2006年夏季主要天气系统及环流特征分析

简要介绍了2006年夏季的主要天气过程和形势。2006年夏季我国华南地区出现严重洪涝,淮河流域、东北大部、河套西部降雨异常偏多,而长江流域降雨偏少。6月造成华南地区强降雨的影响天气系统为切变线和地面静止锋,7、8月则为台风。2006年的梅雨期在典型梅雨常见的中高纬度乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压均未建立,中高纬度高压位于贝加尔湖以西,低纬度副高位置比气候平均稍偏北。华北地区的暴雨过程多为低槽冷锋造成。东北地区多低涡活动。2006年夏季登陆我国的台风偏早、偏多、偏强,特别是4号台风“碧利斯”和8号台风“桑美”给我国造成了巨大的经济损失。与2005年相比,2006年我国西南地区的高温日数异常偏多,四川、重庆出现了特大伏旱,华北地区的高温日数偏少,但也出现了持续闷热天气,江南部分地区的高温天数也偏多,东北基本未出现高温天气。     

2012年7月华北降水异常成因分析

2012年7月,我国华北地区降水较常年偏多近45%,期间出现了严重的洪涝灾害。本文利用中国台站降水等资料,对华北降水异常现象及其可能成因进行了分析。结果表明,多因子共同作用可能造成了7月华北降水异常偏多。2012年7月,欧亚中高纬地区维持两脊一槽环流型,贝加尔湖附近低槽活动造成冷空气频繁南下。同时,西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)明显偏北带来的充沛水汽与北方冷空气持续交汇于华北地区,共同构成了华北地区降水偏多的大尺度环流形势。分析还发现,西太平洋暖池区海温偏暖,产生的强盛对流活动使西太平洋副高位置偏北。同时,受北太平洋地区海温偏暖影响,东亚东北部—北太平洋地区盛行低层反气旋异常环流,也造成副高位置偏北。     

2022年10月大气环流和天气分析北大核心CSCD

2022年10月大气环流的主要特征是北半球极涡呈单极型分布且较常年同期强度偏强,欧亚地区中高纬环流呈“两槽一脊”型,西太平洋副热带高压较常年位置偏西、偏北,强度偏强。10月,全国平均气温为10.8℃,较常年同期(10.6℃)偏高0.2℃;全国平均降水量为34.4 mm,比常年同期(35.6 mm)偏少3.4%。月内我国有2次暴雨天气过程,一次受高空槽、低空急流和副热带高压影响,另一次受台风尼格和高空槽影响。10月共有5个热带气旋在南海和西北太平洋活动,生成个数较常年偏多1.2个,无登陆台风(较常年偏少),其中台风桑卡、纳沙和尼格影响南海、海南岛和华南地区。长江以北气象干旱缓和,长江以南气象干旱持续。     

2004年夏季的天气及预测试验

简要介绍了2004年夏季的主要天气过程和中国科学院大气物理研究所2004年汛期预测的结果.总体上看,2004年夏季江淮流域的降雨分布较均匀,没有造成大江大河及大范围的洪涝,中高纬度典型的梅雨环流形势没有完全建立,西风槽活动频繁.夏季最强的一次降雨过程(7月15～20日)是高空低压槽前的持续性暴雨.2004年夏季华北大部分地区降雨偏多,多为低槽冷锋造成;影响我国的热带气旋明显偏多,8月登陆浙江、福建的2个台风破坏力较大;江南和西北都出现了较强的高温天气,江南和新疆的高温分别为副高和大陆高压造成;9月2～5日川东和重庆的降雨与低涡在该地区的稳定维持有关.从汛期实时降水预测结果看,预测系统对6～8月江淮雨带及其暴雨中心的预测较为准确,对大范围的雨带无漏报和空报.而对华北地区降雨而言,预测评分要低于江淮梅雨,这可能是因为模式中的物理过程,特别是降水的物理过程未能完全准确反映华北地区的情况.要提高华北地区降雨的预测水平,今后应继续开展深入的研究.     

