东亚季风区的季风类型

从地面流场正、斜压分量的冬夏季节转换的特征 ,对东亚至西太平洋季风区季风的性质进行了分析研究。结果表明 :这一地区的季风可分为 3种类型 :南海、华南沿海和低纬西太平洋主要为斜压流型季风区 ;华北北部、东北地区沿海主要为正压流型季风区 ;我国东部沿海和长江流域以及 2 7°N附近的西太平洋地区为正斜压流型共同形成的混合型季风区。     

亚洲夏季风结构和变动与大气运动流场的斜压和正压特征:正压模分析

使用ＥＣＭＷＦ１９８０—１９８６年７ａ格点资料对大气运动的正压模进行了分析。指出：对流层中大气正压运动流场显示的副热带高压带仅能反映出行星风带的季节性移动；与亚洲夏季风有关且反映季风局地性的则是副热带高压带南侧的东风带上的波状扰动；东风带上的经向风分量存在着纬向传播且传播方向和扰动幅度与印度、东亚季风子系统有关；随着北半球夏季的到来，亚洲季风区大气运动的斜压模有较大的增长且斜压运动动能占气柱内整层平均总动能的绝大部分，而在赤道附近的其他经度上则是正压运动动能的成分明显增长。     

大气环流的季节变化和季风

利用多年平均气候资料计算了全球各地和各等压面上的大气环流季节变率（即冬季和夏季环流之差或者1月和7月环流之差再除以年平均）,发现在对流层低层环流有5个很突出的季节变率极大值的区域,分别位于热带和南北两半球的副热带和中-高纬度带（温-寒带）,它们分别对应于经典所谓的热带季风区,太平洋、印度洋和大西洋的副热带高 压季节性移动区域,以及温-寒带气旋的风暴轴线区域。这5个区域也可分别称为热带季风区、副热带季风区和温-寒带季风区。季节变率带有鲜明的斜压性:在对流层低层热带季风和副热带季风虽相互连接然而仍然明显可分,但越往上,副热带季风一支就越往低纬移动,结果在200 hPa处与热带季风混合为一,形成为斜交赤道的带,和所谓的行星季风区相对应;再往上,在平流层上层,则南北两半球各在中纬度带有一完好的非常鲜明的季节变率极大值带,它们与黑夜急流的维持和崩溃有关。此外,文中还探索了各季节来临的时空分布以及年际变化等问题。     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响Ⅰ.诊断分析

用1980～1996年OLR资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了南海夏季风持续异常的基本特征及其与全球环流的关系.对比分析结果指出,强弱南海夏季风期大尺度环流(副热带高压、局地 Hadley环流及 Walker环流等)变化基本相反.在南海地区出现强弱持续异常的季风活动时,该地区的对流活动不仅与大尺度热带和副热带流场有关,而且还反映出北半球西风带环流的调整.北半球中高纬大气环流对南海夏季风持续异常是有响应的.南海地区季风的强弱,特别是出现持续异常时,强弱季风所对应的动能差异是全球性的,其相应的大气热状态也截然不同.南海夏季风强烈而持续的对流活动明显通过改变大气热源的分布和大尺度垂直环流的结构,影响到更大范围地区的环流状况.     

论大气环流的季节划分与季节突变 Ⅲ.气候平均情况

该文第Ⅰ部分定义了大气环流的季节划分和季节突变,第Ⅱ部分按此对个别年份的情况作了具体计算,第Ⅲ部分则利用NCEP/NCAR 1978～1997年气候平均资料做了实际计算,其结果与第Ⅱ部分大体一致,但更鲜明且更有代表性(是气候平均而非个别年份).主要结果有:(1)在对流层中下层,亚洲冬季风环流的建立始于欧亚大陆高纬西风带,夏季风环流的建立始于太平洋副高(副热带季风),以及由于马斯克林高压和澳大利亚冷高等几个大气活动中心的建立或加强(热带季风).(2)各季节的建立始于平流层,之后是对流层低层的极区和热带个别区域,并由上述层及地区分别向上、下层和中纬度地区发展,最终导致整个半球季节环流场的建立.(3)季节突变最强在平流层,分别位于两半球的热带到副热带以及高纬到极地,其中从冬到夏的突变明显强于从夏到冬的突变,而对流层的季节突变较平流层偏弱,主要位于热带到副热带的中上层.     

