青岛近海夏季海风分型及预报

利用2005年7月上旬至2007年9月中旬青岛自动站以及近海浮标站逐小时的观测数据以及3小时海平面气压形势场,根据大尺度背景地转风将海风分为7个类型,建立预报青岛夏季近岸海风的统计分型方法。分析表明当大尺度地转风为偏东风时,青岛近岸海风较强(海风风速大于6m.s-1),海风风向东东南。当大尺度地转风为北风时,青岛近岸海风风速大于3.6m.s-1,海风环流建立后风向逐渐向右偏转。当大尺度地转风为偏南风,且地转风向岸风分量较强时,青岛近岸海风起风时间较早,但海风环流较弱;当向岸风分量较弱时,海风环流发展较强。海风环流建立以后,海风风向的偏转受科氏力、气压梯度力、地形、摩擦力等因素的共同影响。从2008年8月的预报检验来看,该方法能较准确地预报青岛近岸海风的风向偏转趋势以及午后海风的风速,为近海风力专项预报提供了一种简单实用的预报方法。     

青岛地区8月一次海风环流实例分析和WRF模拟

根据青岛地区2006年8月份浮标站、岸基站和陆地站观测资料及探空加密测风资料,分析了8月21日到22日一次典型的海、陆风环流过程,并进行了WRF数值模拟和检验分析.观测数据分析表明:海、陆风环流在垂直方向分别具有闭合环流,海风环流发展高度远高于陆风环流,海风环流午后发展最强盛,海风在底层最先发展并在底层最先消失,风速大小随高度减小,发生海风环流时青岛站与浮标站的海陆气温差在4℃以上,海风环流向内陆推进大约40多千米;WRF模式较好地模拟了海风环流发生发展的完整过程,并揭示了海风环流与半岛北部相向风场的相互作用,在半岛中部地区存在辐合上升区.     

边界层参数化对海南岛海风环流结构模拟的影响

利用WRF V3.7详细分析了应用8种边界层参数化方案（YSU、MYNN2.5、MYNN3、ACM2、BouLac、UW、SH、GBM）所模拟的2014年5月25日海南岛海风环流结构的差异,其中YSU、ACM2和SH为非局地闭合方案,MYNN2.5、MYNN3、BouLac、UW和GBM为局地闭合方案。结果表明:对于海风环流水平结构的模拟,15时,YSU、ACM2、BouLac、UW和SH模拟的北部海风较强,SH和GBM的内陆风速偏大。温度与海风发展强度相对应,MYNN2.5与MYNN3模拟的岛屿温度偏低,海陆温差小,海风相对较弱。对于海风环流垂直结构的模拟,09时海风开始,但强度较小,且存在残余陆风,向内陆传播距离较短,YSU、MYNN2.5和SH方案的海风相对较强。12时,海风已呈现出较为清晰的环流结构,YSU和ACM2的海风厚度及向内陆传播距离相对强于其它方案,MYNN3的环流结构则不太明显,且向内陆推进距离短,海风相对较弱。15时,海风发展强盛,MYNN2.5和MYNN3方案模拟的海风垂直强度较小,ACM2方案的海风垂直环流特征最为明显。18时,海风的强度和扰动均有所减弱,ACM2、BouLac和UW的整体海风相对强于其它方案。21时海风已基本转为陆风,BouLac与UW的陆风环流结构最为清晰。位温、水汽及海风垂直环流强度的发展变化与海风的演变过程基本一致。造成ACM2模拟海风偏强的原因是其边界层垂直混合偏强,形成了足够的湍流混合强度所致。对于边界层高度的模拟,ACM2的边界层顶最高,这与此方案所模拟的海风强度偏大相吻合,其它方案的边界层高度与海风强度并不完全一致。      

