江苏盛夏飞机人工增雨作业的雷达气象学分析

本文对盛夏季节33次飞机人工增雨作业过程作业前后的天气雷达回波资料、天气背影和地面降水资料进了分析,发现作业效果明显的云系主要是：浓积云或浓积云群;复合型层状云;积层混合云;其中最明显的是积层混合云。通过分析,提出了一套飞机对冷云部位进行人工增雨作业的具体指标和作业方式。     

渭南市高炮火箭人工增雨作业分析

利用渭南市2001—2004年人工增雨作业的雷达回波资料和实况资料,运用统计和对比的方法,对13次高炮、火箭人工增雨作业云系、作业时机、部位以及催化剂量的选择进行综合分析。总结出渭南市高炮、火箭人工增雨的作业技术要点:以混合云和层状云为主要目标云系,层状云作业效率最高,可达83.3%;层状云系作业部位应选在0oC层亮带以上,混合云系应选在强回波区附近;选择催化时机,层状云应在云顶高度≥6 km,回波强度≥25 dB z,混合云云顶高度≥7.5km,回波强度≥35 dB z为宜;一次过程,一个作业点炮弹以40发左右效果较好,火箭弹2~4枚为宜。     

多普勒雷达数值产品在火箭增雨效果分析中的应用

采用新一代多普勒雷达基本数据和二次产品对2004-2005年大连地区实施火箭增雨作业的31个作业个例进行了统计分析,总结出利用雷达实时指挥作业其雷达回波几个主要参数随时间的变化规律。分析结果表明,对不同类型云作业后云体回波强度、垂直积分液态水含量均随时间增大,且最大值均出现在作业后20-30 min左右;回波顶高却产生了不同的变化特征,即积层混合云作业后顶高随时间增高,层状云顶高则出现先下降再增高的变化。该分析结果对采用雷达进行效果分析,科学选择再作业时机,充分开发空中云水资源具有实际的指导意义。     

渭南市人工增雨作业技术指标与判据

利用渭南市1997—2006年10a 46次人工增雨过程的711雷达回波、天气形势、地面观测、实况等资料,结合近2a的多普勒雷达产品资料进行统计、对比、分析,得出渭南市高炮火箭人工增雨作业技术指标和判据。西风槽是主要影响天气系统;增雨时段2—9月,以3—7月为主;作业主要云系为层状云、对流云和混合云;首次分析出层状云0oC层亮带变化规律,强度20~35dB z,厚度0.3~0.5km,亮带高度随季节变化;根据不同云系的回波判据确定作业时机、部位、方式及用弹量;回波的移向移速也是确定作业时机的重要判据;得出多普勒雷达产品在人工增雨应用中的简易指标。     

湖南秋季积层混合云系飞机人工增雨作业方法

统计分析2007—2016年秋季湖南省长沙市地面气象观测资料、湖南省飞机人工增雨作业资料, 得到湖南省秋季积层混合云系的降水分布情况、一般结构特征和相应的飞机增雨作业方法。使用多普勒天气雷达、GRAPES_CAMS数值模式和中小尺度气象站网等资料对典型作业天气过程进行云降水物理和数值模拟分析, 采用成对对流云和基于TREC算法的回波跟踪等方法进行作业效果评估。归纳得到湖南省秋季积层混合云系人工增雨作业条件判别的12个宏微观指标, 探讨在使用运7飞机、碘化银烟条作业装备条件下, 开展飞机增雨作业的最佳催化时机、部位和剂量。针对积层混合云系中的降水性层状云系、积云对流泡, 飞机增雨适宜作业的区域、播撒高度和催化剂量:在过冷高层云的-15~-5℃层, 播撒达到30 L-1的人工冰晶浓度; 在过冷积云的-15~-7℃层, 静力催化使冰晶浓度达到30 L-1或动力催化达到100 L-1。这些方法在实践中取得了较好的人工增雨作业效果。     

