广东致洪特大暴雨的综合分析

对广东１９４９年至１９９４年发生的１２场造成较大洪涝灾害的特大暴雨进行分析,发现广东的致洪特大暴雨基本上可以分为３类,并具有不同的环流和物理量特征：西北江并发洪水的特大暴雨一般发生在前汛期,暴雨持续时间长、范围广、灾情重,暴雨期间环流稳定,锋面降雨系统完整,暴雨层结不稳定面积大;沿海诸河及小支流洪水致洪暴雨多发生在后汛期,暴雨突发性强、持续时间短、雨强大,暴雨主要是由于热带气旋的入侵而造成,只在暴雨区附近有明显的层结不稳定,对流现象非常强烈;造成东江及其它主要支流洪水的暴雨则可能是锋面雨也可能是热带气旋雨,稳定度指数及分布状况介于二者之间。     

“碧利斯”和“格美”登陆后暴雨强度不同的天气学对比分析

热带气旋碧利斯和格美,在起源地、路径和结构上有一定的相似,但登陆后降水强度却有明显差异.通过对两个热带气旋登陆后环境场和物理量场的对比分析,得出一些结论.热带气旋登陆后暴雨强度与高空盛行东北气流和南海西南季风加强有关.高低空不同的环流形势导致了这两个热带气旋登陆后华南沿海低层辐合、高层辐散、上升运动、水汽及不稳定度等物理量场的不同,从而造成暴雨强度的不同.     

“碧利斯”和“格美”登陆后暴雨强度不同的天气学对比分析

热带气旋碧利斯和格美,在起源地、路径和结构上有一定的相似,但登陆后降水强度却有明显差异。通过对两个热带气旋登陆后环境场和物理量场的对比分析,得出一些结论。热带气旋登陆后暴雨强度与高空盛行东北气流和南海西南季风加强有关。高低空不同的环流形势导致了这两个热带气旋登陆后华南沿海低层辐合、高层辐散、上升运动、水汽及不稳定度等物理量场的不同,从而造成暴雨强度的不同。     

ANALYSIS OF INDICES FOR SEVERE CONVECTIVE WEATHER UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN JIANGSU

By statistical research on the occurrence pattern of severe convective weather in Jiangsu province under the influence of tropical cyclones within a 10-year period (from 2001 to 2010), this paper discovers that among different severe convective weather, the occurrence frequency of short-range heavy precipitation is the highest, thunderstorms and gales come in second, and general thunderstorms rarely happen, while hailstorms and tornadoes never occur. The statistical results also showed that within the research period there are 21 tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting the Jiangsu area and most of them are in the stage of weakening to tropical depressions. Moreover, through studying indices for relevant cases of severe convection, it is discovered that their thresholds are lower than that of previous research, which indicated that convective instability and energy accumulation can easily lead to severe convective weather eventually due to the influence of TCs.     

登陆热带气旋长久维持与迅速消亡的大尺度环流特征

采用动态合成分析方法 ,对登陆后长久维持热带气旋 (LTC)和迅速消亡热带气旋 (STC)的大尺度环流特征进行合成分析和动力诊断。研究表明 :(1)LTC登陆后 ,在一个长波槽前有向偏北移动靠近中纬度斜压锋区的趋势 ,而STC登陆后 ,无长波槽靠近 ,并远离中纬度斜压锋区 ;(2 )LTC登陆后 ,仍与一支低空急流水汽输送通道连结 ,而STC登陆后很快与这支水汽通道分离 ;(3)LTC登陆后逐渐变性 ,获取斜压能量 ,其环境风垂直切变增强 ,Δζ2 0 0 -850负值增大 ,而STC登陆后没有这样的特征 ;(4 )LTC登陆后 ,其高层与中纬度急流靠近 ,增强了其向东北方向的高空流出气流 ,而STC不存在这样一支流出气流 ;(5 )LTC登陆后 ,摩擦使其能量耗损 ,但从中高层环境中获得了能量 ,而STC登陆后 ,有同样的能耗却无明显的环境能量补给。因此 ,当一个热带气旋登陆后 ,从其移动趋势、与水汽通道的连结、与斜压锋区的关系和高空流出气流等特征 ,可以初步判断其是长久维持还是迅速衰减。     

登陆热带气旋影响湖南并造成强降水的气候特征

利用1951～2007年热带气旋、湖南降水资料,统计分析了登陆影响湖南的热带气旋时空分布,及造成的强降水特征.结果表明:57年中登陆影响湖南的热带气旋共161个,平均每年3个,主要出现在7～9月,影响热带气旋主要为台风或以上强度;影响湖南的热带气旋登陆地点以广东、福建最多,强度达强热带风暴或以上的热带气旋可造成极端暴雨降水,时间主要出现在8月.20世纪90年代以后暴雨强度呈加大趋势.     

