北京市持续重污染天气分析

通过对2004-2008年北京市空气持续重污染过程的统计及其对非沙尘型持续重污染天气形势的特征分析,得到以下结论：持续重污染过程具有明显的季节分布特征,主要包括春季沙尘型污染和秋冬季节非沙尘型污染;非沙尘型持续重污染过程期间多对应着大雾、轻雾、霾、烟等低能见度天气,过程后期对应的天气现象多为大风或降水天气。其中大雾天气更易引发长时间持续的空气重污染事件。非沙尘型持续重污染的天气形势特点为：高空多为纬向环流,850 hPa多为暖脊控制,地面多处于弱气压场,鞍形场型污染尤为严重。北京持续重污染多对应区域性污染。     

2007—2012年呼和浩特市Ⅲ级轻微污染日及以上天气特征分析

文章依据呼和浩特市环保监测站提供的本市每日空气质量实况日均值,对呼和浩特市2007—2012年Ⅲ级轻微污染以上日的空气质量变化进行了分析。结果表明,近6a(2007—2012年)里,按照国家《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-1996),呼和浩特市Ⅲ级轻微污染以上日数逐年减少,空气质量逐年好转;呼和浩特市Ⅲ级轻微污染以上的首要污染物年际和季节变化较显著;强沙尘或沙尘暴天气是导致呼和浩特市出现严重污染的主要灾害性天气因素。     

柯坪地区1971-2008年沙尘天气特征分析

利用1971—2008年柯坪站的地面气象资料及周边气象站的气候整编资料,分析了该地区的沙尘天气变化特征。结果表明:该地区沙尘天气以浮尘为主,扬沙次之,沙尘暴最少;具有明显的季节变化和年际变化,每年3—9月是沙尘天气的多发时段;浮尘年日数近38 a来无明显变化,沙尘暴和扬沙日数呈明显减少趋势;沙尘天气总体分布自东向西逐渐增多。沙尘天气与当地降水量和大风的关系密切,降水偏多的年份,沙尘天气偏少,在吹偏西北风时易出现沙尘天气。     

库尔勒市历年沙尘天气发生特性分析

本文根据1971~2010年库尔勒市气象实测资料,分析了库尔勒市沙尘天气40年变化特征,以及沙尘天气与平均风速,降水量,平均相对湿度,平均地面0cm温度和平均气温等气象因子之间的关系。结果表明:沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘等沙尘天气在年际、季节与各月变化上具有一致性。20世纪的70年代沙尘天气发生日数最多,从1971~2005年沙尘天气发生日数呈波动下降趋势,1971年最高,共出现沙尘天气112d但不同沙尘天气发生日数最值出现的年份不同,2005~2010年沙尘天气发生日数又开始回升,到2010年沙尘天气的发生次数已接近70年代的平均水平。其次,沙尘天气呈现春夏季节发生日数多,秋冬发生日数少的季节变化趋势,每年的4月沙尘天气出现最多,1月沙尘天气出现最少。沙尘天气的发生与空气相对湿度、降水量呈现极显著的负相关,与风速呈现极显著的正相关,而与气温的变化关系不明显。根据2010年4月的沙尘颗粒物监测表明,沙尘天气使大气中的Ca、Mg、Fe等地壳元素含量增加。      

2005—2009年石家庄市空气质量分布特征及其与气象条件的关系

根据2005—2009年石家庄市空气污染指数实况资料,分析了近5 a石家庄市空气质量的分布特征。结果表明：石家庄市空气质量以Ⅱ级良为主,轻度污染以上日数占样本总数的19.1%,属于大气污染较为严重的城市。空气质量分布具有明显的季节变化规律,夏季最好,秋、春季次之,冬季最差。运用相关分析法分析了气象因子与空气污染指数的相关关系,归纳得出高空500 hPa两槽一脊型、纬向型、一槽一脊型、均值场型和两槽两脊型是石家庄市典型的污染日天气系统型。     

吐鲁番盆地近30年沙尘天气分布特征

通过对吐鲁番盆地1971—2000年30年沙尘天气发生日数的分析，得出了沙尘天气年平均、四季分布空间分布特征及年代际变化特征，分析了沙尘天气形成的原因。     

北京沙尘天气与源地积雪变化的关系

主要分析了北京沙尘天气变化规律及沙尘源区积雪变化与北京沙尘日数的关系,并探讨源区积雪变化影响北京沙尘天气的机制.研究表明55年来北京沙尘日数基本呈减少趋势,但1998～2000年又有所增加,沙尘暴日数也在减少,近10年北京没有出现强沙尘暴天气.而沙尘源区积雪深度和积雪面积与北京沙尘存在明显的负相关关系.冬季源区积雪减少(增加),很可能导致春季沙尘日数增加(减少),作者认为冬季积雪变化引起的土壤含水量变化是影响春季北京沙尘天气的原因之一.     

青岛大气气溶胶的浓度分布和干沉降的观测研究

根据青岛沙尘天气历史资料和近年来的青岛地面气溶胶观测资料,分析了青岛沙尘日数的长期变化趋势、季节变化特征以及气溶胶质量浓度、谱分布和干沉降的季节变化.分析结果表明,1961～1988年青岛沙尘日数呈波动变化,且幅度较大.1999年以来沙尘日数明显增加,且以浮尘天气为主.青岛在1961～2001年扬沙日数年平均值为1.83天,是北京同期的13%;年浮尘日数为2.93天,是北京同期的75%.青岛沙尘发生日数主要集中在冬春季,春季最高,冬季次高;夏季没有沙尘天气,秋季很低.青岛气溶胶质量浓度有明显的季节变化,春季最高,冬季次之,秋季又次之,夏季最低.大流量观测的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)年平均浓度为177μgm-3,安德森分级采样器观测的气溶胶质量浓度为123μg m-3,两者的差别与不同的观测时间和观测仪器有关.在3月和4月,粗细粒子的浓度相差很大,粗粒子分别占总浓度的80%和62%.青岛气溶胶沉降通量在0.06～0.2 g m-2d-1之间,平均值为0.13 g m-2d-1,是北京沉降通量的30%.     

北京地区沙尘天气的气候特征分析

利用1954～2001年北京地区(20个气象站)逐月沙尘资料，重点对北京地区沙尘天气的空间分布特征、沙尘日数的年际变化规律、沙尘日数的月变化进行分析；分析了近3年北京地区出现的沙尘天气特点及成因；对近48年的沙尘天气出现日数变化规律进行了小波分析，浮尘天气有12～14年超长周期和2～4年短周期，扬沙天气有8-12年超长周期。     

哈密市空气质量特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用2010—2019年哈密市气象及环境数据,分析了哈密市空气的污染现状、空气质量特征及其与降水、能见度、气温、风速、日照时数等气象因子的相关关系。结果表明:哈密市首要污染物为PM10,空气质量以Ⅱ级(良)为主,近10年空气质量指数呈先增大再减小的单峰型变化,2011年空气质量最好,污染日数最少,之后轻度以上污染日数明显增多,2014年为空气质量最差年;每年AQI最高的为3月和11月,6—9月AQI变化较为平缓,空气质量最好;春季AQI最高,其次为冬季和秋季,夏季AQI最小,空气质量最好,采暖期AQI高于非采暖期,与春、冬季的变化基本一致;AQI与降水、能见度、气温均呈负相关关系,与风速、日照时数、气压呈正相关,在不同季节,相对湿度、能见度均与AQI呈负相关,春、夏、秋三个季节AQI与风速、极大风速呈正相关,冬季则呈负相关,气温、日照时数、气压在不同季节与AQI呈不同的相关性。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences