层叶片贡献约占总量的75%,中层叶片约占总量的22%,下层叶片约占总量的3%。     

黑河下游影响荒漠河岸胡杨林蒸腾的冠层与大气耦合分析

基于2014年胡杨主要生长季内树形特征、树干液流、环境因子的实际观测数据,利用经验公式,计算了胡杨冠层蒸腾速率、冠层气孔导度与解耦系数的值,分析了其日变化与季节变化特征。结果表明:(1)从日变化趋势来看,解耦系数在早晨和傍晚时较小,中午达到最大值,这主要是由于早晨和傍晚时太阳辐射比较弱、作物气孔开度小,使冠层气孔导度降低造成的;而中午时冠层气孔导度达到全天的最大值,解耦系数值也达到最大。(2)从季节变化趋势来看,解耦系数与冠层气孔导度变化趋势相近,在生长季内均呈先增大后减小,之后略有浮动增大,最后减小的趋势。本研究对影响荒漠河岸胡杨林蒸腾的冠层与下层大气进行相关性推断,认为影响胡杨林蒸腾的冠层与大气耦合度较高。尽管试验地处于极端干旱区,下层大气十分干燥,林冠层叶气界面水分散失很快,但黑河下游河岸林供水良好,林冠层空气动力学条件相近,使得胡杨林蒸腾主要受叶面气孔控制。     

高光谱遥感在农作物长势监测中的应用

该研究是加拿大Saskatchewan Scott农作物轮作系统(ACS)研究的一部分。研究始于1994年,历时18a,评价9个可耕种农作物产量系统的可靠性。由3种处理水平(organic,reduced,high)和3种作物多样性水平(low,diversified annual grains,diversified annual perennials)结合而产生的9个农作物产量系统,被用于监测和评价加拿大牧场不同处理和不同作物种植轮作下可耕种农作物的产量。在2003年生长季共收集了3次叶面积指数和光谱反射率的数据:生长季前期(6月)、生长季旺盛期(7月)、生长季后期(8月)。叶面积指数是由LAI-2000植物冠层分析仪监测的,光谱测量是由覆盖了350-2500 nm波长范围共2215个波段的ADS便携式高光谱仪完成的。结果显示,光学测量可以用于监测农作物生长状况的差异。从生长季的早期到中期,光谱和叶面积指数在不同处理下有显著差异。7月中期是用遥感资料监测农作物长势的最佳季节;红光波段与近红外波段反射率的比值和基于这两个波段构造的归一化植被指数,是检测农作物长势的最佳植被指数。     

Simulation of snow processes beneath a boreal scots pine canopy

A physically-based multi-layer snow model Snow-Atmosphere-Soil-Transfer scheme(SAST)and a land surface model Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme(BATS)were employed to investigate how boreal forests influence snow accumulation and ablation under the canopy.Mass balance and energetics of snow beneath a Scots pine canopy in Finland at different stages of the 2003-2004 and 2004 2005 snow seasons are analyzed.For the fairly dense Scots pine forest,drop-off of the canopy-intercepted snow contributes,in some cases,twice as much to the underlying snowpack as the direct throughfall of snow.During early winter snow melting,downward turbulent sensible and condensation heat fluxes play a dominant role together with downward net longwave radiation.In the final stage of snow ablation in middle spring,downward net all- wave radiation dominates the snow melting.Although the downward sensible heat flux is comparable to the net solar radiation during this period,evaporative cooling of the melting snow surface makes the turbulent heat flux weaker than net radiation.Sensitivities of snow processes to leaf area index(LAI)indicate that a denser canopy speeds up early winter snowmelt,but also suppresses melting later in the snow season. Higher LAI increases the interception of snowfall,therefore reduces snow accumulation under the canopy during the snow season;this effect and the enhancement of downward longwave radiation by denser foliage outweighs the increased attenuation of solar radiation,resulting in earlier snow ablation under a denser canopy.The difference in sensitivities to LAI in two snow seasons implies that the impact of canopy density on the underlying snowpack is modulated by interannual variations of climate regimes.     

