Models-3/CMAQ模式对郑州市大气污染物的预报分析研究

介绍了美国国家环保局第三代空气质量模式(Models-3)的主要组成部分:气象模式系统、排放模式系统以及公共多尺度模式系统(CMAQ)。并对郑州市SO2和NO2观测值与Models-3/CMAQ预报值进行对比分析,结果表明:模式可以模拟出郑州市SO2和NO2的同位相变化规律;预报值存在系统性偏低的现象;随着预报时效的延长,对SO2和NO2的预报效果逐渐变差。     

不同大气污染物监测密度对CMAQ源同化修正效果影响的模拟

采用(美国环保部的MODEL-3系统的)CMAQ源同化模型及4种不同空间分辨率的SO2、NO2实测资料,反演得到中国不同尺度的同化修正排放源,利用新一代中尺度气象模式WRF与多尺度空气质量模式CMAQ,模拟分析了中国不同观测信息密度对SO2、NO2源同化反演及其浓度预报的影响,重点分析了华北地区SO2、NO2浓度加密观测对改善SO2、NO2排放源和空气质量预报的重要影响。结果表明,采用不同分辨率的实测资料时,SO2、NO2的趋势预报效果改善程度有一定差异;采用较高分辨率的实测资料进行SO2、NO2源同化修正时,可明显减小SO2、NO2浓度的预报误差。华北地区较高分辨率的观测信息对于改进源同化修正效果及SO2、NO2浓度的趋势预报十分重要,尤其是对SO2浓度的预报尤为重要;采用经高分辨率的实测资料同化修正的排放源时,WRF-CMAQ模式对北京城市尺度SO2、NO2浓度的变化趋势、浓度水平和空间分布特征具有较好的预报效果。高分辨率的观测资料和区域源同化反演方法对于区域污染物浓度预报及排放源清单具有显著的改进作用。     

2013—2014年江门CMAQ的预报检验

基于CMAQ空气质量模式的报文资料和江门环境监测站资料,对2013年12月至2014年2月份CMAQ空气质量模式在江门市的应用进行了效果检验,分析了AQI和SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)等要素的预报值与实际观测值之间的误差和预报效果,结果表明:模式对AQI 24、48和72 h时效的预报值都比实测值偏高、预报时效越长、偏离越大;离散程度越高,可靠性也越差。整个冬季AQI 24 h时效预报值与实测值相关系数高达0.72,模式能够准确把握AQI的变化特征,48和72 h时效相应的相关系数分别为0.55和0.4。模式对SO_2、PM_(10)、O_3和PM_(2.5)的预报容易偏高,对NO_2和CO的预报容易偏低。6种要素预报效果较好的是PM_(2.5)和PM_(10);预报效果最差的是CO,无论是平均偏差、离散程度、相关系数和可靠性等,明显低于其它要素。     

CAPPS模式在铜川空气质量预报中的效果检验

通过对2003年1-12月铜川市区、新区污染物监测值与 CAPPS模式预报值的对比分析发现,CAPPS模式预报正确率存在明显的要素差异,NO2预报正确率很高,年平均正确率在90%以上,SO2次之,年平均70%左右,PM10预报正确率较低,年平均55%左右;该模式预报正确率有明显的地域差异,铜川市区的预报正确率比新区明显偏低;同时该模式预报正确率存在明显的季节差异,冬半年比夏半年预报结果差,以SO2表现最明显.该模式空漏报率NO2最低,SO2次之,PM10最高,漏报率存在明显的季节差异,空报率季节之间差异较小,但在地域上空报率差异明显.分析了产生误差的原因.     