2006年8月青岛一次强海风过程“人”字形结构分析

利用2006年8月青岛奥帆测试赛期间的地面中尺度自动气象站、海岛站、浮标站、多普勒雷达以及风云2C卫星资料,对发生在2006年8月23日的一次强海风过程进行了分析。结果发现,青岛沿海有多支海风。东部沿海的海风锋为东北—西南向,胶州湾附近的海风锋为圆弧形。青岛东部沿海的海风锋向西推进,与胶州湾周围的海风锋叠加,使海风加强,在多普勒雷达上表现为特有的"人"字形结构:北段为东北—西南向的边界,南段为圆弧形。发展强盛的东南海风环流在垂直方向比较浅薄,主要位于1.5km高度以下。由于受高空云系的影响,海风锋在风云2C静止卫星云图上的结构较难分辨。     

北京地区气象环境数值模拟试验

用区域边界层模式RBLM模拟北京地区气象环境特征.数值模拟结果表明(1)北京地区的气象环境很复杂,其主要特点是受昼夜循环的山谷风气流、城市热岛环流以及大尺度系统共同影响.(2)北京市区冬季地面风的日变化较小,主要是偏北气流,城市上游方向在市区的北边,而春夏季地面风的日变化比较明显,市区的进出口气流方向变化很大.(3)北京市城市热岛强度在夏季较强,城市热岛环流明显,城市中心近地面气温比郊区近地面气温高5～6℃左右.(4)数值模拟结果能较好地反映北京地区流场的日变化,与实际观测结果吻合较好.     

北京地区气象环境数据模拟试验

用区域边界层模式RBLM模拟北京地区气象环境特征。数值模拟结果表明：（1）北京地区的气象环境很复杂，其主要特点是受昼夜循环的山谷风气流、城市热岛环流及大尺度系统共同影响。（2）北京市区季地面风的日变化较小，主要是偏北气流，城市上游方向在市区的北边，而春夏季地面风的日变化比较明显，市区的进出口气流方向变化很大。（3）北京市城市热岛强度在夏季较强，城市热岛环流明显，城市中心近地面气温比郊区近地面气温高5－6℃左右。（4）数值模拟结果能较好地反映北京地区流场的日变化，与实际观测结果吻合较好。     

青岛奥帆赛期间海风锋触发的对流性降水特征

根据自动气象站、多普勒雷达、卫星云图、风廓线、NCEP资料和MODIS卫星遥感反演结果等多种资料,对2008年青岛奥帆赛期间(8月12—14日),在不同环流形势下海风锋触发的对流性降水特征进行分析。结果表明:海风锋与中低空切变线叠加易使局地辐合加强,出现对流天气;当同时有地面静止锋南压时,海风锋则缓慢向内陆推进,在交汇地区产生对流天气;当有大尺度天气系统过境时,前期海风锋触发对流,北推发展与系统性天气相结合,后期若高空槽发展较强则是一次典型的系统过境过程,易出现强对流天气。     

2013年宁波地区一次海风锋对雷暴过程影响分析及数值模拟

利用浙江省常规气象站观测资料、地面自动站加密资料、新一代多普勒天气雷达资料、NCEP GFS分析资料以及WRF中尺度模式,对2013年7月29日发生在宁波市地区的一个局地强雷暴天气过程进行了诊断分析和数值模拟。通过对天气环流和数值模拟结果的分析发现：本次强雷暴过程发生在较稳定的大气背景下,主要影响系统是中尺度辐合线海风锋;多普勒雷达出现弱窄带回波时,对应中尺度辐合线海风锋;海风锋向内陆推进时,对应站点温度降低、湿度增大。WRF模式能较好地模拟出此次雷暴过程以及宁波地区低层海风锋环流,高空回流随时间和空间的演变特征;海风锋的锋生造成的地转强迫促使次级环流加强,在东西风辐合线西侧有垂直上升运动出现;通过与敏感试验的对比可知,海陆热力差异是影响雷暴降水强度、海风锋水平垂直环流的重要因素。     

