断层滑动速率,地震重复时间和平均应力降

本文综述了国内外大地震复发间隔研究的现状，系统整理了中国大陆活断层滑运速率，已发现的古地震遗迹及古地震复发间隔，结果表明，在滑动速率较在的活断层发现的古地震复发间隔较短，Ｋａｎａｍｏｒｉ和Ａｌｌｅ（１９８５）研究了具有大范围重复时间（２０年到几千年）的板内大地震的震源参数，发现复发间隔较长的大地震具有较高的平均应力降，我们在实验室内研究了应变速率不同时固体围压三轴压缩下完整花岗岩破裂后的粘滑现象。     

地震重复间隔及震时位移与无震位移比值的实验研究

了解地区地震重复间隔对地震区划与地震预报均十分重要。鉴于在自然条件下研究地震重复间隔的艰巨性,本文利用实验方法探讨影响粘滑事件重复时间间隔的因素。实验表明,粘滑事件在一定条件下具有准周期性。岩性、围压和应变速率不同,事件的周期不同。高围压下周期长。应变速率对粘滑事件周期的影响较复杂,在100MPa围压下,位移速率变化,每次事件的位移量不变。在300 MPa围压下,由于位移速率减慢,每次事件的位移量增大。 定义一个事件过程中震时位移量和无震位移量之和为全过程总位移量,并且定义α为震时位移量与总位移量之比值。实验表明,每次粘滑事件中存在无震位移量。微密岩石的α值比疏松岩石的大;同种岩石高围压下α值比低围压下小;断面上随着粘滑次数增多,α值变大。α值的变化范围为0.1—0.5。     

不同围压条件下花岗岩变形破坏过程中的声发射时序特征

在室温、围压 50— 60 0MPa范围内 ,采用以Pb为围压介质的三轴实验装置 ,对花岗岩变形破坏过程中的声发射序列特征进行的研究表明 ,花岗岩强度随围压增加而增大 .低围压下 ,样品破坏时系统不失稳 ,破裂前后声发射稀少且时间分布较为随机 .随围压的增高 ,样品破坏时系统失稳 ,随后出现粘滑 ;声发射出现时间随围压增加而提前 .以破坏时应力降发生时间为界 ,一个显著的特征是破前声发射累积数随时间指数增长 ,增长速率随围压增加而加快 ;而破后各粘滑段的声发射累积数随时间却呈线性增长 .声发射b值随围压增加有减小的趋势 .声发射序列时间结构的 f(α) α谱研究表明 ,其多分形性质主要决定于时间密集特征 ,标度指数α的分布范围随围压增加有减小的趋势 .粘滑过程中 ,应力降幅度、应力降释放率及粘滑事件时间间隔均随围压增加而增大。     

岩石粘滑的自锁模型及数值模拟

本文根据岩石摩擦的自锁模型,通过数值模拟讨论了围压和围压介质刚度对粘滑及其应力降的影响。结果表明:围压的增大有利于发生粘滑;粘滑应力降随围压的增大而增大;天然地震应力降低于室内粘滑应力降是由围压介质刚度引起的。     

岩石粘滑及天然地震应力降

众所周知.岩石的摩擦滑动有两种方式,一种是粘滑,另外一种是稳滑.当发生粘滑时,应力突然下降并伴随有急剧的能量释放.从1966年 Brace 等人指出粘滑可能是导致浅源地震的原因以来,粘滑作为一种震源机制已引起地震学家的普遍关注.但是,粘滑的研究还有许多问题,如粘滑发生的条件,围压对粘滑及其应力降的影响,特别是室内粘滑实验应力降远高于天然地震应力降这一问题,到目前还没有解决(陈顒,1988).本文建立了一个岩石摩擦的自锁模型,这一模型能够反映围压与粘滑之间的关系.分析结果表明,天然地震应力降低于室内粘滑实验应力降是由围压刚度引起的.      

