灾害性天气交通事故特征及雾天公路通行预警指标体系

利用2008~2012年河北省高速公路交通事故资料和交通气象自动站、气象站观测资料,统计分析了高速交通事故的日、月及年变化特征及其与雨、雪、雾等灾害性天气的关系。在此基础上,基于气象、路网、交通和地形等因素,采用专家评分法和指标权重法,构建河北省雾天高速公路通行预警指标体系,并结合2013~2014年京沪、黄石高速河北段案例,对预警指标体系进行检验。结果表明:河北省高速公路交通事故年发生频次变化较大,总体呈下降趋势;每日00~05时为高速交通事故高发时段,12时、16时为次高峰;夏季是高速交通事故多发季节(30.2%),冬季最少(20.2%)。其中,7月交通事故最多,5月、6月、8月次之。5~9月、9月至翌年3月、12月至翌年2月,分别是河北雨、雾、雪等灾害性天气高速交通事故多发期,每日06~08时是雾天高速交通事故高发时段。2013~2014年试预报检验京沪、黄石高速通行预警级别准确率分别为84%、75.9%,精度较高,该指标体系可为河北省交通气象服务及防灾减灾提供一定参考。     

基于气象条件的河北高速公路通行状况综合风险等级预报方法

利用2012—2017年河北省高速公路沿线交通气象站观测资料以及因气象条件造成的高速公路交通事故和封闭管制资料,选取公路交通高影响天气的强度、持续时间、风险区划等级、单项车流量、地形、发生时段等多个因子,运用加权分析法,分别建立雾、路面结冰和强降雨3种气象灾害风险等级预报模型。在此基础上,构建综合3种高影响天气条件下的高速公路通行状况综合风险等级预报模型,并以3种天气条件造成的公路封闭时长为判别指标给出分级标准。经检验,基于3种高影响天气的河北高速公路通行状况综合风险等级预报模型,其产品准确率可达76.7%,能够满足日常交通气象服务需求。     

章丘大雾气候特征分析

雾是一种灾害性天气,威胁着城市道路、高速公路、航空、海航运输的安全,并造成空气质量下降。通过对章丘1957—2007年的大雾气象资料分析,总结出大雾的形成及变化规律,为大雾天气的预报及防灾减灾提供有利的依据。     

辽宁省高速公路不良气象条件分析及服务探讨

对2005—2008年辽宁省高速公路交通事故资料进行统计。结果表明：辽宁省高速公路发生交通事故呈逐年上升趋势,其中由天气原因及其所引起的不良路况所造成的交通事故占20.4%,5—8月和11—翌年1月是此类交通事故的两个多发期。在各类天气现象中,因雾引起的交通事故所占比例最高,为41.0%,雨次之为31.3%。在此基础上就如何做好高速公路气象服务提出四点措施：划分灾害性天气服务关键性路段和关键期,制定高速公路安全运营气象灾害防御地方标准,在高速公路沿线布设密度适宜的气象监测站,加强气象对高速公路影响机理的研究。     

宁波市区冬季连续性大雾天气特征分析

引言 大雾,尤其是持续时间较长的大雾天气能造成高速公路关闭,飞机不能起飞、降落,海上交通受阻,供电设备短路等。宁波市是一个港口城市,海陆空运输业日益发展,港口作业日见繁忙,大雾天气的气象保障也愈加迫切。宁波市位于东海之滨,雾的时空分布兼有内陆雾、岸滨雾,甚至海雾的特点,所以其成因颇为复杂。本文希望通过对影响本市的冬季连续出现的大雾天气过程及环流特征的分析,为这一天气过程的预报提供思路。     

浅丘地带主要气象灾害特征及风险分析——以绵西高速公路为例

本文通过应用绵西高速公路(S32)交通管制台账资料、沿途气象观测站数据、通过统计学、GIS区划、专家打分等方式进行研究分析,得到绵西高速公路道路管制情况、灾害性天气直接影响下交通管制情况分布特征、主要气象灾害风险等级：1)绵西高速公路运营以来至2021年,受灾害性天气及引发的次生灾害造成的交通管制占比77.7%,主要原因是大雾天气、强降水及引发的路面积水;季节天气影响交通管制程度由高到低分别为冬、夏、秋、春。2)2019至2021年绵西高速公路由大雾造成交通管制的平均时长较强降水更长,发生时段更集中。大雾造成交通管制持续时间平均时长为5小时,管制开始时间主要集中在00至08时,解除时间在07至11时;强降水直接造成交通管制持续时间平均时长为3小时,管制开始时间为08至10时和15时至21时,结束时间在10到17时。利用成果能为交通运维工作提供有效的决策参考意见,有力保障道路安全畅通,最大限度地减少因灾害性天气造成的交通事故发生,有利于提高生产效率和社会经济效益。     

基于多指标综合指数的灾害性天气过程预评估方案

通过分析给出了一种基于多指标综合指数的灾害性天气过程预评估方案,提出预估应包含对灾害性天气过程本身程度预估和灾害影响预估两个部分。通过建立综合指数来描述灾害性天气过程本身的程度,利用历史和实时气象资料对综合指数进行计算,分别对灾害性天气过程进行历史分析和实时监测;通过列表法,对收集的历史和实时灾害影响资料进行解析,综合指数中组合要素的差异,可用于分析灾害的不同特征;最后利用历史统计情景、相似指数年份类比和中短期预报等三种方案,对灾害性天气进程和影响发展程度进行预估。并以湖北省2008年初持续低温雨雪冰冻过程为例进行具体说明,此次过程综合指数值位居历史第二位,约70年一遇,直接经济损失超过110亿元,是1951年以来冬季损失最大的一次气象灾害。     

濮阳市高速公路灾害性天气预报

分析了濮阳市高速公路上大雾、大雪、暴雨等灾害性天气的预报因子,灾害性天气对高速公路的影响,提出了相应的气象服务建议.     

沿天山高速公路冰雪灾害分析及其对交通安全的影响

利用2002年12月-2006年12月沿天山高速公路因恶劣天气导致交通管制统计记录,结合相应时间段高速公路沿线气象资料,对比分析了高速公路冰雪灾害对交通安全的影响,结果表明：高速公路冰雪灾害的危害程度依次是道路结冰、风吹雪、强降雪。路面结冰主要影响路段在吐乌大高速公路、乌奎高速公路和乌鲁木齐机场高速公路;风吹雪集中出现在达坂城到乌鲁木齐一线;除了吐乌大高速达坂城到吐鲁番段没有因强降雪影响交通的记录外,沿天山其它各段均有发生。归纳了高速公路冰雪灾害气象要素预报指标,建立了预报模型,制定出冰雪灾害的气象指数等级、安全行车预防措施,为交通运输气象服务提供具体可操作的预报产品。     

高速公路交通气象监测预报服务研究进展

高速公路交通运输是国民经济建设和民众出行的大动脉,它对气象条件具有高敏感性。不利的天气条件易导致交通事故频发,造成财产损失和人员伤亡,已成为社会各界广泛关注的热点问题。本文系统梳理了国内外高速公路交通气象监测预报服务研究进展,重点介绍高速公路交通气象监测预报研究发展历程,分析几类恶劣天气对交通运输安全的影响与机理,最后探讨了中国特色高速公路交通气象监测预报预警服务系统建设的内容、特点及趋势。结果表明,以雾为主的低能见度、道路积雪和结冰、强降水等是影响高速公路安全运行的主要气象因素。本研究旨在促进我国交通气象学科的发展,提升现代化高速公路交通气象监测预报预警服务水平,并为科学决策道路建设、防范和应对交通事故、保障财产和生命安全提供参考依据。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.