一次海风锋天气过程分析与数值模拟

利用NCEP再分析资料、自动气象站观测数据、多普勒天气雷达反射率因子和WRF模式,对2015年5月24日午后,海南岛东北部出现的一次较强的海风锋降水天气进行过程分析和数值模拟。结果表明:强降水发生期间,海南岛处于副热带高压边缘,中低层水汽来源充沛,降水前后K指数变化明显;两支分别来自海口海岸线向东南移动与来自文昌海岸线向西北移动的海风锋的发展、增强与移动,是导致本次降水的主要原因。另外,中部山区小尺度的地形辐合有利于过程期间海风锋的加强与发展;WRF模式的模拟结果说明,海风锋发展最旺盛的时候,锋面高度达约1000 m,宽度约0.15个经度;海风锋垂直环流圈的建立伴随着地面降水的加强;地面降水减弱时,海风锋环流圈逐渐消失。     

惠来县海陆风环流地面气候特征分析

利用惠来国家基本站连续5年地面风观测资料,对惠来县海陆风环流的季节分布、持续时间、风速风向等地面气候特征进行分析,结果表明:该地区四季都有海陆风环流出现,夏季出现频率最高,海风平均持续时间为9.6 h;海风年均风速明显大于陆风,海风发展最强盛时刻出现在15:00前后;秋、冬两季陆风以顺时针方向向海风转变,春、夏季则反之。     

湛江东海岛二月海陆风环流特征研究

利用2011年2月湛江东海岛风廓线雷达资料,系统分析了湛江东海岛2月平均风场特征及海陆风特征,结果表明:2月湛江东海岛150 m高度处以东偏北出现频率最大,在E、ENE和NE三个方位的风向出现频率之和为66.6%,偏西七个方位的风向出现频率之和仅为1%。以SSW方位为界,偏东风与偏西风的出现频率差异明显。各整点的月平均风速1:00—15:00变化较小,均在1 m/s左右波动;15:00—20:00风速及风速波动都较大,最大值出现在16:00时,为2.1 m/s。2011年2月中只有2日与14日两日符合海陆风日条件,两日共同海风时段为13:00—20:00,持续7 h;陆风时段为2:00—7:00,持续5 h。海风平均风速为2.1 m/s,陆风平均风速为0.8 m/s,海风平均风速明显大于陆风风速。海风与陆风环流垂直高度相差甚小,约1.2 km,风速随高度变化趋势均为先增后减;海风最大风速出现在750 m高度处,陆风出现在500 m高度处,500～750 m高度区间海风环流强度明显强于陆风环流。2 km之上为均匀一致的系统性西风环流。     

Simulation of coastal winds along the central west coast of India using the MM5 mesoscale model

A high-resolution mesoscale numerical model (MM5) has been used to study the coastal atmospheric circulation of the central west coast of India, and Goa in particular. The model is employed with three nested domains. The innermost domain of 3 km mesh covers Goa and the surrounding region. Simulations have been carried out for three different seasons—northeast (NE) monsoon, transition period and southwest (SW) monsoon with appropriate physics options to understand the coastal wind system. The simulated wind speed and direction match well with the observations. The model winds show the presence of a sea breeze during the NE monsoon season and transition period, and its absence during the SW monsoon season. In the winter period, the synoptic flow is northeasterly (offshore) and it weakens the sea breeze (onshore flow) resulting in less diurnal variation, while during the transition period, the synoptic flow is onshore and it intensifies the sea breeze. During the northeast monsoon at an altitude of above 750 m, the wind direction reverses, and this is the upper return current, indicating the vertical extent of the sea breeze. A well-developed land sea breeze circulation occurs during the transition period, with vertical extension of 300 and 1,100 m, respectively.     