滇西地震实验场岩石的摩擦滑动实验研究(英文)

应用双剪法对滇西地震实验场岩石的摩擦滑动特性进行了研究。实验的岩石有花岗岩、玄武岩、正长岩和片麻岩。实验的正应力为10—40MPa。实验表明,花岗岩、玄武岩和正长岩三种岩石,当正应力为10MPa时发生稳滑,当正应力超过10MPa时发生粘滑。稳滑与粘滑过程均出现位移强化现象。片麻岩当正应力为10MPa时发生稳滑,当正应力超过10MPa时样品未滑动而发生破裂。摩擦强度值比Byerlee定律的值稍低。与济南辉长岩相比,滇西三种岩石粘滑发生时的平均应力降较低,平均错距较小,平均重复周期较短。花岗岩粘滑前声发射率明显增加,玄武岩与正长岩粘滑前声发射率变化不明显。     

单轴压力下岩石破裂的初步研究

用几种不同加载方式对岩石样品进行了单轴压力实验。以恒定应变率(约为10^-5)对样品加载时,岩石的破裂过程大致可分成四个阶段:孔隙压缩阶段、弹性变形阶段、体积膨胀阶段和临震阶级。后二个阶段显著的特点是岩石开始表现出非弹性的体积应变并在主破裂前急剧增大,它与微破裂累积总数二者存在着同步的变化。在重复加载时,发现岩石的微破裂过程具有不可逆的性质,这种现象似乎可以用来说明同一地区短期内发生的两次地震的地震序列的不同,指出运用历史地震资料时应注意该地区应力变化的历史情况。     

粘滑过程中声发射序列的时间分布及前兆特征

用声发射波形采集分析系统记录的完整花岗岩在固体围压下破裂及粘滑过程中产生的声发射波形,研究了声发射和粘滑时间序列与天然地震序列的关系,讨论了粘滑过程的时间分布,发现粘滑事件的累积频度曲线随时间的变化受围压和应变率影响,大致呈现指数函数和线性关系两种形式。总事件(包括粘滑和声发射)的累积频度随时间的变化在不同的实验条件下呈现出对数函数形式,粘滑序列中的声发射随时间减少。本文的结果对于研究不同应变速率及不同震源深度的地区的地震活动时间分布特征,以及在判别地震活跃期内不同阶段强震序列类型和前兆特征有一定参考作用。     

不同围压条件下花岗变形破坏过程中的声发射时序特征

在室温、围压５０－６００ＭＰａ范围内,采用以Ｐｂ为转压介质的三轴实验装置,对花岗岩变形破坏过程中的声发射序列特征进行的研究表明,花岗岩强度随围压增加而增大。低围压下,样品破坏时系统不失稳,破裂前后声发射稀少且时间分布较为随机。随围压的增高,样品破坏时系统失稳,随后出现粘滑;声发射出现时间随围压增加而提前。以破坏时应力降发生时间为界,一个显著的特征是破前声发射累积数随时间指数增长,增长速率随围压增加     

围压条件下岩石的抗拉强度

用水压致裂法对7种岩石的厚壁圆筒试件进行不同围压下的抗拉强度实验,并从试件致裂瞬间的内壁环向应力σt,环向应变εt等五种参数随围压变化的角度,对围压条件下岩石的抗拉强度进行研究。结果表明,若用σt表示岩石的应力抗拉强度,则σt随围压的增加而减少,并由低围压时的拉应力逐渐过渡为高围压时的压应力。高围压时,虽然试件已处于三向受压状态,但其破裂仍表现为典型的张性破裂。从另一意义上讲,处于高围压环境中的岩石,其内部不可能存在拉应力,拉应力只在低围压状态中存在。若岩石的应变抗拉强度由εt表示,即使岩石三向受压,张性破裂的εt始终是拉应变,岩石的抗拉强度由应变来表征似乎更合理。εt先随围压的增大而增大,当围压超过某一特征值后,εt反随围压的增大而有所减少。 将上述结果应用于岩体(或地震)破裂,可以证明,当岩体内存在σ_3<μ(σ_1+σ_2)的应力状态时,即使三向受压,岩体照样会出现张性破裂。由此认为,地震的震源也存在着张性破裂的可能。     

Experimental Study on the Stick-slip Phenomenon of Intact Granite under Solid Confining Pressure

