青藏高原气象要素场低频特征及其与夏季区域降水的关系

利用１９９５～１９９８年中日季风实验期间拉萨等４个高原自动天气站观测资料,结合１９９５／１９９６年ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ逐日资料,研究了青藏高原气象要素场低频位相结构特征及其与我国夏季不同区域降水的关系。发现夏季低频感热和低频潜热具有同位相３０～５０d振荡,当低频感热增强,则同期高原降水量减少;反之,则高原降水量增加,代频 纬向风传播分析发同１９９５／１９９６年冬季高原是低频振荡的汇,２００ｈＰａ低频纬     

ENSO循环的两个不同位相期印度海洋表温度异常的特征分析

通过对ENSO循环的两个不同位相中印度洋地区海表温度变化特征的分析，指出印度洋地区的海温变化与赤道东太平洋地区的海温变化有较好 的相关关系，是ENSO循环的重要组成部分，对应于赤道东太平洋暖位相期，印度洋地区的海温分布为东冷西暖，与此相反，在赤道东太平洋冷位相，印度洋地区的温分布为东暖西冷，进一步的分析还发现，印度洋东，西部地区海温变化纬向差异最明显的区域位于印度洋赤道以南0－25℃附近，且这种差异具有明显的年季变化特征，在整个夏季风期间差异较大，而冬季风期间较小，其中冷位相期间的纬向差异比暖位相期间的纬向差异大，代表印度洋纬向差异的IDM（偶极指数）变化与赤道东太平洋地区的海温变化有很好的正相关关系。     

用一个简单海气耦合模式对20世纪90年代厄尔尼诺事件的预报试验

使用一个动力海洋与统计大气耦合的热带太平洋模式,对２０ 世纪９０ 年代的厄尔尼诺事件进行了数值模拟和预报。结果表明,模式能较好地再现３ 次暖事件的发展和演化过程,也能模拟１９９５／１９９６ 年的冷海温过程。预报试验的结果指出,２０ 世纪 ９０ 年代发生的厄尔尼诺事件具有其特殊性,很难在发展阶段作出准确预报,而一旦形成后,模式仍可对这类事件的成熟位相阶段作出大致提前 ６ 个月的有效预报。文中还用该模式对 １９９７ 年的热带太平洋海表温度作了预报试验,预测 １９９７ 年年底可能发生一次新的厄尔尼诺事件。关键词：２０ 世纪９０ 年代厄尔尼诺,简单海气耦合模式,预报试验。     

一九九五年异常气象的解析

一九九五年异常气象的解析孙福淑，张红，饶维平（吉林省气候资源开发中心，长春１３００６２）１引言１９９５年我省的气候十分异常，这是继１９９４年后我省人民再次经受了１９９５年复杂的异常天气。为了更好地掌握１９９５年异常气象情况，及时了解其出现时间与范围，...     

气温偏高农业受益异常浓雾交通受阻(1996年12月)

气温偏高农业受益异常浓雾交通受阻—１９９６年１２月—杨冰洁（国家气候中心，北京１０００８１）１９９６年１２月份，前期偏冷后期偏暖，月平均气温全国大部分地区正常或偏高，霜冻危害轻。全国大部地区降水偏少，华南大部地区干旱持续。我国东部地区出现大范围持续性...     

华南沿海近42年来的气候变化

运用华南沿海6个有代表性的气象观测站1958－1999年的气温与降水资料，对华南沿海地区近42年来的气候作了分析。结果结果：近42年来华南沿海地区气温呈上升趋势（0．188℃／10年），特别是90年代增温十分明显。1998年是近42年来华南沿海地区最暖的一年。以80年代中期为界将华南沿海地区近42年来的气候分为冷、暖两个阶段，则得到为冷期，后为暖期。降水量也呈上升趋势（29．46mm／10年）。     

资料

资料１９９５年２月５００ｈＰａ环流指数、环流特征量资料国家气候中。Ｃ气候预测室１９９５年２月亚洲地区逐日５００ｂＰａ西风环流指数中央气象台中期预报科１９９５年２月５００ｈＰａ平均高度、涡度距平的球函数展开系数、振幅、位相国家气象中。Ｃ资料室资料...     