The Structure and Evolution of Sea Breezes During the Qingdao Olympics Sailing Test Event in 2006

Using data from automatic surface weather stations,buoys,lidar and Doppler,the diurnal variation and the three-dimensional structure of the sea breezes near the sailing sites of the Good Luck Beijing— 2006 Qingdao International Regatta from 18 to 31 August 2006 are analyzed.Results show that excluding rainy days and days affected by typhoon,the sea breezes occur nearly every day during this period.When Qingdao is located at the edge of the subtropical high at 500 hPa,the sea breeze is usually stronger,aroun...     

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SEA LAND BREEZES IN HAINAN ISLAND

The sea-land breeze circulation （SLBC） occurs regularly at coastal locations and influences the local weather and climate significantly. In this study, based on the observed surface wind in 9 conventional meteorological stations of Hainan Island, the frequency of sea-land breeze （SLB） is studied to depict the diurnal and seasonal variations. The statistics indicated that there is a monthly average of 12.2 SLB days and an occurrence frequency of about 40%, with the maximum frequency （49%） in summer and the minimum frequency （29%） in autumn. SLB frequencies （41%） are comparable in winter and spring. A higher frequency of SLB is present in the southern and central mountains due to the enhancement effect of the mountain-valley breeze. Due to the synoptic wind the number of SLB days in the northern hilly area is less than in other areas. Moreover, the WRF model, adopted to simulate the SLBC over the island for all seasons, performs reasonably well reproducing the phenomenon, evolution and mechanism of SLBC. Chiefly affected by the difference of temperature between sea and land, the SLBC varies in coverage and intensity with the seasons and reaches the greatest intensity in summer. The typical depth is about 2.5 km for sea breeze circulation and about 1.5 km for land breeze circulation. A strong convergence zone with severe ascending motion appears on the line parallel to the major axis of the island, penetrating 60 to 100 km inland. This type of weak sea breeze convergence zone in winter is north-south oriented. The features of SLBC in spring are similar both to that in summer with southerly wind and to that in winter with easterly wind. The coverage and intensity of SLBC in autumn is the weakest and confined to the southwest edge of the central mountainous area. The land breeze is inherently very weak and easily affected by the topography and weather. The coverage and intensity of the land breeze convergence line is significantly less than those of the sea breeze. The orographic forcing of the cen     

山东沿海风能资源分布特征及评估

利用山东省沿海测风塔70 m高度完整1 a的观测资料计算分析风能资源参数特征.结果表明：山东沿海地区平均风速与有效风功率密度分布特征相似,烟台沿海区域平均风速及有效风功率密度最大分别达到6.7 m/s、463.5 W/m²,沿海北部地区风能资源最为丰富,日照地区最少;受海陆风作用,春季风能资源最好,其次是冬季,夏季最差,风速最大值基本出现在14-16时;年有效风能时数及百分率分别为7 440 h、85%;风能密度分布基本以偏北或偏南方位较大.沿海区域风能资源分布特征与长年代评估结果及数值模拟结果基本一致.     

香港地区海陆风的显式模拟研究

利用MM5模式对香港地区的海陆风进行了显式数值研究,模拟的风向、风速和温度与站点的观测值比较一致,较详细地分析了海陆风的日变化规律和三维结构特征,结果显示香港地区海风分布复杂,主要受偏西、偏南和偏东海风气流的影响,形成多个辐合带,海风锋最远可以深入内陆约90 km;陆风较简单,主要是偏北气流,陆风的风速和强度都比海风要弱,与山谷风、城市热岛环流等形成弱的辐合。香港是一个海岸曲折、多丘陵的地区,其中75%的面积是山区,为了研究这些丘陵地形对香港地区海陆风的影响,设计了保留海陆分布,去掉丘陵地形的敏感性试验,结果表明,由于丘陵地形的存在,在白天地形的热力作用是主要的,增强了海风的强度;而晚上动力阻挡作用比较明显,减弱了陆风的强度。     