8月中国登陆台风降水与对流层高层西风急流关系的初步研究

采用中国气象局及美国台风联合警报中心整编的1954—2013年best-track热带气旋资料、中国大陆743站逐日降水数据和美国国家环境预报中心及大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料,研究登陆中国的台风降水特征及其与对流层高层西风急流的关系。结果表明:8月登陆台风降水对中国东南沿海地区的影响明显,福建、浙江的登陆台风降水占同期降水的30%左右,局部地区达到40%。基于降水与200 hPa纬向风的显著相关区定义的东亚西风急流指数(EAWJI),描述了西风急流位置的经向移动。EAWJI与台风降水具有显著的负相关,即EAWJI出现负异常时,急流位置偏北,中国登陆台风降水增加,反之急流位置偏南、降水减少。急流位置偏北,西太平洋台风活动区域的对流层纬向风出现东风异常,有利于台风登陆中国,且登陆位置较常年偏北,登陆台风数较常年偏多,台风登陆后维持时间较常年偏长;在中国大陆及东部沿海附近,纬向风垂直切变为异常的东风切变、对流层低层相对涡度增强及水汽输送增大均有利于台风登陆后的维持,从而使登陆台风降水增加。     

2018年西北太平洋和南海台风活动概述

2018年共有29个台风在西北太平洋和南海生成,生成台风个数偏多,南海台风活跃。有10个台风登陆我国,登陆强度整体明显偏弱,但是登陆台风个数明显偏多、登陆时间集中、登陆地段偏北、北上台风偏多,造成台风降水范围广、暴雨强度大、超警河流多。其中,“安比”、“摩羯”、“温比亚”一个月内相继在华东地区登陆并深入内陆北上,且登陆后长时间维持热带风暴级强度,给华东、华北、东北等地区带来大范围强降雨。“艾云尼”移动缓慢,与西南季风环流相结合,给广东等地区造成长时间的持续强降水。“山竹”是2018年登陆我国最强台风,其7级风圈明显偏大,给广东、香港等地区带来大范围、长时间的强风和强降水。2018年所有预报时效的路径预报误差较2017年均有所降低,路径预报水平进一步提高,但是强度预报水平仍然没有明显的进步。     

2016年8月甘肃省持续性高温过程及其异常大气环流特征

利用1960-2016年甘肃省81个测站的逐日气温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2016年8月发生在甘肃省的高温天气基本特征及高温期间异常环流特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1) 2016年夏季高温日数甘肃东部地区大部分站点比气候平均值多5天左右;尤其是7月底至8月下旬的高温天气过程,不论是高温天气强度,还是高温天气范围,均为历史罕见。(2)高温发生期间,南亚高压中心较同期偏北5～10个纬距,且中心略向东偏移,造成冷空气不易南下;副热带西风急流中心覆盖面积明显扩大,急流核的位置偏北3～5个纬距,急流中心区向东明显移动,且分布形态由纬向型转为经向型,对高温天气的发展维持有重要作用。(3)受南亚高压、副热带西风急流的影响,大陆暖高压异常强大稳定,同时,乌拉尔山阻塞高压出现天数达10天以上,抑制西风带槽脊系统的东移,甘肃境内难以形成有效的降温降水天气。(4)甘肃境内水汽含量虽较往年偏多约20%,尤其是甘肃西部地区,但水汽辐散偏强,不易形成降水;此外,下沉气流异常偏强,高层空气下沉增温,有利于高温天气的发展与维持。     

