用于气象站的地表气温观测仪器的设计与实验研究北大核心

大气科学研究对地表气温观测精度有高达0.1℃甚至0.05℃的需求。然而,现有的地表气温观测仪器受到太阳直接辐射、下垫面反射辐射、长波辐射和散射辐射等影响,辐射误差可达1℃。本文设计了一种基于导流装置的地表气温观测仪器。首先,利用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法量化该仪器在各种环境条件下的辐射误差;然后,在此基础上,利用极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)方法拟合可针对多变量变化的辐射误差订正方程;最后,为验证该仪器的观测精度,进行了外场比对实验。在实验过程中,以076B型强制通风气温观测仪器的测量值作为温度基准。实验结果表明,该仪器的平均辐射误差和最大辐射误差分别为0.07℃和0.15℃。该仪器辐射误差的实验测量值与订正方程提供的辐射误差订正值之间的平均偏移量、均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.033℃、0.028℃和0.703。     

基于数据融合降低气温测量辐射误差的仿真分析与试验研究

地表气温上升速度约为0.1 ℃/（10 a），然而受太阳辐射影响，地面气象站观测到的气温会高于真实大气温度，存在1 ℃量级的辐射误差。因此，本文提出了一种基于数据融合的铝壳温度传感器设计。首先，利用流体动力学方法计算温度传感器在不同环境条件下的辐射误差。其次，为获得连续辐射误差结果，利用神经网络算法对辐射误差数值计算结果进行学习，形成误差订正方程。最后，将太阳辐射误差订正方程修正值与试验结果进行对比。结果表明，基于数据融合的铝壳温度传感器可将辐射误差降至0.05 ℃以内。     

三次观测站02时气温插补方法的比较分析

现行的国家级地面气象观测站网（共2416个站）包括基准站、基本站和一般站,其中1590个一般站（占总站数的65.8%）夜间不观测,但是按照《地面气象观测规范》的规定,在计算日平均气温时,必须通过数学方法给02时赋一个替代值或近似值,这种赋值过程无形中会带来计算误差。本文利用1961—2009年陕西19个国家基本/基准站的定时气温资料,对这种赋值误差进行定量评估分析,并通过多种方案的比较,提出新的赋值（或称插补）方法。结果表明：（1）传统方法所赋予的02时气温替代值比实测值偏高,19个站平均偏高0.77℃;（2）台站所处的纬度,以及季节、天气状况所引起的辐射强弱的差异,通过赋值变量（前一日20时气温）的传导,较明显地影响着02时气温的赋值误差;（3）用逐步回归分析方法,将传统方法的平均加权法调整为多因子非对称加权,显著减小了前一日20时气温的权重,降低了辐射强弱的影响,赋值与实测值更为接近,19个站平均偏差近似为零;新的回归方程对月平均气温、年平均气温产生一定的修正作用,年平均气温值可调降0.1～0.4℃,月平均气温甚至可下降0.5℃。     

强制通风温度传感器的计算流体动力学分析

本文利用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)方法对基于076B型强制通风防辐射罩的温度传感器进行流固耦合传热分析,计算不同太阳辐射强度、下垫面反射率、强制通风速度、气象站海拔高度和下垫面长波辐射强度等影响因子条件下温度传感器的辐射误差。为实现影响因子连续变化时能提供准确修正数据的目标,采用神经网络算法仿真值计算结果进行拟合,获得辐射误差订正方程。结果表明,辐射误差订正方程的修正误差在0.005℃以内。订正后的气温观测数据有望用于气候变化研究和高精度天气预报。     

干旱地区地表辐射的计算——个例研究

我们利用在中国西部黑河流域所进行的陆气相互作用实验的预试验期间地面和卫星观测资料，研究了在于旱地区地表辐射收支演算中所遇到的困难。通过理论辐射传输计算和用卫星资料对云的反演可以得到地表辐射。计算结果与地表测量的太阳辐射和红外辐射比较表明在有些情况下会发生较大的误差。误差主要是由于缺乏气溶胶资料．云反演时的不确定性以及地面观测与卫星测量之间的时间差异所引起。在无云情况下，模式计算的太阳辐射通量系统大于测量值，当地面温度大于50℃和由于不稳定边界层造成尘埃古量大时计算误差特别大，误差的原因是计算中没有考虑气溶胶．我们发现在下午当气溶胶单次散射反射率取为9．5．光学厚度近似地取为0．2时计算误差可以减小，计算的地面太阳辐射通量和实测值比较一致，然而在大气中太阳辐射如此强的吸收原因仍不清楚．对地面测量和卫星测量资料都可以用的个例研究结果表明，地表净太阳辐射通量和红外向下辐射通量的平均误差分别为4．3和-4.7W／m^2．相应的均方根误差分别为17．4和22．1W／m^2．较大的误差出现在云量较少时，这可能是反演中误把气溶胶当成了云所造成的．研究结果强调了气溶胶在地表辐射计算中的重要性。同时，由于该地区地表温度的日变化非常大，而地面红外辐射的计算，要求温度测量有较高的时间分辨率，因此在干旱地区地面辐射计算中，从卫星资料反演气溶胶和地面温度应予以最优先考虑．     

