登陆热带气旋引发云南强降水的环境场特征

应用《西北太平洋热带气旋年鉴检索系统》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及云南降水资料,对1959-2007年热带气旋(以下简称TC)西行登陆引发的云南强降水过程进行了分类统计,得到4类TC强降水环流模型,分别是TC低压环流型、TC低压外围或倒槽型、TC低压与低槽冷空气相互作用型和TC与两高辐合相互作用型.环境场特征显示,100 hPa南亚高压中心位置在90°E以西,高空东风急流提供了强大的辐散场,低空西南季风气流与TC环流相连接,高低层涡度差呈负值区分布,使TC低压环流在陆上维持或强度减弱缓慢;西南季风气流中的低空急流、副热带高压外围及TC低压东部的偏南急流共同作用,向云南输送充沛的水汽和能量,是登陆TC强降水产生的重要天气系统配置形势;强降水分布在低空急流左侧,TC低压或倒槽西北侧的正涡度中心附近;冷空气南下进入云南,增加了大气斜压不稳定,使TC外围降水增强.     

2007年6月粤东持续性暴雨的成因分析

为了探讨2007年6月7-10日广东东部和珠江三角洲地区持续性暴雨的成因,使用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料以及NCEP的1°×1°的分析资料对这次过程环流特征和影响系统进行分析,同时使用局地经向环流线性诊断模式对这次过程进行模拟诊断.结果表明:这次粤东暴雨过程是在我国中高纬度稳定的两槽一脊的环流形势下,先后受东槽引导从华东沿海南下冷空气和受从西南地区不断东南移短波槽和低涡引导南下的冷空气影响,在华南北部形成稳定的锋面低槽和低空切变线,有利于水汽的辐合和雨带维持;孟加拉湾的西南急流和副高西侧南海西南气流是两支主要水汽输送带;此次暴雨与暴雨区上空中低层正(负)、高层负(正)的垂直螺旋度(散度)变化密切相关.中高纬度和低纬度系统共同影响以及暴雨区高层和低层动力热力条件配合,使得局地经向环流异常,造成了此次持续性强降水.定量诊断结果表明,在各个动力和热力因子中,潜热加热作用对这次暴雨过程贡献最大,此外反映西风急流和斜压槽活动的西风动量平流以及反映北方弱冷空气作用的水平温度平流也有一定的作用.     

一次西南低涡影响下的川渝地区 暴雨个例分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、卫星以及雷达资料对2015年8月16—18日影响川渝地区的一次持续性大暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:在亚洲中高纬和低纬相对稳定的环流背景下,两次高原涡东移、两次冷空气南下侵入四川盆地共同促进了西南低涡生成发展,造成此次大暴雨过程。西南低涡"初生形成"阶段,地面热低压东北侧有冷锋侵入,中心偏北形成暖锋,低涡近于正压;"稳定持续发展"阶段,冷锋南段移至地面热低压南侧,北段与暖锋结合形成准静止锋,低涡斜压性明显且呈近圆形,持续性暴雨主要出现在西南低涡的暖切变线附近和冷槽东侧;"东移变形减弱"阶段,冷空气第二次侵入,冷锋持续增强,西南低涡东移变形减弱。低层辐合、高层辐散、充沛的水汽输送以及不稳定能量的累积为西南低涡的加深、发展和强降水的维持提供了重要条件。西南低涡暖切变线和南侧冷槽附近发展起来的对流云团是暴雨产生的直接原因,强降水主要发生在云团上风方TBB梯度相对较大的区域。此次强降水过程的局地环流有低空急流和低空辐合线或切变线配合,雷达体积速度处理(velocity volume processing,VVP)法反演的风矢图可更直观地判断风向风速、天气系统所处的发展阶段以及判识辐合线或切变线,低空辐合线或切变线的演变以及低空急流的强度和移向对强降水天气产生的动力条件、维持时间和回波外推预报具有重要的指导意义。     

