数字式雹雨分测仪的研制

重点介绍了数字式雹雨分测仪的工作原理:通过过滤的方式成功将冰雹和雨滴分离,再利用阿基米德定律测算出降雹量。该仪器充分利用了雨量测量、GPRS数据传输、太阳能供电等先进技术,具有全自动、数字化特点及良好的组网能力。经实际野外试验观测表明,该仪器性能稳定,使用便捷。通过野外试验观测数据分析,数字式雹雨分测仪观测的雨量与其他仪器观测的雨量相比,误差在可接受范围内。由于该仪器能够实时观测到降雹量,为冰雹的观测研究提供了仪器支持。     

全自动雹雨分测计的研制

介绍了全自动雹雨分测计的工作原理、结构及野外预测情况,并讨论了仪器的误差。结果表明,仪器性能稳定,所取得的资料对研究冰雹的生成及检验防雹效果都有重要的参考价值。     

降雹类型及相关因子的分布特征

通过对全自动雹雨分测计所测16次降雹天气系统自记纸做雹雨分档、同步读数分析,得到5种降雹类型及相关因子的分布特征:(1)降雹强度特大类;(2)降雹强度中小类;(3)降雹总量特大且具有毁灭性灾害类;(4)雹量成脉冲式涌动;(5)降雹云系弱、持续时间长、降雹量小及强度弱。这对研究冰雹云的结构、雹胚的生成起引导作用,为模拟冰雹生成和落地提供了观测数据。     

定量检查人工防雹效果的必备仪器雹雨分测自记仪已获国家专利

河北省气象科学研究所和张家口地区气象局的同志共同研制的雹雨分测自记仪已获国家专利,填补了我国人工防雹观测仪器中的一项空白。该仪器能够准确地将降雹降雨的起止时间记录下来,并能有效地将雹、雨分开并进行     

微型智能气象站降雨观测对比试验北大核心CSCD

为了增强对微型(一体式)智能气象站(简称微智站)测雨性能的认识,2021年6—11月河北雄安新区气象局开展了不同测雨原理微智站的对比试验。分析表明:过程雨量不低于10 mm时,翻斗式微智站相对于标准站能够满足观测误差的控制要求,雷达式微智站测值偏大,光电式和压电式微智站测值偏小;过程雨量小于10 mm时,翻斗式微智站和压电式微智站相对于标准站能够满足观测误差的控制要求,雷达式微智站测值偏大,光电式微智站测值偏小。在雨强方面,双翻斗式微智站适合降雨极大值观测,光电式微智站和压电式微智站降雨极大值测值偏小;微智站雨强累积占比大于95%的雨强为[0.3 mm·min^(-1),0.6 mm·min^(-1)],雨量累积占比大于50%的雨强为[0.1 mm·min^(-1),0.4 mm·min^(-1)]。雷达式微智站对降雨响应比较快。微智站雨量传感器的分辨力越精细,对细微降雨观测越有效,有效降雨率也越大。     

翻斗式遥测雨量计

测雨翻斗是目前用于有线或无线遥测雨量的主要测量元件。它具有结构简单、牢固可靠,易于维修和省电等优点,其缺点是精度差。已设计定型的翻斗式遥测雨量计针对这一缺点已作了某些改进。     

SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器测量误差试验分析

基于SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器的结构原理进行测量误差分析。根据传感器翻斗承水量的不同,采用模拟降水试验的方法比对降水误差,得到在大、小雨强(1mm/min和4mm/min)下计量10mm降水量时的上翻斗与计量翻斗合适的比例关系,从而使得测量误差最小且两种雨强下测量误差一致性最好。结果表明:10mm降水计量,上翻斗与计量翻斗翻动次数的比例关系为9∶10最合适。比例关系的确定为双翻斗雨量传感器的超差调整提供了技术参考和依据,为雨量观测数据的准确可靠提供了保障。     

微波主被动联合测雨的应用研究

通过雷达-辐射计联合测雨的野外试验,本文用较多的实例对比表明,该方法的精度相对单部雷达测雨方法有明显改善.文章同时分析了联合测雨法的主要误差来源,还指出需要对无雨背景亮温T_(bs)的确定作恰当的选择,以及需对雷达回波垂直结构的不均匀性予以重视,并作适当订正等.本工作对主被动联合遥感降水分布的实际应用将提供有价值的参考.     

