台风“山竹”（2018）远距离暴雨的成因分析

热带气旋远距离暴雨（TRP）往往成为高影响天气,是业务预报难点。本文用地面、探空观测资料、雷达遥感资料以及NCEP一日四次0.5°×0.5°再分析资料,对2018年第22号台风“山竹”登陆广东期间在长江三角洲（简称长三角）地区引起的远距离暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:（1）这是一次发生在副热带高压（简称副高）控制范围内的热带气旋远距离暴雨,低层受台风倒槽影响。（2）这次过程第一阶段暴雨主要是在强的对流不稳定条件下,由对流层低层“山竹”倒槽中的辐合线触发对流产生,同时对流层高层“山竹”的极向流出汇入加大了中纬度西风风速,在长三角地区上空产生辐散,有利于上升运动的维持。第二阶段,对流不稳定条件有所减弱,但前一阶段强回波产生的低层偏北外出气流与东南风形成辐合线,辐合线上还有中γ尺度的涡旋产生,又促进了对流发展。850 hPa台风倒槽北端形成一个低涡,500 hPa副高边缘发展出一个短波槽,暴雨的动力条件更为有利。（3）长三角的3个强降水中心分别在长江口、杭州湾北岸的嘉兴沿海及宁波沿海,都是在水陆边界附近。（4）远距离暴雨区的涡度收支诊断发现:暴雨的初始扰动主要由近地层水平辐合辐散项提供,850 hPa的水平辐合辐散项和扭曲项共同作用形成和加强低涡,并通过垂直运动上传使中层700～500 hPa附近涡度增长,进而发展出500 hPa短波槽。850 hPa涡度来自于台风倒槽和副高边缘的偏南急流。（5）在这次远距离暴雨过程中,台风“山竹”与海上西太平洋副高之间形成偏南低空急流,向长三角输送水汽,这与典型TRP事件相似。不同之处在于:典型TRP中暴雨的初始扰动一般由西风槽提供,而这次过程主要由低空台风倒槽和偏南急流提供,涡度上传形成高空短波槽,是不同于典型TRP事件的一个物理过程。     

一次河北大暴雨的华北低涡结构和涡度收支分析

利用Micaps系统下常规资料、云图资料和NCEP全球再分析资料,对2004年7月11-12日发生在河北省中南部的一次局地大暴雨个例进行了诊断分析。结果表明：200hPa西风槽、500hPa华北低涡和中低层偏东风,是这场暴雨的直接影响系统,该过程中的华北低涡为低层冷心、高层暖心结构,具有随高度向西北倾斜的特征,涡度场特征明显。暴雨区对应着深厚的正涡度区,散度场结构零乱,非高层辐散、低层辐合的配置,暴雨区上空上升运动较强。冷空气来源于500hPa以下的东北地区,水汽的源地来自渤海,低层偏东风可能是暴雨区所需水汽的主要携带者。水平涡度平流项和水平涡度辐散项作用相反,水平涡度辐散项对总涡度起直接作用且为正贡献,而垂直平流项对总涡度贡献比较小。     

台风“摩羯”和“利奇马”经渤海强度变化特征分析

利用FY 4水汽云图、NCEP/FNL资料、自动站资料和ERA Interim海温资料，分析入海增强台风“摩羯”（1814）和入海减弱台风“利奇马”（1909）经过渤海强度变化特征。结论如下：台风“摩羯”中心入海增强过程伴随着中高层冷空气侵入，冷空气深入“摩羯”云系中心，台风强度减弱并逐渐消亡。台风“利奇马”入海前冷空气已经侵入台风中心，台风入海后强度减弱,暖心结构变得不对称，低层有清晰的斜压特征。“摩羯”入海前渤海上空为强辐散区，“利奇马”入海前渤海上空为弱辐合场，北上前进方向出现高空辐散有利于台风加强。台风登陆前垂直风切变与台风强度反位相分布，北上后台风垂直风切变与台风强度同位相分布。“摩羯”入海后水汽通道出现断裂，其入海增强更多依赖于热力条件和动力条件。“利奇马”水汽通量和水汽通量散度源于自身环流的贡献。台风“摩羯”入海后潜热加热率激增，“利奇马”低层维持弱潜热加热直至台风消亡。     