气温与地表辐射收支的联系：基于禹城和栾城站点资料的分析

基于对华北禹城和栾城站2005—2006年辐射和气象数据的分析,建立了大气内能与地面总辐射、大气物质吸收、物质散射、大气动能和净辐射之间的能量关系。经验关系可以模拟出2站温度“月平均”的变化规律,其“月平均”计算值与观测值最大正负偏差分别为3.84和-4.05℃,“年均值”计算值与观测值的偏差小于0.36℃。敏感性计算表明,气温对净辐射的变化最敏感,其次是散射因子、吸收因子、地面总辐射、地面风速。净辐射、散射因子、吸收因子、总辐射和地面风速分别增加5%造成气温的变化分别为0.93、-0.40、0.23、-0.20和-0.12℃。研究温度的变化,除了考虑有限的温室气体（如CO2、水汽和臭氧等）的作用,还要考虑其他物质的吸收作用、气液固相物质的散射作用、地表组成和特性的变化、地面风速的变化、总辐射的变化,尤其要重视净辐射的变化。     

“ZDJ长期自记气候站”测温误差的对比分析

本文根据“ZDJ长期自记气候站”(以下简称ZDJ)的温度记录和同步对比观测的百叶箱等的温度资料,计算分析几种温度的均方差及其变化规律,以及在不同条件下温度日变化特点,并从辐射和滞后性方面分析其误差原因。进而计算ZDJ自记温度与同步对比观测温度值的相关系数,建立相应的线性回归方程,在适当范围内,该方程可作为ZDJ测温误差的订正公式。     

上甸子大气本底站太阳辐射观测数据的质量评价

采用了基准地面辐射观测网络(BSRN)推荐的辐射观测数据质量评价方法,对2005年上甸子大气本底站太阳辐射观测数据进行了质量评价,并通过分析晴空地面太阳总辐射观测值与计算值之间的均方根误差和变差系数来替换BSRN质量评价方法中的"辐射观测值序列的目视"检验步骤.结果表明,通过前3步检验的直接、散射和地面太阳总辐射数据的百分比,除7月和8月外其他月份均在95%以上;地面向上辐射除3、4、7、8和11月在74.7%～85.5%之间外,其他月份均在91%以上.通过前3步检验的晴空地面太阳总辐射观测值与计算值之间的均方根误差均在23.5 W·m-2以下,除11月和12月外其他月份的变差系数均在0.05以下.     

基于MODIS遥感产品估算西北半干旱区的陆面蒸散量

在中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据产品的基础上,使用MODIS地表温度替代净辐射及蒸散模型中的气温进行计算,并利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站(SACOL)的实测资料对模型进行修正。将模型修正前后估算的SACOL站和定西干旱气象与生态环境试验站(定西站)的净辐射和蒸散与实测值进行对比。结果表明,MODIS的白天\夜间地表温度与日最高\最低气温之间具有很好的相关性,相关系数都超过0.75,使用其替代气温进行净辐射和蒸散的估算是可行的,且各参数具有明确的物理意义。通过比较模型估算值与地面通量观测站的实测值发现:使用实测资料对模型进行修正后,净辐射和蒸散的估算结果较修正前有了明显的改善。净辐射估算值与实测值之间的均方根误差减小到25.93 W·m~(-2);修正后模型估算的SACOL站和定西站蒸散更接近于实测值,均方根误差分别减小到0.81 mm和0.68 mm,相关系数都增加到0.6以上,通过了0.01显著性水平检验;且遥感估算的区域蒸散分布特征与地表覆盖特征相符,说明利用修正后模型估算的净辐射和地表蒸散是合理的,由于这种估算净辐射和蒸散的模型不需要任何实时地面资料的辅助,可以为观测资料缺乏地区的辐射及蒸散研究提供一种新的思路。     

观测仪器和百叶箱的变化对地面气温观测值的影响 及其原因分析

在未来的几年来,中国几十年以来一直使用的地面人工气象观测系统将全部被自动观测系统所取代,观测系统的变化(对气温观测而言,主要是感应器的变化和百叶箱的变化)导致气象要素观测值的系统偏差将是不可避免的。检测地面自动观测与人工观测的地面气温的差异,并分析产生这种差异的原因,对于分析我国气温时间序列的均一性,科学合理使用我国长期气候序列进行气候变化研究具有重要的科学意义,同时对于改进我国地面自动观测系统,减少观测值的系统误差,具有重要的业务应用价值。选取在同一观测场观测、具有同种防辐射百叶箱、不同感应仪器的人工和自动两种地面气温观测系统所获取的5个国家基准站的平行观测资料,分析了不同时间尺度(小时、日、月)的观测和统计值的差异,揭示了两种系统获得的气温测值的偏差,并分析了产生这种偏差的原因,近似估算了仪器精度、仪器灵敏度、太阳辐射和红外辐射等影响因子导致的偏差值。观测仪器的变化对气温测值有较明显的影响,日、月、年平均气温相差0.2左右,太阳辐射对不同仪器的影响不同是主要原因,同时,两种仪器存在0.1左右的系统观测误差,对环境温度变化的敏感性的差异也可引起一天中的不同时段存在0.1—0.15的差异。通过对3个台站不同百叶箱、相同仪器的对比观测试验资料的分析,表明从总体上看,百叶箱的变化对气温观测值的影响不大,但玻璃钢百叶箱内的气温对环境气温变化较木质百叶箱更灵敏。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;