Meteorological Features of Flash-Flood -Producing Rainstorms in the Yujiang River near Nanning City

郁江南宁段致洪气象特征的分析表明, 热带气旋影响左、右江流域是致洪的主要原因; 洪峰出现前的第９ 到第５ 天的流域降雨量对洪水的形成具有最重要的作用。     

2005年夏季的主要天气及其环流分析

简要讨论了2005年夏季的主要天气过程和形势。2005年夏季全国大部分地区降雨量接近常年同期或偏多,特别是新疆地区降雨异常偏多,华南地区出现严重洪涝,而长江流域出现了空梅。造成6月华南地区强降雨的影响天气系统为切变线和地面静止锋,主要为从东北和西北来的冷空气与暖湿气流交汇于华南地区而形成。2005年与1994、1998年环流的对比表明,1998年西南季风强度比1994、2005年都要弱,但2005年梅雨期东阻位置在贝加尔湖东侧,比1998年的鄂霍次克阻高偏西,中纬度地区多小槽活动,贝加尔湖地区没有长波槽建立,中高层西风急流带偏北大约10个纬度,低层西南风急流也偏北,有利于北方降水的发生。2005年夏季登陆我国的台风偏多,强度较强,这是又一特点。华北地区的暴雨过程多与登陆或西太平洋上活动的台风有关;东北地区多低涡活动。与2004年对比,2005年华北地区的高温日数偏多,而且出现持续闷热天气,江南部分地区的高温天数也偏多。     

Climatology of Shear Line and Related Rainstorm over the Southern Yangtze River Valley Based on an Improved Intelligent Identification Method

Based on four reanalysis datasets including CMA-RA, ERA5, ERA-Interim, and FNL, this paper proposes an improved intelligent method for shear line identification by introducing a second-order zonal-wind shear. Climatic characteristics of shear lines and related rainstorms over the Southern Yangtze River Valley (SYRV) during the summers (June-August) from 2008 to 2018 are then analyzed by using two types of unsupervised machine learning algorithm, namely the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding method (t-SNE) and the k-means clustering method. The results are as follows: (1) The reproducibility of the 850 hPa wind fields over the SYRV using China’s reanalysis product CMA-RA is superior to that of European and American products including ERA5, ERA-Interim, and FNL. (2) Theory and observations indicate that the introduction of a second-order zonal-wind shear criterion can effectively eliminate the continuous cyclonic curvature of the wind field and identify shear lines with significant discontinuities. (3) The occurrence frequency of shear lines appearing in the daytime and nighttime is almost equal, but the intensity and the accompanying rainstorm have a clear diurnal variation: they are significantly stronger during daytime than those at nighttime. (4) Half (47%) of the shear lines can cause short-duration rainstorms (≥20 mm (3h)-1 ), and shear line rainstorms account for one-sixth (16%) of the total summer short-duration rainstorms. Rainstorms caused by shear lines are significantly stronger than that caused by other synoptic forcing. (5) Under the influence of stronger water vapor transport and barotropic instability, shear lines and related rainstorms in the north and middle of the SYRV are stronger than those in the south.     

2002年我国天气气候特点

2002年我国主要天气气候特点为：全国降水量偏多，但时空分布不均，北方地区早春和伏秋少雨，受旱范围广，华南沿海地区别冬春夏初少雨连旱；汛期内无大范围或持续的强降水过程发生，但长江中下游一带春汛明显，北方雨季偏早，南方部分地区暴雨洪涝及局地山洪、泥石流、滑坡等灾害较重。全国大部地区气温偏高，但起伏变化较大。沙尘天气时段集中，影响范围广，强度偏强。登陆我国的台风(包括热带风暴)个数接近常年；冰雹、龙卷风等强对流天气偏多。     

2009年广东省汛期降水空间分布不均的气候成因

2009年广东省汛期(4～9月)降水呈现出空间分布不一致性,采用统计方法分析引起这种现象的成因:直接原因是大气环流异常导致了季风爆发偏晚和冷空气偏弱,从而前汛期降水大部分地区偏少;而后汛期期间西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强,导致热带气旋主要登陆及影响珠江口和粤西地区,从而后汛期降水雨带主要位于粤西南。因而,2009年汛期多种环流因素的共同作用,导致了珠江口及其以西降水偏多,其余地区降水偏少。     