Diurnal variation in net radiation depletion within a corn crop

The estimation of net radiation within a mature sweet corn canopy is examined using measurements of net radiation at one level above and three levels within the canopy during seven days in 1969. It is shown that Beer's Law, with a constant extinction coefficient, cannot be used to estimate hourly net radiation within the canopy. Functions of zenith angle and relative solar azimuth are incorporated into the model to account for the diurnal variation of optical density. These modifications, which are based on the characteristics of the crop, allow a constant extinction coefficient to be used to calculate hourly net radiation to an acceptable level of accuracy.     

A Generalized Layered Radiative Transfer Model in the Vegetation Canopy

In this paper, a generalized layered model for radiation transfer in canopy with high vertical resolution is developed. Differing from the two-stream approximate radiation transfer model commonly used in the land surface models, the generalized model takes into account the effect of complicated canopy morphology and inhomogeneous optical properties of leaves on radiation transfer within the canopy. In the model, the total leaf area index （LAI） of the canopy is divided into many layers. At a given layer, the influences of diffuse radiation angle distributions and leaf angle distributions on radiation transfer within the canopy are considered. The derivation of equations serving the model are described in detail, and these can deal with various diffuse radiation transfers in quite broad categories of canopy with quite inhomogeneons vertical structures and uneven leaves with substantially different optical properties of adaxial and abaxial faces of the leaves. The model is used to simulate the radiation transfer for canopies with horizontal leaves to validate the generalized model. Results from the model are compared with those from the two-stream scheme, and differences between these two models are discussed.     

An annual cycle of vegetation in a GCM. Part I: implementation and impact on evaporation

The sensitivity of evaporation to a prescribed vegetation annual cycle is examined globally in the Met Office Hadley Centre Unified Model (HadAM3) which incorporates the Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme (MOSES2) as the land surface scheme. A vegetation annual cycle for each plant functional type in each grid box is derived based on satellite estimates of Leaf Area Index (LAI) obtained from the nine-year International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project II dataset. The prescribed model vegetation seasonality consists of annual cycles of a number of structural vegetation characteristics including LAI as well as canopy height, surface roughness, canopy water capacity, and canopy heat capacity, which themselves are based on empirical relationships with LAI. An annual cycle of surface albedo, which in the model is a function of soil albedo, surface soil moisture, and LAI, is also modelled and agrees reasonably with observed estimates of the surface albedo annual cycle. Two 25-year numerical experiments are completed and compared: the first with vegetation characteristics held at annual mean values, the second with prescribed realistic seasonally varying vegetation. Initial analysis uncovered an unrealistically weak relationship between evaporation and vegetation state that is primarily due to the insensitivity of evapotranspiration to LAI. This weak relationship is strengthened by the adjustment of two MOSES2 parameters that together improve the models LAI-surface conductance relationship by comparison with observed and theoretical estimates. The extinction coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation, k _par , is adjusted downwards from 0.5 to 0.3, thereby enhancing the LAI-canopy conductance relationship. A canopy shading extinction coefficient, k _sh , that controls what fraction of the soil surface beneath a canopy is directly exposed to the overlying atmosphere is increased from 0.5 to 1.0, which effectively reduces soil evaporation under a dense canopy. When the experiments are repeated with the adjusted parameters, the relationship between evaporation and vegetation state is strengthened and is more spatially consistent. At nearly all locations, the annual cycle of evaporation is enhanced in the seasonally varying vegetation experiment. Evaporation is stronger during the peak of the growing season and, in the tropics, reduced transpiration during the dry season when LAI is small leads to significantly lower total evaporation.     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落蒸发散模拟研究

根据2005年盘锦芦苇湿地监测站的小气候梯度监测数据和涡动通量观测数据,结合芦苇生理生态特性观测资料,采用波文比-能量平衡法、Penman-Monteith模型对盘锦湿地芦苇群落蒸发散进行模拟,并与涡动相关系统的实测资料进行比较。结果表明:Penman-Monteith模型更适合芦苇群落蒸发散的模拟,可为芦苇湿地蒸发散的计算提供依据。     

