STUDY ON THE MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY USING FY-3 MWRI BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE DATA

A technique for estimating tropical cyclone (TC) intensity over the Western North Pacific utilizing FY-3 Microwave Imager (MWRI) data is developed. As a first step, we investigated the relationship between the FY-3 MWRI brightness temperature (TB) parameters, which are computed in concentric circles or annuli of different radius in different MWRI frequencies, and the TC maximum wind speed (Vmax) from the TC best track data. We found that the parameters of lower frequency channels’ minimum TB, mean TB and ratio of pixels over the threshold TB with a radius of 1.0 or 1.5 degrees from the center give higher correlation. Then by applying principal components analysis (PCA) and multiple regression method, we established an estimation model and evaluated it using independent verification data, with the RMSE being 13 kt. The estimated Vmax is always stronger in the early stages of development, but slightly weaker toward the mature stage, and a reversal of positive and negative bias takes place with a boundary of around 70 kt. For the TC that has a larger error, we found that they are often with less organized and asymmetric cloud pattern, so the classification of TC cloud pattern will help improve the acuracy of the estimated TC intensity, and with the increase of statistical samples the accuracy of the estimated TC intensity will also be improved.     

基于仿真的6.9 GHz通道亮温改进FY-3D MWRI海面温度产品

海洋表面温度SST（Sea Surface Temperature）是全球海洋和气候研究的重要参数之一，卫星被动微波遥感由于能够实现全天候观测而被越来越多的应用到SST研究中。中国的风云三号（FY 3）卫星搭载的微波成像仪（MWRI）缺少对SST更加敏感的7 GHz附近垂直极化通道，本研究将FY 3 MWRI与具有6.9 GHz通道的Aqua AMSR 2进行时空匹配，采用神经网络方法，利用匹配的FY 3 MWRI的通道亮温模拟仿真AMSR 2的69 GHz垂直极化通道亮温（6.9V），通过引入仿真的6.9V来提高FY 3 MWRI SST的反演精度。结果表明：引入仿真的6.9V可以改进FY 3 MWRI SST反演精度，对35°～90°S之间海域的SST改进更加显著，主要由于6.9V对低SST的探测灵敏度更高且在低SST反演时受风速的影响较小导致的。如果FY3后续卫星可以搭载6.9 GHz通道，将可进一步提升低SST特别是两极SST的反演精度。     

FY-3微波成像仪10.6 GHz通道超分辨率图像重建

为改善风云三号 (FY-3) 微波成像仪10.6 GHz通道空间分辨率,提出利用超分辨率图像重建算法进行图像重建。分析并指出FY-3微波成像仪10.6 GHz通道具有过采样特征,具备重建得到高于瞬时视场图像的潜力;基于超分辨率图像重建理论,根据FY-3气象卫星轨道、姿态,微波成像仪性能参数以及工作模式等物理约束,建立微波成像仪的超分辨率成像模型,并推导计算出超分辨率成像模型参数;采用POCS算法重建得到10.6 GHz通道的超分辨率图像,采用目视比较分析、图像统计分析对重建图像进行质量评价:重建图像像元平均梯度提高26.5%,功率谱分量和提高5.7%,重建图像具有更高的空间分辨率;台风亮温分析应用显示了从重建图像可发现更微小的景物细节目标。采用超分辨率图像重建算法对FY-3微波成像仪10.6 GHz通道进行重建处理,结果有效且正确,可为数据用户提供更多可用的遥感数据,对微波遥感数据应用具有提升作用。     

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF SEA SURFACE WIND OVER THE QIONGZHOU STRAIT

The spatial variation and diurnal fluctuation of sea surface wind over the Qiongzhou Strait were described using verified datasets from automatic weather stations on board a ferry, buoys, and on the coast. Results are as follows: (1) On average, sea surface wind speed is 3–4 m/s larger over the Qiongzhou Strait than in the coastal area. Sea surface wind speeds of 8.0 m/s or above (on Beaufort scale five) in the coastal area are associated with speeds 5–6 m/s greater over the surface of the Qiongzhou Strait. (2) Gust coefficients for the Qiongzhou Strait decrease along with increasing wind speeds. When coastal wind speed is less than scale five, the average gust coefficient over the sea surface is between 1.4 and 1.5; when wind speed is equal to scale five or above, the average gust coefficient is about 1.35. (3) In autumn and winter, the diurnal differences of average wind speed and wind consistency over the strait are less than those in the coastal area; when wind speed is 10.8 m/s (scale six) or above, the diurnal difference of average wind speed decreases while wind consistency increases for both the strait and the coast.     