东亚副热带季风的季节转变特征及其可能机理

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据资料及CMAP降水资料,进一步对东亚副热带季风季节转换特征及其可能机理进行研究。首先根据东亚副热带季风经向风分量的季节性转变特征界定了东亚副热带季风活动代表区;联合“热成风”原理和“热力适应”理论推导得出了“热风雨”关系式,即纬向海陆热力(温度)差异、经向风垂直切变以及与季风雨相联系的垂直运动三者在副热带季风演变过程中的一致相关关系;比较分析了季风区不同时段的区域平均风向垂直变化以及相应的冷暖平流特征。结果表明:冬季风期间,区域平均风向随高度逆转,呈现冷平流特征;夏季风期间,区域平均风向随高度顺转,呈现暖平流特征。同时还分析了区域平均的风向季节转变,讨论了副热带季风经圈环流的演变过程以及相应的地面10 m风场转变过程特征。上述研究表明,无论是纬向海陆温度差异、经向风垂直切变、低层风向角、冷暖平流,还是中高层垂直运动及其相应降水距平都统一于18—22候发生显著季节转变,这说明副热带夏季风应于3月底4月初开始建立。最后给出了东亚副热带季风的季节转换概念框图。      

南海季风爆发的统计动力分析

作者对南海季风爆发作了统计动力分析,即将南海季风爆发前后的高低层风场看成一个整体,并以南海季风爆发日为基准,对风场作了经验正交函数(EOF)分析,得到了以下结论:偏差风场的第一模态反映了高低层东亚夏季风环流在南海季风爆发日前后有剧烈变化,这直接体现了南海季风的爆发,并表明此时大气环流有突变发生;第二、三模态则分别反映了具有5～7天振荡周期的中高纬大气长波活动和亚洲季风区中准双周低频振荡的主要活动区,以及中低纬度大气环流的相互作用;第二模态体现了偏差风场的幅散风部分而第三模态则体现了旋转风部分.     

东亚与北美东部降水和环流季节演变差异及其可能机理分析

利用NCEP/ NCAR 再分析资料和CMAP、GPCP卫星反演降水资料,对比分析了东亚与北美东部地区降水和大尺度大气环流季节演变特征的差异。结果显示,东亚和北美东部地区冬季环流形势较为相似,而夏季差异则较大,这正是东亚为季风区,北美为非季风区的表现。此外,基于季风的两大特征量“风”和“雨”,分析了两地降水和低空风场季节变化的显著差异：东亚副热带地区降水季节变率大,呈“夏湿冬干”的季风降水特征,低层盛行风向随季节逆转,冬季盛行偏北风,夏季盛行偏南风,具有显著的副热带季风区特征。北美东部副热带地区全年雨量分配均匀,低层常年盛行偏西风,呈现非季风区特征。进一步的分析发现,作为季风基本推动力的海、陆热力差异在东亚和北美东部地区有着显著的区别：东亚地区的经向和纬向温度梯度随季节反转的特征显著;而北美东部地区虽有纬向温度梯度的季节反转但幅度很小,且经向海、陆热力差异随季节反转不明显。此外,与青藏高原和落基山脉相伴的纬向环流也存在显著差异。鉴于此,提出经向和纬向海、陆热力梯度反转特征的不同以及青藏高原和落基山脉地形的不同作用很可能是造成东亚副热带季风气候而北美东部非季风气候的主要原因,上述结论还有待于数值试验的进一步证实。     

1982—1983年冬季亚澳地区季风环流的低频演变特征

本文应用1982年11月16日—1983年3月15日欧洲中期预报中心的格点资料及向外长波辐射资料(OLR),考察了冬季亚澳季风区季风环流的演变规律。分析了冬季亚澳季风盛期的月平均流场;对澳大利亚季风活跃与中断的几个不同时期流场进行了对比。结果表明,冬季亚澳地区季风环流的演变具有准40天低频振荡特征。主要表现是局地哈得莱环流的准40天强弱变化,澳大利亚季风槽的东西进退,以及北半球副热带高压的东西摆动。      

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响Ⅰ.诊断分析

用1980－1996年OLR资料及NCEP／NCAR再分析资料研究了南海夏季风持续异常的基本特征及其与全球环流的关系。对比分析结果指出，强弱南海夏季风期大尺度环流（副热带高压、局地Hadley环流及Walker环流等）变化基本相反。在南海地区出现强弱持续异常的季风活动时，该地区的对流活动不仅与大尺度热带和副热带流场有关，而且还反映出北半球西风带环流的调整。北半球中高纬大气环流对南海夏季风持续异常是有响应的，南海地区季风的强弱，特别是出现持续异常时，强弱季风所对应的动能差异是全球性的，其相应的大气热状态也截然不同。南海夏季风强烈而持续的对流活动明显通过改变大气热源的分布和大尺度垂直环流的影响，影响到更大范围地区的环流状况。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on