长江上游中小洪水月分布特征及天气成因

基于1981~2012年宜昌站日均流量、长江上游287个气象站逐日雨量及NCEP再分析资料,选取长江上游中小洪水过程128例,分析其洪水、致洪降雨月分布特征,并研究其天气成因。结果表明:长江上游流域中小洪水多发于7~9月,且过程持续时间6~9月呈逐渐变长趋势,其中过程洪量7月最大,洪峰流量及次洪量最大值出现在8月。6月副热带高压(以下简称副高)及南亚高压偏东偏南,贝加尔湖槽引导冷空气南下,与西南急流在重庆—宜昌、乌江汇合,造成降水各子流域分布不均,中心位置偏东,强降水日数少但强度较大;7月副高及南亚高压西伸北抬,中高纬地区多短波槽活动,西南气流强盛,辐合区范围大,造成降水范围广且分布均匀,强降水日数多;8月副高进一步西伸北抬,中高纬环流平直,辐合中心位于长江上游流域西北部,配合高热高湿的环境场,造成降水分布不均匀且局地性强,中心位于岷沱江,过程面雨量大;9月以后,副高继续西伸,南亚高压南压东移,受深厚东北槽影响,地面冷空气活跃,西南暖湿气流减弱,降水中心位于岷沱江、嘉陵江,强度减弱,过程面雨量小。     

梅雨期温带急流变化与中高纬环流系统的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了与温带急流相关联的梅雨期东亚上空中高纬环流系统的变化特征,揭示出东亚高空急流经向分量在急流变化中具有重要作用,温带急流区经向风和东亚中高纬槽脊关系密切。在温带急流由强变弱的过程中,当温带急流强度强时,急流区以纬向风为主导;当温带急流强度弱时,经向风增强,纬向风迅速减弱,急流区以经向风为主导。温带急流区纬向风强时,500 hPa位势高度等值线平直,中高纬环流为纬向型;温带急流区经向风强时,中高纬槽脊系统发展,中高纬环流由纬向型转换为经向型。梅雨期温带急流区经向风异常主要有80°E、100°E、120°E、140°E四个中心,温带急流区经向风异常的位置不同时,中高纬阻塞高压出现位置不同,冷空气路径不同。     

2007年鹤岗夏季干旱成因分析

通过对西太平洋副热带高压活动、中纬度高空环流形势特征场、天气系统演变及地形特点分析得出:西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏西,抑制了西南暖湿气流北上;中高纬环流平直,冷空气南下受到遏制;东亚大槽偏深,额海高压和日本海高压始终没建立起来,对进入黑龙江省的冷空气形成不了阻塞作用,大多数系统直接减弱入海;鹤岗位于小兴安岭余脉东坡,较弱的西来系统没有西南气流补充水汽和能量,降水明显减弱或根本不产生降水等不利因素均与2007年鹤岗夏季严重干旱少雨天气密切相关.     

东亚地区水汽输送与重庆夏季旱涝的联系

利用NCEP/NCAR(1960—2006年)的全球再分析格点资料,研究了东亚地区水汽输送异常与重庆夏季旱涝的关系。结果表明:当重庆夏季(7~8月)降水偏多(涝)时,欧亚地区中高纬维持"两脊一槽"的"双阻"型:乌拉尔山和鄂霍茨克海地区分别存在阻高,贝加尔湖地区为一槽区。冷空气沿着贝加尔湖槽后偏北风和乌拉尔山阻塞高压的南支西风南下进入中国。热带太平洋地区为显著的高度距平正异常区。副热带地区是高度距平负异常区,西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置偏南、强度偏强。来自热带海洋地区的暖湿气流分别沿西太平洋副热带高压西南侧和经印度、孟加拉湾两条主要路径进入中国。当来自高、低纬地区的冷、暖空气在长江流域中上游相遇,就会造成重庆等长江中上游地区降水异常偏多,发生洪涝。反之,降水偏少(旱)年,在欧亚中高纬地区存在"一槽一脊"的环流形势:乌拉尔山附近为一深厚的槽区;鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压异常发展,一直延伸到贝加尔湖附近;西欧地区维持着深厚的高压脊。西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北、偏东,主体基本退出中国大陆地区。整个热带为高度距平负异常区。这样环流形势致使东亚地区中高纬地区受乌拉尔山大槽影响盛行偏南风,不利于冷空气南下。低纬地区的暖湿气流沿着西太平洋副热带高压南面的东南气流从华南进入中国。这样的环流配置易造成南下的冷空气偏弱,同时使来自热带地区的暖空气向北推进到中国华北和东北地区,致使冷、暖空气无法在长江中上游地区交汇,该区域降水显著减少,形成干旱。     