Extreme climatic events in the Amazon basin

During 2009 the Amazon basin was hit by a heavy flooding with a magnitude and duration few times observed in several decades. Torrential rain in northern and eastern Amazonia during the austral summer of 2008–2009 swelled the Amazon River and its tributaries. By July 2009, water levels of the Rio Negro, a major Amazon tributary, reached at Manaus harbor a new record, the highest mark of the last 107?years. During the 2008–2009 hydrological year, the rainy season on northern and northwestern Amazonia started prematurely, and was followed by a longer-than-normal rainy season. An anomalously southward migration of the ITCZ during May–June 2009, due to the warmer than normal surface waters in the tropical South Atlantic, was responsible for abundant rainfall in large regions of eastern Amazonia and Northeast Brazil from May to July 2009. We also compared the flood of 2009 with other major events recorded in 1989 and 1999. The hydrological consequences of this pattern were earlier than normal floods in Amazon northern tributaries, which peak discharges at their confluences with the main stem almost coincided with the peaks of southern tributaries. Since the time displacement of the contribution to the main stem of northern and southern Amazon tributaries is fundamental for damping flood waves in the main stem, the simultaneous combinations of peak discharges of tributaries resulted in an extreme flood.     

ANALYSIS OF RAINSTORMS ASSOCIATED WITH SIMILAR TRACK TROPICAL CYCLONES HAITANG (0505) AND BILLS (0604)

It is generally thought that the influence of comparable track typhoons is approximately similar,but in fact their wind and especially their rainstorm distribution are often very different. Therefore,a contrastive analysis of rainstorms by tropical cyclones (TCs) Haitang (0505) and Bilis (0604),which are of a similar track,is designed to help understand the mechanism of the TC rainstorm and to improve forecasting skills. The daily rainthll of TC itaitang (0505) and Bills (0604) is diagnosed and compared.The result indicates that these two TCs have similar precipitation distribution before landtall but different precipitation characteristics after landthll. Using NCEP/GFS analysis data,the synoptic situation is analyzed; water vapor transportation is discussed regarding the calculated water vapor flux and divergence.The results show that the heavy rainfall in the Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces associated with Haitang (0505) and Bitis (0604) before landlhll results ti'om a peripheral easterly wind,a combination of the tropical cyclone and the terrain. After landthll and moving far inland of the storm,the precipitation of Haitang is caused by water vapor convergence carried by its own circulation; it is much weaker than that in the coastal area. One of the important contributing thctors to heavy rainstorms in southeast Zhejiang is a southeast jet stream,which is maintained over the southeast coast. In contrast,the South China Sea monsoon circulation transports large amounts of water vapor into Bills - when a water-vapor transport belt south of the tropical cyclone significantly strengthens - which strengthens the transport. Then,it causes water vapor flux to converge on the south side of Bilis and diverge on the north side. Precipitation is much stronger on the south side than that on the north side. After Bilis travels far inland,the cold air guided by a north trough travels into the TC and remarkably enhances precipitation. In summary,combining vertical wind shear with water vapor transportation is a good way to predict rainstorms associated with landing tropical cyclones.     

ADVANCES IN APPLIED RESEARCH OF THE OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION IN CHINA

The outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)observed by NOAA satellite series has widely applied in various researchfields since the 1980s in China.In this paper,advances of the applied research of OLR are described in the following re-spects:(1)Studies of the global ITCZ;(2)Climatology of the subtropical high over northern Pacific;(3)Studies of the tropical cyclone over West Pacific;(4)Characteristics of the intraseasonal variation(ISV)of tropical convective activities;(5)Divergence wind and large scale circulation over the tropics;(6)Studies of the air-sea interaction;(7)Estimation of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River(Changjiang River)basin during therainy season;(8)Analyses of regional climates of China;(9)Studies of prediction of the severe and disastrous weather and climate;(10)Atlas of OLR.The distinctive features of these advances are reviewed and the focal points of the OLR applied research in futureare also suggested.     

Historic variation of warm-season rainfall,Southern Colorado Plateau,Southwestern U.S.A.

Rainfall during the warm season (June 15–October 15) is the most important of the year in terms of flood generation and erosion in rivers of the southern Colorado Plateau. Fluvial erosion of the plateau decreased substantially in the 1930s to early 1940s, although the cause of this change has not been linked to variation of warm-season rainfall. This study shows that a decrease of warmseason rainfall frequency was coincident with and probably caused the decreased erosion by reducing the probability of large floods. Warm-season rainfall results from isolated thunderstorms associated with the Southwestern monsoon and from dissipating tropical cyclones and (or) cutoff low-pressure systems that produce widespread, general rainfall. Warm-season rainfall is typically normal to above normal during warm El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions. A network of 24 long-term precipitation gages was used to develop an index of standardized rainfall anomalies for the southern Colorado Plateau for the period 1900–85. The index shows that the occurrence of anomalously dry years increased and the occurrence of anomalously wet years decreased after the early 1930s, although 1939–41, 1972, and 1980–84 were anomalously wet. The decrease in warm-season rainfall after the early 1930s is related to a decrease in rainfall from dissipating tropical cyclones, shifts in the incidence of meridional circulation in the upper atmosphere, and variability of ENSO conditions.     