环渤海海域卫星反演风与站点观测风对比分析

选用了布设在渤海海域的浮标、平台、海岛共计18个站点,利用COARE算法进行站点风速的高度修正,对ASCAT卫星反演风与三类站点风进行对比分析。统计检验结果表明,卫星风与站点风相比,整体上卫星风速比站点风速大。浮标与卫星的风速差最小,而平台和海岛与卫星的风速差较大。风向对比结果显示,卫星风与站点风的风向平均偏差都很小,但均方根偏差却比较大。随着风速的增加,三类站点的风速平均偏差都是由大到小变化,由正值变化为负值,弱风速的时候卫星风速大于站点风速,高风速的时候卫星风速小于站点风速;风速的均方根偏差则相对稳定。卫星风与站点风的风向均方根偏差随着风速的增加而减小,在不同的方向上,风速偏差和风向偏差等统计量的区别较小。随季节的变化中,平台和海岛站的风速与卫星风速的平均偏差秋冬季大而春夏季小。     

Insights into the Microwave Instruments Onboard the Fengyun 3DSatellite: Data Quality and Assimilation in theMet Office NWP System

正1Met Office, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK2National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China     

星载双频风场雷达热带气旋降雨区测风模拟

基于大气辐射传输理论分别建立Ku波段和C波段的降雨模型,模拟热带气旋降雨区洋面的雷达回波并反演了洋面10 m风场,用于研究降雨对测风的影响以及风云三号双频风场雷达 (WFR) 的测风能力。分析表明:回波的衰减或增强取决于降雨衰减项和后向散射项的相对大小;热带气旋的降雨使反演风速偏小,风向精度降低,Ku波段相对于C波段更易受影响,在高风速 (超过30 m·s-1) 条件下,可达5~20 m·s-1的负风速偏差。反演结果表明:双频反演的新方法能够结合Ku波段与C波段的优势,双频最大似然估计 (MLE) 方法在分辨率上优于C波段单频反演,相对Ku单频反演能降低降雨对测风的衰减作用,结合双频MLE方法和C波段单频反演优势的分区反演方法可以显著减小降雨偏差,提高风速反演精度,在有风云三号湿度计同步观测的条件下,是提高热带气旋降雨区测风精度的有效手段。     

FY-3B/VIRR海表温度算法改进及精度评估

该文介绍了卫星观测海表温度 (SST) 算法的发展历程,给出了所用SST算法的回归模型,并在FY-3B/VIRR业务SST算法的基础上进行了改进。基于NOAA-19/AVHRR匹配数据集,进行多算法建模分析及精度评估,白天最优算法为非线性SST (NL) 算法,夜间最优算法为三通道SST (TC) 算法,最优算法的确定与NESDIS/STAR一致。建立2012年8月—2013年3月FY-3B/VIRR匹配数据集,并在此基础上进行多算法回归建模及精度评估,白天和夜间的最优均为NL算法,分析发现夜间TC算法采用匹配数据集版本2(MDB_V2) 时,3.7 μm通道存在类似百叶窗的条带现象。以2012年10—12月FY-3B/VIRR匹配数据集计算回归系数,以2013年1—3月独立样本进行精度评估,与浮标SST相比,NL算法白天和夜间的均方根误差分别为0.41℃和0.43℃。与日平均最优插值海温 (OISST) 相比,NL算法白天和夜间的均方根误差分别为1.45℃和1.5℃; 选择与OISST偏差在2℃以内的样本,NL算法白天和夜间均方根误差分别为0.82℃和0.84℃。     