In this paper,compression tests of intact granite samples have been made in a triaxial testing machine with solid confining pressure.From the tests,the influences of confining pressure and loading rate(axial strain rate)on the deformation and fracture process of rock samples,on the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events,and on the geometric distribution of the main fracture have been studied.The experimental results show that the loading rate influences the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events greatly.At lower loading rates,the stress drop of stick-slip events is greater,their recurrence interval is longer and shows no regularity in distribution.When the loading rate goes higher,the stress drop will become smaller and the recurrence interval will tend to be constant and stick-slip events show a quasi-periodicity.At lower confining pressures and strain rates,the main fracture may evolve into 2 X-shaped conjugate shear faults; whereas at higher confining pressures and     

剪切破裂与粘滑——浅源强震发震机制的研究

周口店花岗闪长岩的高温高压三轴实验和理论分析表明,剪切破裂和摩擦滑移具有类似的孕育过程和发生机制。剪切破裂贯通强度就是一种摩擦强度。剪切破裂和摩擦滑移各自都有渐进式和突发式之分。突发式摩擦滑移是已有断层的粘滑滑移。突发式剪切破裂则是完整岩石的初始粘滑滑移。考虑到地壳温度随深度增加,完整岩石剪裂强震要求较高的围压,因此,多数浅源强震的发震方式很可能是已有断层的粘滑     

Frictional Properties of a Low-Angle Normal Fault Under In Situ Conditions: Thermally-Activated Velocity Weakening

The Zuccale fault is a regional, low-angle, normal fault, exposed on the Isle of Elba in central Italy that accommodated a total shear displacement of 6–8 km. The fault zone structure and fault rocks formed at <8 km crustal depth. The present-day fault structure is the final product of several deformation processes superposed during the fault history. In this study, we report results from a series of rotary shear experiments performed on 1-mm thick powdered gouges made from several fault rock types obtained from the Zuccale fault. The tests were done under conditions ranging from room temperature to in situ conditions (i.e., at temperatures up to 300 °C, applied normal stresses up to 150 MPa, and fluid-saturated.) The ratio of fluid pressure to normal stress was held constant at either λ = 0.4 or λ = 0.8 to simulate an overpressurized fault. The samples were sheared at a constant sliding velocity of 10 μm/s for at least 5 mm, after which a velocity-stepping sequence from 1 to 300 μm/s was started to determine the velocity dependence of friction. This can be represented by the rate-and-state parameter (a–b), which was determined by an inversion of the data to the rate-and-state equations. Friction of the various fault rocks varies between 0.3 and 0.8, similar to values obtained in previous studies, and decreases with increasing phyllosilicate content. Friction decreases mildly with temperature, whereas normal stress and fluid pressure do not affect friction values systematically. All samples exhibited velocity strengthening, conditionally stable behavior under room temperature conditions and (a–b) increased with increasing sliding velocity. In contrast, velocity weakening, accompanied by stick–slips, was observed for the strongest samples at 300 °C and sliding velocities below 10 μm/s. An increase in fluid pressure under these conditions led to a further reduction in (a–b) for all samples, so that they exhibited unstable, stick–slip behavior at low sliding velocity. The results suggest that phyllosilicate-bearing fault rocks can deform by stable, aseismic creep at low, resolved shear stress and low shear rate conditions. An increase in fluid pressure or loading of stronger portions could lead to a runaway instability. The runaway instability might be limited in size because of (1) the fault heterogeneity, (2) the observed strengthening at higher sliding velocities, and (3) a co-seismic drop in pore-fluid pressure.     