1995～1996年冬季高原地区雪灾气候分析

分析了１９９５－１９９６年冬季我国高原东部地区形成雪灾的降水和平均环流异常的关系，以及雪灾与高原地我冬季降水气候振动及其背景关系。结果表明，高原雪灾和冬季降水从６０、７０年代至８０、９０年代有增多的趋势。     

冬季山东半岛局地性降水气候的形成

冬季山东半岛存在局地性降水,利用1965-2009年地面、高空观测站气象资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了山东半岛局地性降水与西风指数、气温年际变化的关系,并探讨了其气候形成机理。结果表明,冬季风下冷、暖位相此消彼长,形成了半岛地域性降水气候,其中冷流降雪是冷位相时最具代表性的。这一局地气候现象,除半岛局地海洋条件外,环...     

商丘地区小麦高产的气候因素及栽培技术

商丘地区小麦高产的气候因素及栽培技术冉宪忠阎世忠余卫东李兰真（商丘地区气象局·４７６０００）（睢县农业局１９９６年商丘地区小麦总产２２．５３亿ｋｇ,比１９９５年的１７．４亿ｋｇ增产５．１３亿ｋｇ,年递增率为２９．５％;平均亩产３００ｋｇ,比１９９５年...     

2010年秋、冬季节华北持续性干旱的气候成因分析

利用1951～2011年中国台站观测的逐日降水、温度和美国NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料, 本文分析2010年秋、冬季(11月至次年2月)发生在华北地区持续性干旱的大气环流和海温异常特征, 并讨论了北极涛动(AO)和La Ni?a事件对此次干旱事件的影响。分析表明, 2010年发生在华北秋、冬季节的持续性干旱是叠加在降水减少气候趋势之上的一次极端干旱事件, 但本次极端干旱事件主要成因是受到同期较强的AO负位相和La Ni?a事件共同的影响。统计发现:AO的负位相有利于乌拉尔山阻塞高压维持和发展, 而贝加尔湖上空出现负位势高度异常, 导致东亚中高纬度经向环流加强和冷空气向南侵袭。AO负位相可导致贝加尔湖上空气压场偏低并影响冷空气的路径和强度, 进而间接地导致华北地区的干冷气候, 而同期La Ni?a的海温异常分布导致西北太平洋副热带高压偏弱偏南, 抑制了西太平洋水汽向华北地区输送, 从而直接导致该地区的干旱。由于2010年AO负指数和La Ni?a事件较历史干旱年份表现出较强和长时间持续性, 从而导致了锋面位置位于华北以南和华北本次的持续性干旱事件。     

1999年全球重大气候事件概述

１９９９年,全球气候仍持续较常年偏暖。赤道中、东太平洋的强拉尼娜事件维持并发展,对全球特别是热带地区的气候产生了较明显的影响。欧洲、北冬季连续遭受暴风雪袭击,出现严寒天气,夏季又经受了高温热浪的袭击。全球许多地区暴雨频繁,亚洲南部、欧洲中部、北美南部、南美北部以及非洲的一些地区都遇到了严重的洪涝灾害;而北美中部、西亚等地却干旱少雨,发生了凡十年来最严重的旱灾。北美、南亚、澳大利亚东北部先后遭到罕见     

Northern poleward edge of regional Hadley cell over western Pacific during boreal winter: year-to-year variability,influence factors and associated winter climate anomalies

