1961—2020年河南省气候变化及其对气候生产力的影响

根据1961—2020年河南省15个气象站点逐月平均气温和降水量资料,基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型估算了1961年以来年河南省逐年气候生产潜力。采用数理统计、反距离加权插值、R/S分析等方法,分析了过去60 a河南省年平均气温、年降水量和气候生产力的时空变化特征,并定量评估了气候变化对气候生产力的影响。研究表明：(1)近60 a河南省气候总体趋于暖干。其中,年平均气温的气候倾向率为023 ℃/10 a (p<005),东北部增温明显;年降水量气候倾向率为-298 mm/10 a(p>005),南部降水减少较多。(2) 在气候暖干化背景下,近60 a河南省气候生产力气候倾向率为728 kg/(hm2×10 a)(p>005),呈不显著上升趋势,东部地区增速较快。(3) 河南省气候生产力变化主要受气温和降水的双重影响,气温和降水贡献率分别为214%和786%,降水是影响该区域气候生产力变化的主要因素。在现有温度的条件下,降水的增加有利于降低该区域内降水贡献率。空间上,河南省降水贡献率总体上呈由西北向东南递减的趋势,其中新乡降水贡献率最大,为951%。(4) 1961—2020年河南省年平均气温、年降水量和气候生产力的Hurst指数分别为100、043和058,未来气候可能趋于暖湿,气候生产力未来可能继续呈上升趋势。     

1961—2020年青海高原气候变化特征

选取1961—2020年青海高原50个地面气象观测站逐月气温（平均、最高、最低）、降水和风速资料，利用气候变化趋势转折判别模型（Piecewise Linear Fitting Model,PLFIM）、气候倾向率等方法，分析青海高原气候变化的时空分布和年代际趋势转折变化等特征。结果表明：〖JP2〗①近60年来青海高原年平均气温呈显著上升趋势，其中平均最低气温的升温速率尤为明显，为0.62 ℃〖DK〗·（10a）-1;年降水量呈波动上升趋势，进入21世纪后呈显著增加趋势，速率为39.9 mm〖DK〗·（10a）-1;年平均风速整体呈减小趋势，其中以茫崖站最为明显，风速减小速率为-0.56 m〖DK〗·s-1〖DK〗·（10a）-1。〖JP〗②年平均气温和平均最高气温在1972年和1983年发生了年代际趋势转折，平均最高气温第3次转折发生在2009年，平均最低气温没有发生明显的年代际趋势转折。年降水在1972年、1983年和2000年发生年代际趋势转折;年平均风速发生在1998年和2009年。③与旧气候态（1961—1990年）相比，新气候态下（1991—2020年）青海高原年平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温的均值分别上升了1.16 ℃、1.22 ℃和1.81 ℃，向高温方向漂移，且概率密度分布形状更加偏平，气候趋于不稳定;④在全球变暖背景下，青海高原年平均气温和年降水量均呈增加趋势，其中年平均气温的增温速率远超中国、同纬度地区及全球平均水平;降水量年际波动较大，但整体呈增加趋势。     

中国西部地区未来气候变化趋势预测

用中国科学院大气物理研究所的全球环流耦合模式(IAP/LASG GOALS),对中国西部地区由于CO2含量增加引起的未来气候变化进行了模拟预测分析.预测CO2含量每年以1%速度递增,对此进行了控制试验和扰动试验两个长期积分,并用它们的差值来表示中国西部地区的气候变化.结果表明,CO2增加以后,在初始阶段平均温度、降水和湿度变化不大,随着CO2含量的增加,中国西部地区温度、降水及湿度均呈显著的增加趋势,且比全球增加大得多.到2050年全球温度相对于现在增加1.5℃,而中国西部地区温度升高在1.2～2.2℃,其中最大增温区出现在青藏高原附近;西南地区降水将增加200mm以上,比湿增加最大,达0.8 g kg-1以上,新疆西部和西北部地区降水减少50 mm左右,平均降水增加15%,整个西部地区气候变暖变湿.     

北京郊区夏季PM2.5和黑碳气溶胶的观测资料分析

城市近郊常受到城区污染物扩散和输送的影响,2010年7月21日至8月6日利用β射线颗粒物连续监测仪和黑碳仪对北京西北郊区PM25和黑碳气溶胶（BC）进行了连续观测。结果表明,北京西北郊区夏季PM25和BC的质量浓度分别是(13316±8164)、(289±162) μg/m3。受明显的山谷风的影响,来自观测点东南方的城区的气流使PM25和BC浓度升高,来自观测点西北方向的风则使PM25和BC浓度降低。受局地排放、区域输送和气象条件的共同影响,郊区的PM25和BC浓度表现出明显日变化特征,二者浓度在上午、傍晚和夜间显著上升。     

2014—2016年拉萨市大气环境质量分析及评价

本文对2014—2016年拉萨市6种空气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、PM25、CO、O3的浓度变化进行了分析和评估。结果表明：①拉萨市区大气污染物以PM10为主,其次是O3;②拉萨市区大气环境中SO2、CO的含量逐年下降,但是,NO2含量逐年上升;③拉萨市大气环境中的PM25与PM10比值明显偏低,表明拉萨市大气环境质量主要的影响因素为自然因素。     