利用FY-2C卫星数据反演云辐射特性

本文利用FY-2C静止卫星提供的可见光、中红外和热红外观测数据, 开展了水云光学厚度、粒子有效半径和云顶温度的云参数遥感探测理论和反演方法研究。基于FY-2C可见光、中红外(3.75 μm)与热红外(11 μm)通道辐射率对云光学厚度、 云滴有效半径、云顶温度辐射参数的敏感性分析, 提出三通道同时反演云的光学厚度、云滴有效半径及云顶温度的迭代方案; 通过个例分析进行了云参数反演试验, 并将结果与MODIS的云反演产品进行了对比, 最后对反演误差进行了分析。主要结论如下:(1) 个例反演得到的云参数与各通道探测数据有着较好的对应关系, 迭代计算标准偏差在允许的计算精度范围内(<0.89%), 反演结果具有合理性; (2) 通过与MODIS云反演产品的对比可以看到, 两者云光学厚度、云滴有效半径的均值和直方图分布都非常一致, 而MODIS的云顶温度比FY-2C反演值要高, 考虑到FY-2C的 11 μm通道测量的辐射值与MODIS相比偏小, 因此认为我们的反演方法与MODIS方法的精度是相当的。     

先进技术微波探测仪(ATMS)云液态水路径算法评估

云液态水路径是气候和天气系统分析的重要参数,可以从卫星观测资料反演获得.目前,基于卫星微波探测仪器观测资料的云水算法可由23.8和31.4 GHz两个通道产生.本研究使用先进技术微波探测仪(ATMS)观测数据,对物理和经验两种算法反演出的云液态水路径进行验证评估.结果表明,经验算法和物理算法都可以描述云液态水在全球洋面...     

Retrieval of Sea Surface Wind Speed by One-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Microwave Radiometer

One-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution and record measurements at multiple incidence angles. In this paper, we propose a multiple linear regression method to retrieve sea surface wind speed at an incidence angle between 0° ~65°. We assume that a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer operates at frequencies of 6.9, 10.65, 18.7, 23.8 and 36.5 GHz. Then, the microwave radiative transfer forward model is used to simulate the measured brightness temperatures. The sensitivity of the brightness temperatures at 0°~65° to the sea surface wind speed is calculated. Then, vertical polarization channels(VR), horizontal polarization channels(HR) and all channels(AR) are used to retrieve the sea surface wind speed via a multiple linear regression algorithm at 0° ~65°, and the relationship between the retrieval error and incidence angle is obtained. The results are as follows:(1) The sensitivity of the vertical polarization brightness temperature to the sea surface wind speed is smaller than that of the horizontal polarization.(2) The retrieval error increases with Gaussian noise. The retrieval error of VR first increases and then decreases with increasing incidence angle, the retrieval error of HR gradually decreases with increasing incidence angle, and the retrieval error of AR first decreases and then increases with increasing incidence angle.(3) The retrieval error of AR is the lowest and it is necessary to retrieve the sea surface wind speed at a larger incidence angle for AR.     

风云三号气象卫星数据传输体制分析

风云三号气象卫星 (FY-3) 是我国的新一代太阳同步轨道气象卫星, 其星-地数据传输体制采用了国际空间数据系统咨询委员会 (CCSDS) 推荐使用的先进在轨系统 (AOS) 规约和数据结构, 采用R-S编码和卷积编码级联的编码方式, 使用了L波段和X波段同时广播的方式。该文分析了FY-3星地数据传输体制, 将FY-3的传输体制与国外同类卫星传输体制进行了比较分析, 给出了FY-3的传输体制与风云一号 (FY-1) 的差别, 在此基础上提出了我国下一代气象卫星地面站建设的基本策略。     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SEA SURFACE WIND ALONG THE COAST OF GUANGDONG PROVINCE IN CHINA