2009年河南一次大暴雨过程的涡度方程诊断分析

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析格点资料、常规气象资料及中尺度WRF模式,对2009年8月28—30日发生在河南南部的一次暴雨过程进行中尺度数值模拟及诊断分析。结果表明,WRF模式对此次暴雨过程模拟效果较好,模拟物理量能够较好地反映暴雨的实际特征,模拟暴雨强度及落区与实况较一致。高空槽、副热带高压、超低空东风急流及低层风切变是此次暴雨的主要影响系统。利用涡度方程对暴雨过程进行诊断分析发现,涡度方程各项收支中,涡度平流作用与辐合辐散作用对涡度局地变化的贡献最大,垂直输送项与扭转项对涡度局地变化的贡献较弱。涡度平流项对中低层涡度局地变化表现出正反馈作用,垂直输送项、扭转项及辐合辐散项起着负反馈作用。涡度平流作用使得中低层气旋武环流加强,有利于中低层辐合加强,局地涡度增加。垂直输送项、扭转项及辐合辐散项使得低层辐合减弱,气旋性涡度减小。此外,利用垂直螺旋度等模拟产品对暴雨诊断分析发现,暴雨落区与垂直螺旋度大值中心、水汽通量散度负值中心等相对应,此次暴雨正是在良好的动力、水汽及热力条件下产生的。     

2009年河南一次大暴雨过程的涡度方程诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料、常规气象资料及中尺度WRF模式,对2009年8月28-30日发生在河南南部的一次暴雨过程进行中尺度数值模拟及诊断分析。结果表明,WRF模式对此次暴雨过程模拟效果较好,模拟物理量能够较好地反映暴雨的实际特征,模拟暴雨强度及落区与实况较一致。高空槽、副热带高压、超低空东风急流及低层风切变是此次暴雨的主要影响系统。利用涡度方程对暴雨过程进行诊断分析发现,涡度方程各项收支中,涡度平流作用与辐合辐散作用对涡度局地变化的贡献最大,垂直输送项与扭转项对涡度局地变化的贡献较弱。涡度平流项对中低层涡度局地变化表现出正反馈作用,垂直输送项、扭转项及辐合辐散项起着负反馈作用。涡度平流作用使得中低层气旋式环流加强,有利于中低层辐合加强,局地涡度增加。垂直输送项、扭转项及辐合辐散项使得低层辐合减弱,气旋性涡度减小。此外,利用垂直螺旋度等模拟产品对暴雨诊断分析发现,暴雨落区与垂直螺旋度大值中心、水汽通量散度负值中心等相对应,此次暴雨正是在良好的动力、水汽及热力条件下产生的。     

2020年黑龙江省“巴威”台风暴雨成因分析

选取2020年8月27-28日黑龙江省降雨量和风的实况观测资料以及NCEP再分析等资料,分析了2020年“巴威”台风影响黑龙江省时的风雨天气实况、环流形势和物理量场特征。结果表明:“巴威”台风登陆后迅速减弱变性,对黑龙江省的影响主要是暴雨天气,风力影响相对较小。台风减弱变性后的温带气旋以及低层850 hPa和700 hPa风向或风速辐合为产生暴雨提供了较好的动力抬升条件,台风携带水汽及低空急流的水汽输送为产生暴雨提供了充分的水汽条件,低层风场辐合区稳定少动为产生暴雨提供了充足的时间。低层850 hPa比湿、水汽通量、水汽通量散度以及中低层垂直速度等物理量要素对预报暴雨落区和发生时间有较好的指示意义。     

台风“利奇马”造成浙江极端降水的成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(0.25°×0.25°)、FY-2G卫星的黑体亮度温度(TBB)、双偏振雷达、加密自动站资料,对2019年台风“利奇马”引发浙江极端暴雨过程的成因进行分析,结果表明:(1)“利奇马”引发的浙江特大暴雨过程是一次深厚台风本体降水,具有范围广、总量大、局地雨强极端的特点,山脉地形对降水的增幅作用显著。(2)台风登陆前后850 hPa水汽通量、850 hPa辐合和200 hPa辐散都超过气候平均值3~4个标准差,异常强的动力抬升和水汽输送为此次极端降水提供了有利的背景条件,物理量的异常度可作为判断极端降水的重要因子。(3)活跃的西南季风和副高南部的偏东急流为“利奇马”提供了充足的水汽和能量。925 hPa水汽通量辐合大值区域与暴雨落区的形态和位置对应较好,且辐合强度的变化对降水量具有一定的指示意义。(4)登陆前后台风中心密闭云区范围大、结构紧实,其中有多个中尺度对流系统强烈发展且移动缓慢,是浙江东部沿海地区产生极端降水的主要原因。基于双偏振雷达的降水估测产品在短临预报中参考价值高。(5)中层的弱干冷空气和低层的强暖湿气流促进了对流不稳定层结的发展和维持,在地面中尺度辐合线和地形的强迫抬升下不断触发中尺度对流系统并产生“列车效应”,是此次过程中西北部山区特大暴雨产生的重要原因。     