Compared to the zonal-mean Hadley cell (HC), our knowledge of the characteristics, influence factors and associated climate anomalies of the regional HC remains quite limited. Here, we examine interannual variability of the northern poleward HC edge over western Pacific (WPHCE) during boreal winter. Results suggest that interannual variability of the WPHCE is impacted by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Modoki, North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The WPHCE tends to shift poleward during negative phase of the ENSO Modoki, and positive phases of the NPO and NAO, which highlights not merely the tropical forcing but also the extratropical signals that modulate the WPHCE. ENSO modoki, NPO and NAO modulate the WPHCE via inducing atmospheric anomalies over the western North Pacific. We further investigate the climatic impacts of the WPHCE on East Asia. The poleward shift of the northern descending branch of the WPHC results in anomalous upward (downward) motions and upper-level divergence (convergence) anomalies over south-central China (northern East-Asia), leading to increased (decreased) rainfall there. Moreover, pronounced cold surface air temperature anomalies appear over south-central China when the sinking branch of the WPHC moves poleward. Based on the temperature diagnostic analysis, negative surface temperature tendency anomalies over central China are mostly attributable to the cold zonal temperature advection and ascent-induced adiabatic cooling, while the negative anomalies over South China are largely due to the cold meridional temperature advection. These findings could improve our knowledge of the WPHCE variability and enrich the knowledge of forcing factors for East Asian winter climate.

     

Exciting natural modes of variability by solar and volcanic forcing: idealized and realistic experiments

Using multi-millenium simulations performed with the three-dimensional climate model ECBILT-CLIO, we analyze how variations in the external forcing can excite low-frequency modes of climate variability. We find that prescribing an idealized, abrupt decrease in solar irradiance can trigger a large perturbation of the oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC) associated with a cooling of more than 5 °C in the North Atlantic over decades to centuries. Using more realistic scenarios that include the variations of solar irradiance and the influence of volcanic eruptions, such large perturbations of the THC are not triggered. Nevertheless, modifications of the forcing can strongly modify the probability of very cold years in the North Atlantic. During those cold years, sea-ice covers a large part of the Nordic Seas and the inflow of warm Atlantic waters at high latitudes is strongly reduced. Those processes induce a temporarily, strong local amplification of the forcing and generate modifications of the atmospheric conditions. Simulations of the last millenium climate using realistic forcing reveal that the probability to have such very cold years in the model is higher during the period AD 1300–1850 than during the first centuries of the second millenium or during the twentieth century. This might explain the higher variability observed during this period in some climate records in the Nordic Seas.     

Opposing Trends of Winter Cold Extremes over Eastern Eurasia and North America under Recent Arctic Warming

Under recent Arctic warming, boreal winters have witnessed severe cold surges over both Eurasia and North America, bringing about serious social and economic impacts. Here, we investigated the changes in daily surface air temperature (SAT) variability during the rapid Arctic warming period of 1988/89–2015/16, and found the daily SAT variance, mainly contributed by the sub-seasonal component, shows an increasing and decreasing trend over eastern Eurasia and North America, respectively. Increasing cold extremes (defined as days with daily SAT anomalies below 1.5 standard deviations) dominated the increase of the daily SAT variability over eastern Eurasia, while decreasing cold extremes dominated the decrease of the daily SAT variability over North America. The circulation regime of cold extremes over eastern Eurasia (North America) is characterized by an enhanced high-pressure ridge over the Urals (Alaska) and surface Siberian (Canadian) high. The data analyses and model simulations show the recent strengthening of the high-pressure ridge over the Urals was associated with warming of the Barents–Kara seas in the Arctic region, while the high-pressure ridge over Alaska was influenced by the offset effect of Arctic warming over the East Siberian–Chukchi seas and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)–like sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Pacific. The transition of the PDO-like SST anomalies from a positive to negative phase cancelled the impact of Arctic warming, reduced the occurrence of extreme cold days, and possibly resulted in the decreasing trend of daily SAT variability in North America. The multi-ensemble simulations of climate models confirmed the regional Arctic warming as the driver of the increasing SAT variance over eastern Eurasia and North America and the overwhelming effect of SST forcing on the decreasing SAT variance over North America. Therefore, the regional response of winter cold extremes at midlatitudes to the Arctic warming could be different due to the distinct impact of decadal SST anomalies.     