中国黄海西岸海陆风循环结构研究

陆海风是由于海陆表面之间的比热容不同而导致的昼夜热量分布差异,从而在海岸附近引发的大气中尺度循环系统.本文利用多普勒风激光雷达Windcube100s首次对黄海西海岸的海陆风的循环结构进行了观测研究.在2018年8月31日至9月28日观测期间发现,海陆风发展高度一般在700 m至1300 m.海陆风转化持续的时间为6小时至8小时.在425m高度,海风水平风速出现最大值,平均为5.6 m s-1.陆风最大水平风速出现在370m,约为4.5 m s-1.最大风切变指数在1300m处,为2.84;在陆风向海风转换过程中,最大风切变指数在700m处,为1.28.在同一高度上,风切变指数在海风盛行和陆风盛行时的差值范围为0.2-3.6,风切变能反映出海陆风的发展高度.     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SEA BREEZE OVER SOUTHWESTERN BOHAI GULF

In this paper,a simulation study is made on the sea breeze process over southwestern Bohai Gulf byuse of the Pielke mesoscale meteorological model.The simulated results show that when a south wind of 8m/s blows over the top of the model,a strong wind zone of 15—25 km wide with a maximum speed more than14 m/s,which is close and nearly parallel to the south shore,will appear at 160 m above the sea surface.When a strong sea breeze penetrates inland,there often appears a thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL)near shore.The inversion above the TIBL can damp the vertical dispersion of atmospheric pollution.Besides,it is also found that,for a three-dimensional sea/land breeze circulation,if the divergence centre inthe return flow departs vertically far from the correspondent convergence centre in the sea breeze,a centre ofstrong descending movement will be formed at the middle and upper levels of the return flow.The resultsin this paper is also applicable to the Laizhou Bay.     

Inland Propagation of Sea Breeze under Opposing Offshore Wind

Summary  According to past experience, the nearly stagnant conditions caused by the presumed equilibrium between the Saronikos Gulf sea breeze and an opposing synoptic flow is identified as the principal mechanism leading to high pollution episodes in Athens during the summer. However, previous experimental work has not examined in detail the interaction of the sea breeze flow with the opposing background flow. In this context, recent experimental work covering the basic key-locations of the Athens Basin focused on the inland propagation of the southerly sea breeze from the coast to the northern part of the basin mainly under moderate northerly background wind. During this campaign, a network of four meteorological stations established along the Athens Basin and a high range acoustic sounder at the centre of Athens operated over a two months time period in the summer of 1993. In addition, tethered balloon flights in the centre of Athens and on a sea vessel about 15 km offshore were employed during an experimental day with moderate opposing background wind. The results from this experimental campaign include the documentation of the sea breeze delay and its intensity as a function of a sea breeze index and features of the vertical structure of the sea breeze over land as well as over sea. Received March 20, 1998 Revised October 12, 1998     

Inland penetration of the sea breeze over the suburban area of Tokyo

Observational results of the structure of the sea breeze over the urban and suburban areas of Tokyo for four summer days are presented.On two of these days, the inland penetration of the sea breeze front could be clearly traced. In one case, the sea breeze was first observed along the shores of Tokyo Bay around 0900 JST, and propagated in three hours through the Tokyo City area, the width of which is about 20 km. It then advanced inland at a rate of 16 km h^–1. Prior to the arrival of the sea breeze at the suburban site, the mixing height had remained at about 600 m for four hours. With the arrival of the sea breeze front, accompanied by an abrupt change in wind speed and direction, the mixing height increased sharply to 1700 m. It is suggested that this behavior and the structure of the front are intensified due to the urban effect, or the difference in the thermal characteristics between the urban and rural areas.On the days without a sea breeze front, the land breeze system during the early morning was less intense, allowing the sea breeze to develop simultaneously with the inland valley wind and easily form a large-scale local wind system during the morning hours. In both cases, the vertical motion accompanying the local wind system works as a feedback mechanism to control the local winds by modifying the thermal and pressure fields.