三原县近43年来气候变化特征分析

利用1972—2014年三原县气象站地面气象观测站逐日气温、降水量、平均风速、日照时数等资料,采用5年滑动平均、一元线性回归等方法,分析三原县近43年的气候变化特征。结果表明：近43年来三原县温度变化特征为明显的上升趋势,气候倾向率为0296 ℃/10 a;年降水量、日照时数,平均风速、干燥指数均呈减少趋势,气候倾向率分别为-3959 mm/10 a、-30872 h/10 a、-0048 （m/s）/10 a和-0448（10 a）-1。20世纪80年代气温较低,主要由夏季降温所致;21世纪气候变暖,四季均有贡献,以春季贡献最大。80年代降水偏多,春季贡献最大;90年代降水的减少,主要由秋季降水减少造成。春季风速变化对年平均风速变化影响较大。80年代日照时数减少,夏季贡献最大;90年代日照时数减少,春季贡献最大;21世纪日照时数增加,春季贡献最大。80年代末以前为冷湿期,80年代末到2000年为相对暖干期,2000年以后向暖湿发展。

     

定西市近47 年气温、降水变化特征分析

甘肃省定西市是典型黄土高原半湿润半干旱过渡区,该区域地处气候变化敏感区和生态环境脆弱带。基于定西市7县（区）1967—2013年气温、降水等资料,应用统计距平分析和线性趋势分析方法,分析了定西市近47 a气温、降水变化的时间和空间特征。结果表明：（1）全市年平均气温呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0355 ℃/10 a;冬季气温增速最大。（2）全市降水量呈减少趋势,降水量递减率为11026 mm/10 a;秋季降水量递减率在四季中最为明显。（3）就空间分布而言,漳县、陇西和岷县一带增温较快,渭源、临洮、漳县和岷县降水减少趋势较大。

     

渭北旱腰带近60年气候变化及其对农作物的影响

利用渭北旱腰带地区24个国家气象站1961—2020年逐月气温、地表温度、降水、相对湿度等气象观测资料,采用气候倾向率和相关分析等方法研究近60 a以来渭北旱腰带地区的气候变化特征,并探讨区域气候变化对渭北地区主要农作物（小麦、玉米和苹果）的影响。结果表明：（1）近60 a平均地表温度和气温分别为134 ℃和111 ℃,且呈显著上升趋势（通过了001的显著性检验）;四季的地表温度和气温均缓慢上升,且冬季、春季、秋季的地表温度和气温上升显著（通过了001的显著性检验）。（2）年降水量呈缓慢增多趋势,年平均相对湿度缓慢减小;冬季和夏季降水量缓慢增多而春季和秋季明显减少,以春季最显著;春季、冬季和秋季平均相对湿度呈减小趋势,以春季最显著（通过了001的显著性检验）,夏季缓慢增大。（3）渭北旱腰带地区可以利用气候变暖带来的热量资源提高复种指数,在农业选种育种方面应培育晚播早熟小麦品种与晚熟玉米品种,苹果主产区可以向黄土高原迁移。     

1961—2019年陕西省极端旱涝事件的时空演变规律

选用陕西省51个地面气象站1961—2019年日降水数据,利用MATLAB2017计算了6个极端降水指数,采用线性趋势分析法、森斜率和改进的非参数Mann-Kendall趋势检验法研究不同时间尺度下极端降水指数的时空演变特征并找出了发生突变的年份。结果表明：各极端降水指数的月际、年际和年代际变化差异较大;夏季（7—9月）容易发生极端湿润事件,而冬季则容易发生极端干旱事件;连续干旱日数（DCD）、连续湿润日数（DCW）、强降水日数（DR10）和最大日降水量（Rd,max）、非常湿润日降水量（R95p）、全年湿润日降水总量（RT）的变化趋势率分别为-014、-013、-020 d/10 a 和108、039、-342 mm/10 a,多年平均值分别为388、58、200 d和607、1678、6443 mm;极端湿润事件发生较频繁的站点主要分布在陕南地区,而陕北地区的站点发生干旱的风险较高;陕北有变湿润的趋势,而关中平原地区的极端降水事件整体有缓解的趋势,陕南地区极端降水事件则表现为区域加剧和缓解并存的趋势。     

不同排放情景下贵州21世纪气候变化预估

利用IPCCAR4提供的模式预估结果,分析了不同排放情景下21世纪贵州气候变化特征,结果表明：21世纪由于人类排放的增加,贵州省将继续变暖、变湿。到21世纪后期（2071--2099年）贵州省温度比常年高2～3,2℃,降水比常年多3．8％-5．8％。且在SRESA．2（高排放）、A1B（中排放）、B1（低排放）情景下贵州省年平均温度（降水）整体变化幅度分别为4．0℃／100a（136mm／100a）、3．6℃／100a（96mm／100a）、2．1℃／100a（61mm／100a）,体现了排放量越高,增温（增湿）越显著的特征。从季节特征来看,不同情景下冬季温度的增加趋势都大于其它季节;冬季降水预估没有明显的变化趋势,其余季节基本上以上升趋势为主。其中在A1B、B1排放情景下21世纪前期（2011--2040年）降水有减少趋势,在A2情景下降水无明显变化趋势。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on