两种翻斗式雨量传感器原理及常见故障分析

摘要：开展新观测仪器的研究应用,优化观测仪器设计是气象业务发展需求,也是提高气象观测数据质量的有效手段。通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器和DSDZ3型智能翻斗雨量测量仪传感器结构、原理进行比较,结合两类雨量传感器常见故障,分析两类雨量传感器各自优势和存在的不足,总结常见故障处理方法,为雨量传感器改进和从事气象站保障工作的同行提供借鉴和参考。结果表明：两种雨量传感器原理相同,校准和误差调节方法相似; SL3-1型雨量传感器结构简易,便于维护,但不能及时发现堵塞、干簧管老化等问题;DSDZ3型智能翻斗式雨量测量仪具有自检功能,可实时监控传感器状态,及时发现故障并处理,有效提高观测数据质量,但其结构复杂,维护及故障处理难度较大。     

自记与自动观测降雨量的差异及相关分析

利用2004—2007年同时使用雨量计（自记）与雨量传感器（自动）观测的54站其中1年的平行观测日降雨量资料,通过对比差值、相关系数分析两者的差异及相关性。结果表明：双翻斗式遥测雨量计自记观测比双翻斗雨量传感器自动观测的日降雨量平均偏小0.12 mm,标准差为0.93 mm。虹吸式雨量计自记观测比双翻斗雨量传感器自动观测的日降雨量平均偏小0.39 mm,标准差为1.5 mm。自动观测降雨量对雨日有一定的影响,两者存在一定的系统偏差。双翻斗式遥测雨量计、虹吸式雨量计与双翻斗雨量传感器观测日降雨量的相关系数分别为0.996和0.994,虹吸式雨量计、双翻斗式遥测雨量计自记观测与人工观测降雨量的相关系数分别为0.98和0.95。     

江苏北部龙卷雷达组网探测策略

为了探测、分析和研究尺度小、生命史短、致灾重的龙卷等强对流天气三维精细化垂直结构及演变规律,江苏正在龙卷易发区苏北平原建设高时空分辨率的双偏振雷达网。本文为支撑苏北龙卷雷达网建设,从龙卷雷达组网的必要性出发,重点分析苏北龙卷雷达组网策略。研究表明:(1)苏北龙卷雷达网拟采用大天线、全固态、高性能技术指标的X波段双偏振雷达组网,采用不同的观测模式,可获得空间一致性好、时空分辨率高且丰富的探测数据,满足龙卷等强对流天气的快速、精细化探测要求。此外,采用较高的脉冲重复频率等扩展测速范围,解决X波段雷达速度模糊问题。(2)经理论计算与比较,苏北龙卷雷达网可采用正三角形组网拓扑结构,取累计空间密度值90%,雷达间距为60km时,波束直径b_s特征值为282.0m,最低波束高度b_h特征值为52.6m,探测灵敏度Z_(min)特征值为2.7dB;X波段雷达组网与S波段业务雷达相比,在60km探测距离处,其波束直径减小了约2倍,0°仰角盲区高度降低了约1.5倍,探测灵敏度降低了2.4dB。即在方位分辨率、探测盲区、弱回波探测能力、数据空间一致性等方面均得到提升,可提供更多低于1km、甚至百米的高时空分辨率的雷达资料,便于捕捉龙卷等强对流天气。(3)苏北龙卷雷达网在盐都、阜宁、大丰、宝应、兴化(龙卷易发区),各布设一部固定式X波段全固态双偏振多普勒天气雷达。综合考虑在苏北平原雷达选址的各种因素,最终雷达网基本单元拟采用近似正三角形(N=3,L=45～65km)的拓扑结构。5部高时空分辨率的龙卷探测雷达组成3个近似正三角形的单元,镶嵌在S波段雷达业务网内(盐城、淮安、泰州雷达中间)。后续可进一步增加雷达数量及拓宽观测区域,例如在高邮等龙卷易发地区,可增补X波段天气雷达或C波段相控阵天气雷达。     