安徽省淮南森林冠层辐射传输过程的特征

本文利用淮南森林观测站2018年7月1日至2019年6月30日冠层辐射观测,分析了淮南栎树森林下垫面冠层内外辐射变化特征。结果表明:（1）从春季到夏季,栎树冠层之上向下的太阳短波辐射增加,到冬季逐渐减少。从早春开始,由于叶片生长增多,冠层中间和冠层之下向下的太阳短波辐射下降,从秋季到冬季树叶凋落,其向下的太阳辐射增加,与冠层之上的变化趋势相反;对于向上的短波辐射,无论冠层之上、冠层中间还是冠层之下,随季节的变化都与向下的短波辐射相似,只是数值小很多。（2）冠层之上、冠层中间和冠层之下向下的长波辐射,随时间的变化从春季逐渐开始增大至夏季达到最大,随后逐渐减小并在冬季达到最小;就空间变化而言,冠层中间和冠层之下向下的长波辐射值比冠层之上的辐射值高,使得冠层对长波辐射的振幅增大,晴空条件最高可达1.3倍。（3）淮南森林区冠层之上（距地面25 m）年平均反照率为0.14,比中国北方地区（35°N）温带季风气候区（混交林为主）反照率的整体水平低0.01,表明淮南的森林茂密、灌丛更多些。（4）冠层上部分和整层的短波辐射透射率主要受叶片的影响。夏季,冠层的短波透射率平均为0.1。到了冬天,叶子凋落,透射率增加并趋于一个平稳的波动。冠层的短波辐射吸收率在夏季最高,秋季逐渐降低,随着叶子凋落在冬季迅速减小,趋于一常值。     

辽河三角洲主要植被类型土壤水盐含量研究

基于不同植被类型,探讨辽河三角洲土壤的水盐状况,研究土壤全盐与土壤含水量及土壤pH值之间的关系。结果表明：辽河三角洲植被类型不同,土壤盐分、土壤含水量及土壤pH值明显不同。不同土层裸滩土壤全盐量均较高,小叶杨最低。翅碱蓬、紫花苜蓿、芦苇和柽柳作为盐生植被,对土壤含盐量影响较大。不同土层小叶杨土壤含水量均较低。裸滩、翅碱蓬及芦苇受潮汐影响较大,土壤含水量差异较大。调查区土壤pH值偏碱性,变化范围为7.30—8.97。土壤全盐、土壤含水量及土壤pH值之间总体呈显著相关,可见土壤含水量和pH值是显著影响土壤全盐量的重要因素。     

干旱与灌溉处理对冬小麦冠层内光分布的影响

为探讨北方冬麦区节水灌溉的关键时期,借助干旱和灌溉对冬小麦冠层光分布,获取本地化参数,为华北农业干旱预报模型的修正提供依据。采用美国CID公司生产的CI-110型植物冠层分析仪,对干旱和灌溉条件下冬小麦冠层内光分布进行直接测定。结果表明,干旱和灌溉条件下,无论是高氮还是低氮、中氮,平均叶面倾角(MLA)都随生育期的延长呈现出先下降再上升的趋势。高氮和低氮时,随着生育期的延长,干旱处理和灌溉处理的冬小麦散射辐射透过系数(TCDP)都呈现先下降再上升的变化趋势;中氮时,干旱处理和灌溉处理的冬小麦TCDP在开花期和灌浆期都呈现一直上升的趋势。无论高氮还是中氮、低氮,冬小麦直接辐射透过系数(TCRP)的值都随着天顶角角度的增大而减小,冬小麦TCRP的值随着冬小麦生育期的推进,都呈现出先下降、后上升的变化趋势。高、中、低氮3种情况下,干旱和灌溉处理的冬小麦每个生育期均呈现随着天顶角角度的增加,消光系数K也增大;高氮时,多数情况下,冬小麦冠层的消光系数K干旱的大于灌溉的;中氮、低氮时,多数情况下,冬小麦冠层的消光系数K干旱的小于灌溉的。干旱和灌溉对冬小麦冠层光分布的影响:灌溉增加了冬小麦的平均叶面倾角(MLA);干旱和灌溉处理条件下冬小麦的TCDP差异较小,TCDP与MLA变化趋势相似,也都呈现出先下降、再上升的变化规律;干旱和灌溉处理冬小麦TCRP,无论高氮还是中氮、低氮,都随着天顶角角度的增大而减小,在7.5°、22.5°时干旱和灌溉对冬小麦TCRP的影响较大,而在37.5°、52.5°、67.5°时对冬小麦TCRP的值影响很小;每个生育期消光系数K均随着天顶角角度的增加而增大。