一次双台风影响下暴雨过程的中尺度涡旋模拟分析

本文对上海地区一次双台风环境影响的暴雨过程进行数值模拟及分析,探讨了强降水过程中大气中低层的涡旋特征及发展机理。结果表明:(1)暴雨过程处于双台风、大陆高压的共同影响下,中低层伴随有较明显的中尺度低涡发展。(2)与涡旋相关的局地垂直涡度由低层开始发展,先期涡度发展集中于850 hPa以下,之后向大气中上层发展增强,涡旋尺度强度也随之发展,最终形成在对流层下半部具有闭合式气旋性环流的深厚涡旋。(3)影响局地涡度变化的水平平流项、垂直平流项、散度制造项和倾斜项对不同时间、不同高度的涡度作用各不相同,其中散度制造项是中低层涡度的主要来源,垂直平流项的输送作用对中上层的涡度发展有重要作用,倾斜项对涡旋发展移动也有部分贡献。(4)通过敏感性试验考察了对流潜热反馈的贡献,发现潜热释放过程通过加热改变大气温压场结构,从而维持并改变局地涡度倾向的中低层辐合及对流上升运动,对涡旋的发展和移动起了重要影响。     

由台风低压倒槽引发的山东暴雨过程研究

2004年8月26-28日发生在山东省的大到暴雨过程主要是由"艾莉"台风减弱的低压和西风带冷空气远距离相互作用造成的,台风倒槽的发展与低空东南气流的加强及台风低压外围热量和动量的向北输送密切相关.采用双向三重嵌套网格非静力模式MM5对这一过程进行了数值模拟,研究了台风倒槽的中尺度结构特征,并通过涡度收支探讨了台风倒槽及中尺度低涡发生发展的物理过程.结果表明,强降水是在台风倒槽顶部强风中心与弱风中心之间的强辐合作用下触发的,台风倒槽的增强和中尺度低涡的形成是低空急流及其动力作用的结果,降水的非绝热加热也起着重要作用.涡度方程的收支诊断表明,对流层低层的散度项、对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者,在同一等压面上散度项和水平平流项的作用是相反的.对流层中层铅直输送项的贡献为正,扭转项为负贡献,涡度变化的总趋势是它们相互作用的净结果.等压面上相对涡度的变化趋势并不是均匀的,中尺度低涡的东南象限相对涡度局地变化较强,这是强降水发生在此的重要原因.低层正涡度的增加是由水平辐合引起的,而高层正涡度的增加是涡度由低层向高层垂直输送的结果.因此台风倒槽的发展和中尺度低涡的形成主要是由于低层的涡度制造,另一方面来自中低层涡度的垂直输送.     

引发暴雨天气的中尺度低涡的数值研究

2008年7月17—19日发生在山东的大到暴雨天气是由“海鸥”台风和副热带高压共同向山东输送水汽,与弱冷空气相互作用造成的。对流层低层的中尺度低涡是暴雨天气的直接制造者。利用常规观测资料和中尺度模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）的模拟资料对该中尺度低涡的结构及形成机制进行了分析研究。结果表明,数值模拟可以清楚地捕捉到中尺度低涡东移过程中有新的涡旋中心形成,并与原来的涡旋中心合并的过程,而不是简单的沿切变线东移。中尺度低涡形成在增温增湿明显、上升运动为主的对流区内;中尺度低涡形成后其中心转为下沉运动,对流区东移,降水区位于低涡的东北和东南象限。中尺度低涡上空近地面层的冷池、600～400hPa的弱冷空气堆、900～850hPa的弱风区及高低空急流耦合发展是中尺度低涡形成和发展阶段的重要特征。中尺度低涡减弱阶段,下沉运动变强,低空急流和高空出流都明显减弱。涡度方程的收支表明,对流层低层的散度项、倾侧项及对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者。中低层的水平辐合、涡度由低层向高层的垂直输送都有利于中尺度低涡的形成和发展。倾侧项对中尺度低涡的形成也有重要贡献。中尺度低涡形成后期,低层辐合、高层辐散及垂直输送的减弱导致正涡度制造的减弱,从而使中尺度低涡减弱。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on