辽宁中部城市群主要大气污染物时空分布特征的数值模拟

利用美国第三代空气质量模式系统Models-3对2002年1月17～18日辽宁中部城市群大气污染物SO2,NO2和PM10的浓度分布进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与监测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:污染物的模拟值与观测值变化趋势具有一致性,模式反映了SO2,NO2和PM10浓度的时空分布特征和变化规律,再现了污染物浓度呈波峰波谷日变化的重要特征,可用于辽宁中部城市群区域大气污染物的研究。     

CAPPS1和CAPPS2数值预报模式对比分析

对CAPPS1模式和CAPPS2模式预报广西污染物进行了对比分析。主要对比了其污染扩散原理、气象预报模式、操作系统、运行时间、预报时效及预报效果。分析表明：CAPPS1和CAPPS2模式对各种污染物预报的相关系数均在0．44以上，两种模式预报广西空气污染都是可行的；两种模式均对SO2的预报效果最好，NO2次之，PM10相对最差；CAPPS2模式对各种污染物的预报值与实测值相关系数均比CAPPS1高，其中NO2的相关系数提高幅度最大；CAPPS2模式对NO2和PM10的预报准确率比CAPPS1偏高，而对SO2的预报准确率比CAPPS1偏低；CAPPS2预报首要污染物正确率比CAPPS1高出11个百分点，而预报首要污染物等级正确率则高出9个百分点。     

南昌市空气质量预报产品检验分析及统计订正试验

利用南昌市环境空气质量监测数据,对比分析了WRF-Chem模式和国家级空气质量预报指导产品对6种污染物浓度的预报效果,并采用时序法、时刻法和标准化法3种训练样本构建方案,利用BP神经网络法对WRF-Chem模式和国家级空气质量预报指导产品6种污染物浓度的预报结果进行订正试验。结果表明:1)WRF-Chem模式预报的6种污染物浓度的预报误差整体比国家级空气质量预报指导产品的预报误差要小,即WRF-Chem模式的预报效果优于国家级空气质量预报指导产品。2)WRF-Chem模式6种污染物浓度预报值与观测值的均方根误差的日变化均呈波动形式,除了O3在10时开始升高到18时达到峰值以外,其余的污染物均是从10时开始下降到16时或18时达到谷值。国家级指导产品6种污染物浓度预报值与观测值的均方根误差日变化则略有不同,除了NO2和O3分别在08时和20时达到谷值以外,其他4种污染物均是在14时达到谷值。3)采用标准化法对CO、SO2、PM10、PM2.5集合订正后的误差比WRF-Chem模式的要小;时刻法、时序法对NO2、SO2、PM2.5集合订正后的误差比WRF-Chem模式的要小,预报效果对单一模式预报结果有一定改进作用。     

北京空气质量预报系统奥运模拟检验与应用

采用2007年8—9月空气质量数据,对CAPPS-3空气质量预报系统进行模拟预报检验。结果表明,从污染物浓度值的模拟预报结果看,SO2的模拟效果优于NO2和PM10;从API指数检验结果看,SO2的模拟效果较好,而PM10模拟效果略差于SO2;从API指数分级检验结果看,SO2的模拟效果最好,PM10次之,而NO2预报结果最差。如果将模拟预报的结果与提前两天的观测值进行对比,预报的准确率会显著提升。总体上看,CAPPS-3空气质量预报系统运行效果良好,经订正后,该模式在奥运期间空气质量预报中得以应用,并取得了较好效果。     

2008年北京奥运交通限制效果的模式研究

利用美国国家环保署(EPA)开发的区域多尺度空气质量模式Models-3/CMAQ研究了北京城区奥运交通限行期间VOC、NOX和O3的浓度变化状况。结果表明:Models-3/CMAQ模式能够较好地反映VOC、NOX和O3浓度的变化趋势;交通限行造成的机动车排放源削减使北京奥运期间大气VOC浓度平均减少约12%,NOX浓度平均减少约21%,而O3浓度则平均增加约22%。     

城市空气污染预报系统CAPPS2.0在辽宁的应用及检验

在利用CAPPS2.0进行空气质量自动化预报的前期工作中,为了验证模式的准确性,对辽宁省14个主要城市2003年1月的31 d、4月、7月和10月各12 d作出了模拟,分别得到各城市SO2、NO2和PM10的污染指数预报值。将各污染指数每天模拟的预报值与实际监测值进行对比,发现春、夏、秋季的预报效果非常好,而冬季预报值明显偏高。对预报值与监测值的相关性检验表明两者相关性非常显著,冬季预报值出现的是一个系统误差,可以通过修改模式进行订正。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on