风云静止卫星资料在一次暴雨云分析中的应用

基于LAPS系统和WRF模式,开展卫星、雷达、探空、地面等多源观测资料融合同化对暴雨过程云结构和模式模拟效果分析研究。介绍了卫星等观测资料在LAPS云分析和湿度分析中的应用方法,根据融合同化观测资料种类设计数值试验方案,研究我国风云卫星资料在LAPS云分析系统中的作用。结果表明,风云静止卫星图像资料的融合可明显改善暴雨过程LAPS云顶高度及总云量等二维云结构分析,并订正中高层及云顶的云量、云水、云冰、云分类等三维云结构的垂直分布,可描述暴雨过程三维云结构的发展演变特征。融合雷达回波资料可调整中低层三维云结构,并分析出雨水和雪等水物质参数。LAPS系统融合同化的观测资料越多,湿度场误差越小,可改进模式对强降水区的模拟,提高降水TS评分。     

利用WRF-3DVAR同化常规观测资料对近地层风速预报的改进试验

利用WRF 3DVAR同化系统和Evenson提出的方法在分析时刻添加扰动形成扰动型初始场,并在此基础上同化常规观测资料(包括固定站点的探空观测和常规地面观测),通过比较WRF3DVAR系统对整层大气的初始(分析)场及预报场的改进,检验了同化常规观测资料后WRF模式对研究区域内近地层风速的预报效果。结果表明,同化常规观测资料对初始场有改进,且对低层大气风场和温度场的改进较FNL资料明显;GFS同化常规观测资料后生成的初始场和FNL资料提供的初始场对风速和温度的预报在不同气压层存在不同的预报时效,低层(1000 hPa)风速和温度预报在前36 h改善明显,而在较高的500 hPa和200 hPa上风速预报在前36 h改进明显,温度预报则只在前12 h得到了改善;无论是采用FNL资料还是同化常规观测资料作为初始场,对近地层风速预报均在前36 h有改进,表明对于近地面风速这种短时间内变化较大的变量,同化与之时间和空间上较为接近的资料可能改善其预报效果。     

华中区域LAPS中尺度分析场的检验与评估

本文利用LAPS融合地面观测资料、探空资料、雷达资料形成中尺度分析场,将该分析场与实况降水、雷达同波、TBB图进行对比,发现LAPS分析场具有中尺度系统的描述能力.设计了融合不同观测资料的试验方案并计算了各种试验方案的均方根误差,定量对比分析了各种资料在LAPS系统中的作用,结果表明LAPS融合所有观测资料后得到的分析...     

雷达资料快速更新四维变分同化中增加地面资料同化对强对流临近数值预报的影响

基于雷达资料快速更新四维变分同化（RR4DVar）技术和三维数值云模式发展的快速更新雷达四维变分分析系统（VDRAS）,通过在系统中加入地面自动气象站观测资料的同化方法,对发生在北京地区的10个强对流过程开展了地面资料同化的高分辨率模拟分析和检验评估,并与已经业务使用的地面资料融合方法进行对比。研究结果发现,地面观测资料同化使边界层1 km高度以下的分析场改善最为明显,风速和风向的均方根误差分别平均降低0.1 m/s和7.2°,温度的均方根误差降低0.2℃。模式最低层100 m高度的风速均方根误差降低0.5 m/s,风速的误差随高度上升逐渐增大。模式最低层风向的均方根误差降低15.5°,温度的均方根误差降低0.4℃,且1.5 km高度以下的温度偏差都减小。区域内地面10 m高风速的均方根误差平均降低0.2 m/s,风向的均方根误差降低10.8°,地面2 m气温的偏差也降低。随着预报时效的延长,地面温度和风场的误差不断增大,但地面资料同化方法在一定程度上可以提高1 h内地面气象要素的预报效果。对2019年5月17日北京地区局地强对流新生和增强过程的详细分析表明,地面自动气象站观测资料的同化方法相对于融合,可以通过更细致准确地分析低层大气的热动力特征,改善低层气象要素的预报效果。在此基础上,通过探究对流单体的局地触发机理发现,海风锋辐合线与城市的相互作用一定程度上影响了对流的局地新生和发展,该同化方法可以进一步提高北京地区局地突发强对流的临近数值预报能力。      

LAPS上海本地化及其在局地对流天气中的应用研究

本文首先基于地面自动站、探空、雷达和卫星资料,开展局地分析预报系统(Local Analysis and Prediction System,LAPS)上海本地化研究,并结合2010—2014年夏季6个局地对流天气个例对其性能进行检验评估。结果表明:雷达径向风资料对LAPS风速分析影响较大,使分析场风速廓线与探空廓线的均方根误差缩小约7.66%;风云卫星资料能够改善LAPS温度和相对湿度,使分析场温度、相对湿度廓线与探空廓线的均方根误差分别缩小约9.09%和14.01%;探空气球飘移对本文LAPS分析场检验影响不明显。进一步将LAPS分析场用于2011年8月13日、2014年8月4日两次局地对流个例分析表明:LAPS高时空分辨率的分析场能够反映中小尺度天气系统的时空变化,在天气尺度背景并不十分有利于对流生成的情况下,热岛、海陆风环流的形成和持续对上海夏季局地对流天气的发生和发展起到关键作用。     