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of sea surface wind in Guangdong''s coastal areas were analyzed with data from four offshore observational stations between 2012 and 2015. The results are shown as follows: (1) The probability distribution of wind speed was basically consistent with Gaussian distribution characteristics; winds of Beaufort force 6 or higher were observed mainly in far offshore stations from October to March. (2) The probability distribution of wind direction was represented well by Weibull distribution. The deviation of wind direction of far station was relatively small for it was mainly controlled by monsoon over the South China Sea, while the near offshore station had a relatively large diurnal variation because of the influence of local synoptic systems such as sea-land breeze. (3) There were significant seasonal differences in wind speed and direction observed by different offshore observational stations. In strong wind seasons, the deviation of wind direction was relatively small while the deviation of wind speed was relatively large, and vice versa. In contrast with Class I station, the other three stations exhibited approximately normal distribution of wind direction and wind speed deviations. (4) Wind direction diurnal variation was moderate in windy periods, while it was obvious in relatively lower speed conditions. The deviation of wind speed in windy periods was generally greater because it was influenced by mesoscale weather systems for 10-20 h, and the influence was complicated, resulting in greater local differences in wind speed.     

基于北斗反射信号的支持向量回归机海面风速反演研究

随着全球导航卫星系统的发展,一种基于导航卫星反射信号(GNSS-R)的海洋遥感技术成为近年来研究的热点。为研究GNSS-R测风方法,分析了海面风速与反射信号时延功率之间的关系,同时结合机器学习方法中的支持向量回归机方法,将反射信号时延功率作为训练标签,最终完成海面风速的反演。将"北斗反射信号海风海浪探测系统——山东示范站"项目期间海风海浪系统的探测结果与同期风速仪探测结果进行对比分析,结果表明,两者具有很好的一致性,海面风速的反演精度为2.4 m/s,证明了基于北斗反射信号的支持向量回归机海面测风方法是可行的。     

概率密度匹配方法在我国近海海面10 m风速预报中的应用

海面风速对航运及海上生产作业影响重大,但数值模式对于海面的风速预报仍存在较大误差。为降低数值模式海面10 m风速预报的系统性误差,提高海上大风预报准确率,基于2017—2019年中国气象局地面气象观测资料对ECMWF确定性模式的10 m风场预报结果进行检验评估,并采用概率密度匹配方法对模式误差进行订正。分析结果表明,概率密度匹配方法可有效地改善数值模式10 m风速预报的系统性误差,订正后风速在各个预报时效和风速量级的平均误差均较订正前有所降低。对于大量级风速的预报,经概率密度匹配方法订正后的风速预报的漏报率可减少10%以上。订正后12 h预报时效的8、9级风速预报的平均绝对误差分别由4.15 m/s、5.61 m/s降低至3.12 m/s、4.08 m/s,120 h预报时效的8、9级风速预报的平均绝对误差由7.38 m/s、9.35 m/s减小至6.46 m/s、8.07 m/s。在冷空气、台风大风天气过程中,基于概率密度匹配方法订正后的风速与实况观测更接近,能够为我国近海洋面10 m风速的预报提供更准确的参考。      

高分辨率合成孔径雷达卫星反演风场资料在中国近海风能资源评估中的应用研究

由于海上测风非常昂贵,实地测风资料严重不足,而卫星反演海面风场资料可以有效地弥补这一缺陷,对近海风能资源评估具有至关重要的意义。近年来,欧洲太空局2002年3月发射的Envisat卫星搭载合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像产品在欧洲近海风能资源评估中得到了广泛应用。文中探讨了空间分辨率约1 km×1 km的SAR卫星反演海面风场资料应用于杭州湾近海风能资源评估的技术方法,通过杭州湾海域的实测风速与SAR卫星反演海面风速数据的对比分析发现：（1）14个实测站点中13个站的相对误差小于20%,其中7个站的相对误差小于10%,平均标准差为2.29 m/s;（2）以SAR卫星反演风速数据为基础计算的风能参数（形状参数和尺度参数）与实测数据计算结果的一致性较高;（3）将该数据同化进入WRF数值模式中,与控制试验相比,大部分检验站点的风速相关系数明显提高,标准差和相对误差也得到改善。SAR卫星反演风场资料可用于中国的近海风能资源评估。     