Influence of Atlantic sea surface temperatures on persistent drought in North America

This study investigates the relationship between North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) and persistent drought in North America using modern observations, proxy paleo-data, and simulations from multiple climate models. The observational results show that persistent droughts in the Great Plains and the southwest North America are closely related to multidecadal variations of North Atlantic SST (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations, AMO). During the AMO warm (cold) phases, most of North America is dry (wet). This relationship is persistent since at least 1567 AD, as based on proxy SST for the North Atlantic and the reconstructed drought index for North America. On centennial timescales, proxy SST records from the North Atlantic and proxy drought records for North America suggest that major periods of AMO-like warm (cold) SST anomalies during the last 7.0?ka correspond to dry (wet) conditions in the Great Plains. The influence of North Atlantic SST on North American droughts is examined using simulations made by five global climate models. When forced by warm North Atlantic SST anomalies, all models captured significant drying over North America, despite some regional differences. Specifically, dry summers in the Great Plains and the southwest North America are simulated by all models. The precipitation response to a cold North Atlantic is much weaker and contains greater disagreement among the models. Overall, the ensemble of the five models could well reproduce the statistical relationship between the dry/wet fluctuations in the North America and North Atlantic SST anomalies. Our results suggest that North Atlantic SSTs are likely a major driver of decadal and centennial timescale circulation, including droughts, in North America. Possible mechanisms that connect North Atlantic SST with North American drought, as well as interactions between North Atlantic and tropical Pacific SST and their relative roles on drought are also discussed.     

Can Eurasia Experience a Cold Winter under a Third-Year La Ni?a in 2022/23?

The Northern Hemisphere(NH) often experiences frequent cold air outbreaks and heavy snowfalls during La Ni?a winters. In 2022, a third-year La Ni?a event has exceeded both the oceanic and atmospheric thresholds since spring and is predicted to reach its mature phase in December 2022. Under such a significant global climate signal, whether the Eurasian Continent will experience a tough cold winter should not be assumed, despite the direct influence of mid-to high-latitude,large-scale atmospheric ...     

80年代以来华北地区气候和水量变化的分析研究

选用华北地区１９８０￣１９９６年９个水文站点的月流量资料,同时选取该区域４２个气象站的月降水、气温和山高桥公式计算的蒸发资料,利用ＥＯＦ对华北地区缺测的月流量进行插值并对该地区气候变化和水资源的关系进行了分析研究。结果表明,基于ＥＯＦ的插值方法能较好获得月流量缺测值。暖干少水,冷湿多水是８０年代以来华北地区月气候变化的主导类型。冬春暖（冷）则夏湿（干）多（少）水是８０年代以来华北地区年气候变化的主     

1999年气候对棉花主要害虫发生发展的影响

1999年全疆棉花早害轻至中度发生，其中南疆重于北疆。本文从气候角度分析认为：北疆初霜异常提前，不利于害虫繁殖。南疆秋季气温明显偏高，有利于增加害虫越冬基数；暖冬有利于害虫越冬；春季回寒天气多而强，对棉虫发生极为不利；夏季北疆降水偏多，不利于害虫发生，南疆气候对害虫发生较为有利。     

2021: A Year of Unprecedented Climate Extremes in Eastern Asia,North America,and Europe

The year 2021 was recorded as the 6th warmest since 1880. In addition to large-scale warming, 2021 will be remembered for its unprecedented climate extremes. Here, a review of selected high-impact climate extremes in 2021, with a focus on China, along with an extension to extreme events in North America and Europe is presented. Nine extreme events that occurred in 2021 in China are highlighted, including a rapid transition from cold to warm extremes and sandstorms in spring, consecutive drought in South China and severe thunderstorms in eastern China in the first half of the year, extremely heavy rainfall over Henan Province and Hubei Province during summer, as well as heatwaves, persistent heavy rainfall, and a cold surge during fall. Potential links of extremes in China to four global-scale climate extremes and the underlying physical mechanisms are discussed here, providing insights to understand climate extremes from a global perspective. This serves as a reference for climate event attribution, process understanding, and high-resolution modeling of extreme events.