雷达特征参数在人工增雨(雪)决策中的应用

对2016-2018年大连市86次降水过程(≥5mm)天气资料统计和分析,得到了冬季降水形势为高空槽、东北冷涡和平直西风气流场,春夏秋季为高空槽、东北冷涡、副高西南气流、西北气流及江淮气旋形势场,且降水多为稳定层结(夏季副高、冷涡等除外)；对SA新一代多普勒雷达资料PUP处理和分析,获得了降水回波特征及特征参数值,以及主要降水云系(层云、积层混合云和对流云)；根据雷达回波强度、顶高和垂直积分液态水含量等特征参数及变化,结合冷云催化原理等综合分析,研究建立了基于SA多普勒雷达的人工增雨(雪)作业预警、决策判别指标体系。利用2019年41次降水过程雷达资料进行指标验证分析,得到了87% 以上确率；对4月13日一次实例进行火箭增雨指挥系统业务运行及雷达反演决策判别等综合分析,取得了较好预期效果。     

基于偏振雷达的积层混合云降水增雨潜力识别方法研究

本文统计分析了北京地区近三年的有效降水,重点研究了积层混合云降水特点并对其分类,发现积层混合云降水出现频次约占总降水次数的61%,其中积层混合云降水以积层连结型和水平混合型为主,二者之和占近80%。重点分析了积层混合云中对流和层云两种不同特点降水类型的宏微观结构,确立了反射率因子Z、温度T、粒子含水量M、催化剂AgⅠ（碘化银）活化率NE和粒子相态HTC（hydrometeor type classification）为人工增雨潜力识别指标及这些识别指标的取值范围,同时也根据研究现状和人工影响天气需求总结制定出人工增雨潜力等级。利用偏振雷达构建模糊逻辑识别算法对积层混合云三种降水类型进行增雨潜力区域识别研究,结果表明:（1）对于播撒碘化银增雨来说,积层混合云的增雨潜力区在垂直方向上可分为上、中、下三层,上层（增雨等级为“不适合”）和下层（零度层及以下）分别受含水量和温度等影响不适合增雨,中间层（增雨等级大于等于“等级一”）是可增雨区域;（2）积层混合云中层云区增雨潜力较小,对流云区可增雨潜力要远大于层云区,开式流场型与积层连结型可增雨潜力要大于水平混合型;（3）当降水云中识别出霰粒子时,其附近的大部分区域会有较好的增雨潜力。通过偏振雷达实例检验和数值模式模拟在积层混合云不同部位播撒碘化银催化试验发现,在增雨潜力较好的区域催化有很明显增雨效果,模拟试验结论与偏振雷达识别增雨潜力区结果也基本一致,说明基于偏振雷达的增雨潜力区识别方法和结果是具有参考意义的。     

宁夏层状云降水指标分析

为更好地确定人工增雨作业的最佳(时段)方案,利用2004—2006年4—9月全区25个气象站观测到的层状云、(银川、固原)新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/CD)观测资料,结合天气形势、降水实况进行综合分析。结果表明:宁夏在"东高西低"和"西风气流"天气型下稳定性层状云降水概率为65%;中部干旱带层状云降水最大概率74%～85%;同时得出层状云降水指标,为宁夏人工增雨作业提供科学依据。     

利用新一代多普勒雷达产品判别重庆市人工增雨作业指标

本文用统计学的方法,主要利用重庆市S波段新一代多普勒雷达产品按照层状云、对流云、积层混合云三类降水型将2009年8月-2010年8月的有效降水过程进行分类,并分析不同降水类型的雷达回波特征参数,初步得出重庆地区人工增雨雷达回波指标.结论显示,重庆地区人工增雨作业指标为:层状云回波强度≥23 dBz、回波顶高≥5 km、VIL特征值≥3 kg/m2;积层混合云在春秋两季回波强度≥30 dBz、回波顶高≥6 km、VIL特征值≥8 kg/m2,夏季回波强度≥35 dBz、回波顶高≥8 km、VIL特征值≥13 kg/m2;对流云春秋两季回波强度≥40 dBz、回波顶高≥8 km、VIL特征值≥13 kg/m2,夏季回波强度≥43 dBz、回波顶高≥11 km、VIL特征值≥23kg/m2.     

吉兰泰盐湖火箭增雨技术分析

介绍了吉兰泰地区火箭增雨点、监测点的设定和增雨效果的评估,统计了JFJ型增雨火箭10年增雨资料,初步分析了在层状云与积状云中催化作业对播撒区下游的不同增雨效果,提出了火箭增雨作业时存在的问题以及容易造成的失误,为干旱地区开展火箭增雨提供了一些思路和启示。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.