夏季东亚环流年际和年代际变化对登陆中国台风的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,探讨夏季东亚大气环流、大气视热源和视水汽汇的年际及年代际变化与登陆中国台风频数的关系.研究表明:夏季200 hPa风场上南亚高压中心位置偏北(南)其形态表现向东北(东南)伸展,西太平洋热带地区上空(200 hPa)的东风急流加强(减弱),中层(500 hPa)西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置偏北(南),低层(850 hPa)东亚夏季风环流偏强(弱),登陆中国台风数偏多(少).夏季东亚-西太平洋热带大气视热源和视水汽汇为正(负)距平, 即东亚热带大气出现辐射加热(冷却)和变湿(变干),登陆中国台风数偏多(少).20世纪50～60年代登陆中国台风频数处于年代际变化相对偏少期,70～90年代中期登陆中国台风频数处于年代际变化相对偏多期.夏季登陆中国台风频数的年代际变化与西太平洋热带大气视热源、视水汽汇及西太平洋热带海温的年代际变化一致,西太平洋热带大气视热源、视水汽汇及西太平洋热带海温处在年代际变化的低(高)值阶段时,夏季登陆中国台风频数也处在年代际变化的偏少(多)期.     

2023年8月大气环流和天气分析

2023年8月大气环流的主要特征是:北半球极涡强度略偏强,500 hPa上亚洲中高纬地区环流形势为“两槽一脊”,影响我国东北、华北地区的高空槽偏强,西太平洋副热带高压西段脊线的平均位置较历史同期偏南。8月,全国平均气温为21.9℃,较常年同期(21.1℃)偏高0.8℃,全国平均降水量为110.9 mm,较常年同期(107.1 mm)偏多3.5%。月内,高温日数较常年同期偏多,区域高温过程持续影响我国,西北、东北等地气象干旱持续发展;我国出现6次暴雨过程。8月共有6个台风在南海和西北太平洋活动,生成个数较常年偏多,登陆个数较常年偏少。强对流天气多发,局地受灾严重,江苏盐城大丰区出现龙卷风。     

梅雨降水偏多，灾害损失严重——2008年夏季（6—8月）浙江天气与气候

浙江省2008年夏季气温略偏高,降水略偏多。夏季高温、台风和强对流天气活动频繁,南海夏季风爆发早,强度多变,造成2008年人出梅早、雨量多、降水集中、过程性降水频繁、雨带摆动幅度大。频繁出现的极端天气气候事件对全省造成严重损失。     

Boreal summer continental monsoon rainfall and hydroclimate anomalies associated with the Asian-Pacific Oscillation

With the twentieth century analysis data (1901–2002) for atmospheric circulation, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index, and sea surface temperature (SST), we show that the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) during boreal summer is a major mode of the earth climate variation linking to global atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate anomalies, especially the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer land monsoon. Associated with a positive APO phase are the warm troposphere over the Eurasian land and the relatively cool troposphere over the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Such an amplified land–ocean thermal contrast between the Eurasian land and its adjacent oceans signifies a stronger than normal NH summer monsoon, with the strengthened southerly or southwesterly monsoon prevailing over tropical Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. A positive APO implies an enhanced summer monsoon rainfall over all major NH land monsoon regions: West Africa, South Asia, East Asia, and Mexico. Thus, APO is a sensible measure of the NH land monsoon rainfall intensity. Meanwhile, reduced precipitation appears over the arid and semiarid regions of northern Africa, the Middle East, and West Asia, manifesting the monsoon-desert coupling. On the other hand, surrounded by the cool troposphere over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, the extratropical North America has weakened low-level continental low and upper-level ridge, hence a deficient summer rainfall. Corresponding to a high APO index, the African and South Asian monsoon regions are wet and cool, the East Asian monsoon region is wet and hot, and the extratropical North America is dry and hot. Wet and dry climates correspond to wet and dry soil conditions, respectively. The APO is also associated with significant variations of SST in the entire Pacific and the extratropical North Atlantic during boreal summer, which resembles the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in SST. Of note is that the Pacific SST anomalies are not present throughout the year, rather, mainly occur in late spring, peak at late summer, and are nearly absent during boreal winter. The season-dependent APO–SST relationship and the origin of the APO remain elusive.     