影响我国北方不同路径热带气旋平均环流特征及暴雨落区

分析了１９６０－１９９４年影响我国北方的热带气旋,将影响北方的热带气旋分为６类,分别对这６类不同路径热带气旋影响北方前２４小时的５００ｈＰａ环流形势场进行了合成分析,并给出不同路径热带气旋平均环流与暴雨落区的配置关系。     

青藏高原对1998年长江流域天气异常的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料分析了青藏高原对 1998年夏季长江流域洪涝及天气异常的影响 ,并讨论了第 2段梅雨期的暴雨与长江流域洪涝灾害的关系。研究结果表明 :由于青藏高原的热力作用 ,夏季高原东北部斜压性强 ,多短波槽活动。 1998年长江流域两段梅雨期间 ,高原东移的短波槽加强了梅雨锋 ,并引起梅雨锋上强暴雨。 1998年长江流域的 8次洪峰均与高原东侧短波槽东移有关。由于梅雨期前面几场暴雨已使得土壤水份饱和 ,沿江各支流及湖泊水位很高 ,梅雨期的最后一场暴雨的大量雨水往往作为径流流入江河或湖泊 ,与长江洪峰汇合后易造成洪涝灾害     

广东前汛期锋面强降水和后汛期季风强降水特征对比分析

应用近二十年的历史观测资料和EC再分析资料,对由锋面和季风槽两种不同天气系统影响下广东发生的两组暴雨过程的天气形势、降水/短时强降水落区及其对流活动和物理量特征进行了诊断分析和对比分析。结果表明:无论是前汛期锋面降水还是后汛期季风降水,珠三角（珠江三角洲）地区都是次中心,有大到暴雨量级降水。珠三角地区也是小时雨量≥50 mm的短时强降水高发区。前汛期锋面对流活动的抬升凝结高度约在900~850 hPa,南北方向的温度梯度提供了斜压不稳定能量,0~3 km强的风垂直切变使对流易于维持和发展;对流区有较强的水汽通量辐合;风暴相对螺旋度较大,对流的旋转性和沿着旋转方向的移动特征明显。相对而言,后汛期季风强降水对流凝结高度更低,对流活动具有正压的热带对流性质,可在弱的水汽通量辐合和垂直风切变环境中维持,但对流强度不如前汛期。以上结论可为同类天气的短期和短临主客观预报提供预报思路和依据。      

珠海市暴雨天气的气候特征及影响形势分析

利用1962—2010年珠海市降雨资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,应用小波分析、相关分析等统计方法,对珠海市暴雨天气气候特征及其影响系统进行分析。结果表明,珠海市白天发生暴雨的次数比夜间多,但夜间暴雨的雨量比白天大;大部分暴雨都出现在汛期,汛期暴雨具有次数多、雨量大的特点;暴雨占全年总降雨的比率越来越大,近阶段容易出现旱涝急转的气象灾害。普查分析得出,影响珠海市暴雨的天气形势可分为热带气旋型、锋面低槽型、低空急流型、高空槽和切变线型、辐合带北抬型、副高边缘和东风波型等。     

THE STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPACT OF THE WESTWARD-GOING TROPICAL CYCLONES ON RAINFALL IN YUNNAN PLATEAU

Using data available from the Retrieval System Based on Yearbooks of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific,NCEP/NCAR reanalysis daily data and observed precipitation data for 1959 to 2007 in Yunnan,a province located in a low-latitude plateau,this work analyzes the climatic characteristics and the corresponding large-scale circulation patterns related to the western North Pacific westward moving TCs(WMTCs).Its impacts on the rainfall in the Yunnan Plateau are studied.Results show that WMTCs happen almost every year,mainly from July to September.It shows a downward trend in decadal variation.Nearly the entire Yunnan area is affected by them but the eastern part experiences the most severe influences.Most of the WMTCs migrate from the South China Sea,primarily make landfall in Hainan and Guangdong and enter the Northern Bay.The tracks of these typhoons can be classified into five categories,in which the most significant impact results from those making landfall in Guangdong.All categories of the tropical cyclones can induce province-wide heavy rainfall in Yunnan.Super typhoons bring about the heaviest and most extensive rainfall over the low-latitude plateau while the associated circulation pattern is marked with a dominant 500 hPa meridional circulation at middle latitudes,an active monsoon depression and Intertropical Convection Zone(ITCZ) at low latitudes and a westward-located South Asia High at 100 hPa,which is favorable for tropical cyclones to travel westward.WMTCs tend to go westward into the interior part of China if the subtropical high extends its westernmost ridge point to the northeast of Yunnan,or expands its periphery anti-cyclonic circulation to the Tibetan Plateau,or merges with the Qinghai-Tibetan high.