自动气象站综合探测网的构建

简要介绍了我国地面气象观测中并存的两种类型自动气象站组网模式,分析了两种组网模式的产生背景、现状,以及两种组网模式在提高地面气象观测网密度、自动化程度和观测精度方面所发挥的重要作用。根据两种组网模式在2004年以来江西省的实际应用情况,对遇到的自动站资料综合应用、综合观测系统的设计问题,提出了建立综合探测网,利用多种探测资料同化形成气象再分析场,从而为中尺度强对流天气预警监测提供服务的设想。     

河北省加密自动气象监测网络系统

从加密自动气象站监测网络系统的组网方式、通信传输方式、信息流量以及其运行情况等几个方面,介绍河北省气象部门已经布成的加密自动气象站监测网络系统,加密自动气象站子站构件的组成部分和简要的原理。加密自动气象站监测网络系统是河北省气象局新开展的一项对气象要素(目前只是温度和降水)进行加密监测的业务系统,它弥补了河北省境内监测站点疏稀的不足,提高了河北省中尺度数值预报模式预报的准确率,系统采集数据的实时性大大地提高了对灾害性天气过程的监测、预报和决策服务的水平。     

地面大气电场资料在强对流天气预报中的应用

利用大气电场仪对2008年6～10月天津地面大气电场变化进行连续监测。讨论晴空、稳定型降水、飑线和暴雨天气下地面大气电场强度特点,结合新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和闪电定位资料,对2008年9月4日飑线过程和2008年7月14日暴雨过程进行分析。结果发现:大气电场仪曲线在雷暴发生前15～50min剧烈变化,在强对流天气的雷电监测中有明显的指示作用。结合雷达资料和闪电定位仪资料能够提高雷电预警和短时临近预报的准确率,多站点的大气电场仪数据能够扩大雷暴监测范围并且判断雷暴云移动路径。     

What Do the Cited and Citing Environments Reveal about Advances in Atmospheric Physics

The networking status of journals reflects their academic influence among peer journals. This paper analyzes the cited and citing environments of this journal, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (Adv. Atmos. Sci.), using methods from social network analysis. Since its initial publication, Adv. Atmos. Sci. has been actively participating in the international journal environment and international journals are frequently cited in Adv. Atmos. Sci. Particularly, this journal is intensely interrelated with its international peer journals in terms of their similar citing patterns. The international influence of Adv. Atmos. Sci. is comparatively bigger than other Chinese SCI journals in atmospheric sciences as reffected by total cites to Adv. Atmos. Sci. and the total number of international journals citing it. The academic visibility of Adv. Atmos. Sci. is continuing to improve in the international research community as the number of reference citation it receives in its peer journals internationally increases over time.     

边界层风廓线雷达在降水时段中的在线分析应用研究

本研究提出了一种在边界层风廓线雷达连续运行的降水探测时段中对降水频谱进行在线分析的新的应用方式。详细介绍了边界层风廓线雷达在线分析原理和方法。同时结合典型降水频谱个例,分析了可获得的多个潜在的气象参数和信息。并指出,该在线分析方式的实施可以使风廓线雷达的应用领域从晴空探测向降水测量拓展;有效缓解当前风廓线雷达应用存在的瓶颈问题;间接证明边界层风廓线雷达组网间距不固定的观点。文章分析说明,随着在线分析方式的推广应用,边界层风廓线雷达将成为单站精细化气象探测和预报/服务的重要工具。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.