2012年春季河南一次区域暴雨的诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°间隔6 h再分析资料,采用天气学诊断分析方法,对2012年4月23-24日河南省一次春季暴雨的形成机制进行分析,结果表明:高纬冷空气沿贝加尔湖低涡后部偏北气流南下,在河套西部形成深厚低槽,低槽携带冷空气东移,在河南境内与强盛的西南急流汇合,是本次暴雨过程的天气背景。冷空气的侵入有利于西南涡的加强,而南支槽前的正涡度平流促使西南低涡沿切变线向东北方向移出,使得切变线南侧西南低空急流加强,为暴雨的发生提供了有利的动力与水汽条件。短时强降水发生前,低层能量场出现明显辐合,当低层能量场转为辐散时,能量释放,有利于短时强降水的出现。高层辐散、低空辐合的动力条件配置,使得大范围垂直上升运动加强,特别是高层散度场的下伸,利于降水释放潜热,增加大气的不稳定,进而利于强降水的发生。850 h Pa垂直螺旋度中心大值区域能很好地反映切变线、急流等与低涡相联系的天气系统,其中心强度的迅速变化能较好地指示降水的落区和强度。     

2011年盛夏广西西北部特大干旱的环流异常特征

利用1960~2011年广西西北部16个气象观测站逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料、NOAA向外长波辐射资料和国家气候中心提供的环流特征量资料,分析了广西西北部地区以往盛夏干旱年的中高纬环流、西太平洋副热带高压和水汽输送特征,重点探讨了2011年盛夏(7~8月)广西西北部特大干旱大气环流的异常特征。结果表明,2011年是1960年以来广西西北部盛夏降水最少的年份。广西西北部2011年盛夏大气环流与以往盛夏干旱年明显不同的是,西太平洋副热带高压较常年异常偏弱偏东,脊线位置明显偏北,中高纬环流平直,乌拉尔山地区和东北亚区域没有明显阻塞高压形势,冷空气活动比常年弱;印缅槽活动较常年偏弱,由南向北的水汽输送明显偏弱,广西西北部上空存在有弱的水汽通量辐散,垂直运动和对流活动均较常年偏弱,这些环流特征均不利于产生降水,造成2011年盛夏广西西北部地区出现特大干旱。     

2017年春季南疆中部两次强降水天气环流配置及干冷空气侵入特征对比

本文利用常规观测资料、加密自动站资料、NCEP再分析资料对比分析2017年4月14日("4·14"过程)和2017年5月1—2日("5·1"过程)南疆中部巴州地区强降水过程,探讨春季强降水天气动力学异同。结果表明:春季强降水发生在副热带西风急流活跃,伊朗副热带高压向北伸展,地面冷锋活动,高低空为急流锋区配置背景中。水汽源地位于东经40°的阿拉伯海—里海附近,沿西方路径进入新疆,在有利风场条件下汇合至巴州地区,高低空急流耦合形成次级垂直环流,干冷空气多方向侵入增强春季降水强度。主要差异在于"4·14"过程是副热带西风急流异常北跳、影响系统西风带短波槽、冷空气西方路径,"5·1"过程则是极锋急流与副热带西风急流汇合、深厚长波槽系统、冷空气西北路径;"4·14"过程是典型急流锋区降水伴有对流性降水,强降水发生时形成两支次级环流圈,3股干冷空气从不同方向向中低层气旋性环流附近汇合激发了另一支低层中尺度次级垂直环流圈的建立;"5·1"过程是典型急流冷锋降水,高空干冷空气在垂直方向向下入侵触发和增强冷锋降水,形成了一支完整强大的次级垂直环流圈造成巴州大范围的系统性降水。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on