Typical Structure, Variety, and Multi-Scale Characteristics of Meiyu Front

Meiyu front plays an important role in summer rainfall in central China. Based on the GMS-5 satellite images, NCEP reanalyses （2.5°×2.5°） and final analyses （1°×1°） data, and meteorological conventional sounding observations, the horizontal and vertical structures of the Meiyu front were summarized using multiple diagnostic variables, including winds, temperature, jet stream, front, pseduo-equivalent potential temperature, divergence, vertical motion, static instability, etc. In this paper, four cases were selected and analyzed, two of which are in 26-28 June and 23 July 2002 during the Experiment on Heavy Rain in the Meiyu period in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the others are in May and July 1998. The two cases in July 1998 and July 2002 are the secondary Meiyu front cases. The results show that the structures and characteristics of the Meiyu front are different for various cases, or at various places and time, or at various stages of one case, and the frontal characteristics can be converted from the polar front to the equatorial front. Because of the interaction of the different scale circulations in the high and low latitudes, the horizontal structure of the Meiyu front has various forms.
The results in this paper also show that the typical Meiyu front consists of a narrow band with a high gradient of potential equivalent temperature below 500 hPa, south of which is warm and moist air mass, and north of which is the transformed air mass from the midlatitude ocean or polar continent. Below the mid troposphere, south of the front blows southwesterlies, while north blows easterlies. The ascending motion and precipitation usually occur ahead of the Meiyu front. In the upper troposphere, the subtropical front is above the Meiyu front, but two fronts are separated. In addition, the upper westerly jet stream and the easterlies to the south of the Meiyu front result in the upper divergent flow field.
The multi-scale characteristics of the horizontal structure of the Meiyu front can     

The 1997/ 98 enso cycle and its impact on summer climate anomalies in east asia

l.IntroductionTheENSOeventcanbeconsideredasthemostimp0rtantphenomenonoftheair-seainteractionintheequatoria1Pacific.WhenanENSOeventoccursintheequatorialPacific,severeclimateanomalieswillbecausedinmanyregionsoftheworld(Namias,l976;HorelandWallace,l98l;RasmussonandCarpenter,l982;RasmussonandWallace,l983).Similar-ly,theENS0eventalsohasalargeimpactonclimateanomaliesinEastAsia(WangandZhu,l986;FuandYe,l988).lnrespectoftheimpactofENSOeventonclimateanomaliesinChina,theinvestigationofHuanga…     

从中期天气过程看近几年长江中下游梅雨偏少的原因

长江中下游地区自2000年到2007年连续八年梅雨期降水偏少。本文从中期天气过程的角度分析了这八年不利于长江中下游梅雨的主要因子, 有东亚高空急流中准定常波动、 西太平洋暖池强对流活动和西北太平洋热带气旋活动。西太平洋副热带高压受这些因子的直接影响, 在中期时间尺度上副高环流形势发生变异, 从而造成长江中下游梅雨期的降水异常减少。在这八年的梅雨期中, 这些因子的特别异常, 更主要的由于它们的组合作用是导致近年来长江中下游梅雨偏少的直接原因。并且, 同样是长江中下游梅雨偏少, 不同因子的组合方式也影响着长江中下游梅雨偏少的降水异常分布背景。本文还初浅地讨论了在季节内预测长江中下游梅雨时对中期天气过程的参考。     

On the onset of the south china sea summer monsoon in 1998

1.IntroductionChinesescientistshavepointedoutsincethe1980sthattheAsiansummermonsooniscomposedoftheSouthAsian(Indian)monsoonsystemandtheEastAsianmonsoonsystem,whichhavetheirparticularcharacteristicsrespectivelybutalsointeractoneachother;andtheAsiansummermonsoonbreaksoutintheSouthChinaSea(SCS)regionatfirst,thenspreadsnorthwestwardandnorthwardrespectively,finallytheSouthAsiansummermonsoonandtheEastAsiansummermonsoonaresetup(TaoandChen,1987;JinandChen,1985;Zhuetal.,1986).Muchattentionhasbe…     