一次暴雨过程的LAPS分析场与多源观测对比分析

结合2014年7月初长江流域梅雨期暴雨过程,将融合多普勒雷达基数据、探空和地面观测资料的LAPS分析场,与长江中游暴雨监测外场试验观测基地的多源探测资料进行对比,并对鄂东南暴雨进行初步诊断分析和数值模拟。结果表明,LAPS可降水量、液态水含量和云底高度随时间演变趋势与咸宁微波辐射计观测基本一致。与GFS背景场相比,LAPS风分析更接近风廓线雷达观测;与边界层风廓线雷达观测相比,LAPS分析的风垂直分布高度更接近对流层风廓线雷达观测。LAPS云体高度与云雷达观测相当,可降水量的水平分布及强度均接近GPS/MET反演的整层水汽;降水发展过程中强弱回波分布与SWAN实况分析一致,可刻画出与风云卫星红外云图接近的云区结构。与GFS背景场相比,暴雨中心单站地面各要素随时间分布形势和强度均接近实况观测,可作为地面分析的依据。暴雨区域三维高空形势场与常规探空实况相当,单站基本要素随高度分布较GFS背景场更接近GPS下投式探空观测。对此次鄂东南暴雨初步诊断表明,LAPS可分析暴雨系统的发展演变以及暴雨中心区域有利的中尺度动力配置结构和水汽条件,揭示降水云的发展过程;数值对比试验表明,融合雷达等观测资料后的LAPS系统可为模式提供更优初值,改进暴雨区域降水模拟。     

基于渤海石油平台海面风观测的FNL资料评估

对2018年全年渤海石油平台海上观测的15个站点的风速风向进行了分析,并利用4个代表站1、4、7和10月的资料对分辨率为0.25°×0.25°NCEP/NCAR的FNL资料分析风场的误差进行了对比评估。结果表明:(1)观测风速风向存在较大区域性差异;(2)FNL风场资料在渤海地区近海风速整体偏大;(3)夏季当风速小于15 m/s时,FNL的风速可信度最高;冬季当风速大于15 m/s时,FNL的风向可信度最高;(4)秋季风向误差最高,春季次之。当风速小于5 m/s时,风向误差较大。     

华南地区中尺度模式预报的初值影响分析

基于GRAPES 3D-Vat同化系统，介绍了根据静力平衡关系由高度场的增量来计算温度场的增量的方法，并结合常规探空资料同化，针对影响华南地区的一次冷空气过程的个例，分析了常规观测资料对初始场的影响。采用GRAPES区域中尺度模式进行了控制试验和同化试验，观测资料的检验表明，资料同化对GRAPES中尺度模式预报有正面影响，初始时刻预报敏感性较大并且变化较快，靠近地面的低层预报敏感性较为复杂，常规探空资料对高层大气预报能力的提高相对于中低层较小。     

自动站资料在WRF 3DVAR中的同化敏感性试验

为了了解国家级地面自动观测站不同观测要素对数值预报作用,利用WRF三维变分同化系统对自动站资料的不同观测要素开展同化＆预报试验。两个月的数值预报检验结果表明：1）只同化自动站温度观测对位势高度、温度和相对湿度场预报的影响作用最大,且主要为负作用,而同化气压或风向风速观测对上述要素预报影响作用比同化温度小,但会改善位势高度预报和部分温度预报,对相对湿度预报改善作用不明显;2）对于降水预报,同化风向风速方案的评分结果最差,同化温度的方案次之,同化气压的方案可以改善24h降水预报结果。由此看出用WRF 3DVAR同化地面观测资料时,气压观测十分重要,同时也说明要想用好地面观测资料,让其为数值预报提高发挥最大作用仍需开展很多研究工作。     

时间加密探空观测对分析和预报质量的敏感性研究

探空观测是气象资料同化中最基本的常规观测资料,对同化分析和预报的有效改善具有重要作用。由于现有探空观测站的空间分辨率较低,分布不均匀,且每日仅有两次观测,数量偏少,限制了其分析场对中小尺度大气状态的准确再现能力。自我国L波段雷达-数字探空仪更新换代以来,探空观测具备了获取每日4次、垂直分辨为秒级和分钟级的大气廓线资料。本文利用WRF中尺度数值模式,通过06时（世界时,下同）加密探空资料和12时常规探空资料的有效同化,研究分析了时间加密探空观测资料对同化分析和预报质量的敏感性影响。结果表明：同化06时的时间加密探空资料的午后暴雨预报质量优于12时常规探空观测。具体而言,同化06时的时间加密探空资料预报的大雨和暴雨的预报技巧高于12时常规探空资料;位势高度、温度和风场等预报场的均方根误差在高层的改进效果更加明显;06时的时间加密探空资料的同化对高层的高空急流和低层的水汽通量散度的预报质量贡献更大。批量试验进一步证实了有效同化时间加密探空资料对分析和数值预报效果改进的积极意义。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on