风云二号卫星的冰云光学厚度反演偏差分析

冰云的微物理特性参数反演是云参数反演的难点和热点问题,目前风云二号(FY-2)卫星还没有相关的业务产品。考虑薄卷云覆盖在中低云上的两层云情况,采用六棱柱形状的冰云,在云相态识别基础上,利用FY-2 卫星观测数据,采用双通道算法反演冰云光学厚度。选取2013年8月的EOS/Terra和EOS/Aqua云参数产品对反演的FY-2云光学厚度精度进行比对分析。研究结果表明,联合FY-2的可见光通道和中波红外通道可反演冰云光学厚度。基于匹配得到的34个分析个例,FY-2反演的云光学厚度分布态势与EOS/ MODIS云产品相同,但FY-2云光学厚度反演值小于EOS/MODIS 云光学厚度产品值。FY-2 反演云光学厚度与EOS/MODIS云光学厚度产品的平均偏差为6.41,相关系数平均为0.92,线性拟合平均斜率为0.74。FY-2 与EOS/MODIS云光学厚度值偏差出现原因除了反演算法存在差异外,与反演所用数据的不同存在密切关系,基础观测数据越相近,FY-2 与EOS/MODIS云光学厚度反演结果的偏差越小。     

近10年台湾海峡海面风场的时空特征变化动态分析

利用台湾海峡ASCAT海面风场数据和气象观测资料,通过EOF和统计方法综合分析台湾海峡海面风场2007—2017年10年的时空模态变化特征,使用Mann-Kendall法和滑动t-检验法对10年间海面风速进行突变检验,对台湾海峡海面风场季节变化时空特征进行分析研究。(1) “狭管效应”在台湾海峡海面风场上呈现明显的季节性特征,其中春季、秋季和冬季海面风场季节性特征显著,夏季表现不明显。受台湾岛地形和季风环流影响,台湾岛南北两端海面易出现风速增强的角流区,岛中央山脉背风区易出现低风速尾流区。(2) 10年间台湾海峡海面月平均风场EOF空间模态受台湾岛地形影响显著,台湾海峡海域为异常值偏差中心,易发生风速突然增幅和风向改变。时间模态大体表现为季节性振荡型变化,振幅在10年中表现为不活跃,呈逐年递减趋势。(3) Mann-Kendall法和滑动t-检验法等方法的突变检验结果表明风速并未发生显著性突变,10年间台湾海峡海面风速特征表现为从正相位向负相位的改变,且随着趋势持续加大,将可能发生风速突变。      

Growing Operational Use of FY-3 Data in the ECMWF System

This paper reviews the data quality and impact of observations from the FY-3 satellite series used operationally in the ECMWF system. This includes data from the passive microwave radiometers MWHS-1, MWHS-2 and MWRI, as well as observations from the radio occultation receiver GNOS. Evaluations against background equivalents show that the quality of the observations is broadly comparable to that of similar instruments on other polar-orbiting satellites, even though biases for the passive microwave observations can be somewhat larger and more complex for some channels. An observing system experiment shows that the FY-3 instruments jointly contribute significantly to the forecast skill in the ECMWF system. Positive impact of up to 2% is seen for most variables out to the day-2 forecasts over hemispheric scales, with significant benefits for total column water vapor or for temperature and wind in the stratosphere out to day 4.     

FY-3A陆表温度反演及高温天气过程动态监测

采用FY-3A/VIRR数据,利用Becker局地分裂窗改进算法反演得到逐日陆表温度 (LST), 对2009年一次高温天气过程进行动态监测, 并分析不同下垫面的热环境变化。结果显示:此过程中可见光红外扫描辐射计 (VIRR) 陆表温度产品在敦煌辐射校正场地两次验证的误差为-0.17 K和1.77 K,与同时间过境的MODIS产品均方根误差为2.64 K,直方图对比陆表温度的频数分布基本一致;对高温天气过程监测发现,此次出现以华北的石家庄、郑州、北京等地和西北地区东部的西安等地为中心的两个陆表温度高值区, 部分地区达到了320.2 K以上;城市剖面资料证实城市热岛现象存在,并发现工矿用地的热岛效应不容忽视,主要是大面积的工矿用地周围植被破坏严重,地表增温更为显著。