Heavy Rainfall Associated with a Monsoon Depression in South China: Structure Analysis

A heavy rainfall associated with the deepening of a monsoon depression happened in the summer of 2005. This process was first diagnostically analyzed and the 3D structure of the monsoon depression was discussed~ then this structure was compared with those of the monsoon depression in South Asia and the low vortex in the Meiyu front. The results showed that the heavy rainfall directly resulted from a monsoon depression in South China~ and the large-scale environment provided a favorable background for the deepening of the monsoon depression. The 3D structure of the monsoon depression was as follows. In the horizontal direction, there existed a convective cloud band to the south of the monsoon depression, which lay in a convectively instable area, with a relatively strong ascending motion in the mid and low levels of the troposphere, and the ascending motion matched well with a moist tongue, a convergence area, and a band of positive vorticity in the mid and low levels of the troposphere. In the vertical direction, the depression had an obviously cyclonic circulation in the mid and low levels of the troposphere, but no circulation from above 300 hPa. The monsoon depression corresponded to convergence and positive vorticity in the low levels, but to divergence and negative vorticity in the upper levels. The upward draft of the depression could reach the upper levels of the troposphere in the west of the depression, while the descending motion lay in the east. There was a low-level jet to the south of the depression, while the upper-level jet was not obvious. The depression was vertically warm in the upper levels and cold in the low levels, and the axis of the depression tilted southeastward with height, whose characteristics were different not only from the monsoon depression in South Asia but also from the low vortex in the Meiyu front.     

2011年南海夏季风爆发过程及其与长江中下游梅雨的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY2E-TBB及台站降水资料,对2011年南海夏季风爆发前后的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:2011年强对流活动由孟加拉湾扩展到南海地区,同时伴随着南亚高压移至中南半岛北部,西太平洋副热带高压向东撤出南海地区,南海夏季风于5月第4候(第28候)爆发;季风爆发后,印度-孟加拉湾季风槽形成,南海地区低空开始盛行西南气流,并伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。随着季风活动的推进,我国雨带北抬,长江中下游一带进入梅雨期,出现降水大值区。通过分析发现长江中下游梅雨与南海夏季风均受副热带高压影响,且两者的强度为显著的负相关关系,梅雨开始时间与南海夏季风爆发时间呈显著的正相关关系。2011年南海夏季风偏弱,爆发时间偏早,长江中下游梅雨强度偏强,入梅时间异常偏早。     

Moisture Transport in the Asian Summer Monsoon Region and Its Relationship with Summer Precipitation in China

The characteristics of moisture transport over the Asian summer monsoon region and its relationship with summer precipitation in China are examined by a variety of statistical methods using the NCEP/NC AR reanalysis data for 1948-2005.The results show that:1) The zonal-mean moisture transport in the Asian monsoon region is unique because of monsoon activities.The Asian summer monsoon region is a dominant moisture sink during summer.Both the Indian and East Asian monsoon areas have their convergence cente...     

南海—西北太平洋季风槽中热带气旋异常活动特征

应用1979—2005年的台风资料和NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ再分析资料,分析了生成于南海—西北太平洋季风槽中的热带气旋（MTTC）活动特征及季风槽强弱对MTTC异常的影响。结果表明：①1979—2005年5—10月南海和西北太平洋生成的热带气旋（TC）共有672个,年平均24.9个,其中MTTC为491个,占73.1%,占登陆中国TC频数的79.2%。②27年间MTTC年频数经历了正常期（1979—1987年）—多台期（1988—1994年）—少台期（1995—2005年）3个阶段;具有准4年和准2年的变化周期,1994年为MTTC频数由多台向少台转换的转折点。③MTTC频数异常年份,MTTC生成起止日期和生成位置有明显差异：MTTC异常偏少（多）年,MTTC活动起始日期较晚（早）,且5—10月皆不活跃（活跃）,MTTC生成海区范围较小（大）。④南海—西北太平洋季风槽强度和位置异常与MTTC活动异常密切相关。