THE GEOLOGICAL AND ROCK MECHANICAL DISTINCTION EVIDENCE BETWEEN STICK-SLIP AND CREEP IN HOST ROCK SEGMENTS OF FAULT

Paleo-seismic and fault activity are hard to distinguish in host rock areas compared with soft sedimentary segments of fault. However, fault frictional experiments could obtain the conditions of stable and unstable slide, as well as the microstructures of fault gouge, which offer some identification marks between stick-slip and creep of fault. We summarized geological and rock mechanical distinction evidence between stick-slip and creep in host rock segments of fault, and analyzed the physical mechanisms which controlled the behavior of stick-slip and creep. The chemical composition of fault gouge is most important to control stick-slip and creep. Gouge composed by weak minerals, such as clay mineral, has velocity weakening behavior, which causes stable slide of fault. Gouge with rock-forming minerals, such as calcite, quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, has stick-slip behavior under condition of focal depth. To the gouge with same chemical composition, the deformation mechanism controls the frictional slip. It is essential condition to stick slip for brittle fracture companied by dilatation, but creep is controlled by compaction and cataclasis as well as ductile shear with foliation and small fold. However, under fluid conditions, pressure solution which healed the fractures and caused strength recovery of fault, is the original reason of unstable slide, and also resulted in locking of fault with high pore pressure in core of fault zone. Contrast with that, rock-forming minerals altered to phyllosilicates in the gouges by fluid flow through degenerative reaction and hydrolysis reaction, which produced low friction fault and transformations to creep. The creep process progressively developed several wide shear zones including of R, Y, T, P shear plane that comprise gouge zones embedded into wide damage zones, which caused small earthquake distributed along wide fault zones with focal mechanism covered by normal fault, strike-slip fault and reverse fault. However, the stick-slip produced mirror-like slide surfaces with very narrow gouges along R shear plane and Y shear plane, which caused small earthquake distributed along narrow fault zones with single kind of focal mechanism.     

An earthquake instability model based on faults containing high fluid-pressure compartments

It has been proposed that large strike-slip faults such as the San Andreas contain water in seal-bounded compartments. Arguments based on heat flow and stress orientation suggest that in most of the compartments, the water pressure is so high that the average shear strength of the fault is less than 20 MPa. We propose a variation of this basic model in which most of the shear stress on the fault is supported by a small number of compartments where the pore pressure is relatively low. As a result, the fault gouge in these compartments is compacted and lithified and has a high undisturbed strength. When one of these locked regions fails, the system made up of the neighboring high and low pressure compartments can become unstable. Material in the high fluid pressure compartments is initially underconsolidated since the low effective confining pressure has retarded compaction. As these compartments are deformed, fluid pressure remains nearly unchanged so that they offer little resistance to shear. The low pore pressure compartments, however, are overconsolidated and dilate as they are sheared. Decompression of the pore fluid in these compartments lowers fluid pressure, increasing effective normal stress and shear strength. While this effect tends to stabilize the fault, it can be shown that this dilatancy hardening can be more than offset by displacement weakening of the fault (i.e., the drop from peak to residual strength). If the surrounding rock mass is sufficiently compliant to produce an instability, slip will propagate along the fault until the shear fracture runs into a low-stress region. Frictional heating and the accompanying increase in fluid pressure that are suggested to occur during shearing of the fault zone will act as additional destabilizers. However, significant heating occurs only after a finite amount of slip and therefore is more likely to contribute to the energetics of rupture propagation than to the initiation of the instability.We present results of a one-dimensional dynamic Burridge-Knopoff-type model to demonstrate various aspects of the fluid-assisted fault instability described above. In the numerical model, the fault is represented by a series of blocks and springs, with fault rheology expressed by static and dynamic friction. In addition, the fault surface of each block has associated with it pore pressure, porosity and permeability. All of these variables are allowed to evolve with time, resulting in a wide range of phenomena related to fluid diffusion, dilatancy, compaction and heating. These phenomena include creep events, diffusion-controlled precursors, triggered earthquakes, foreshocks, aftershocks, and multiple earthquakes. While the simulations have limitations inherent to 1-D fault models, they demonstrate that the fluid compartment model can, in principle, provide the rich assortment of phenomena that have been associated with earthquakes.     

断层粘滑摩擦增温的理论分析及其对TL,ESR测龄的意义

采用断层位错模式,考虑了具有一定宽度的断层在其粘滑过程中,断层摩擦应力和滑动速度随粘滑过程的变化情况,由此计算了粘滑所产生的摩擦增温,并将结果与不考虑摩擦应力变化、不考虑滑动速度变化或忽略断层宽度时的情况作了比较。结果表明:断层滑动时,摩擦应力和滑动速度随时间的改变及断层的宽度将对断层摩擦增温产生较大影响。由于岩石中孔隙和孔隙流体的存在,摩擦应力在断层粘滑过程中有较大变化。取断层滑动速度为Brune 震源时间函数形式,考虑摩擦应力的变化及一定的断层宽度,计算得到的摩擦增温值较以往的计算结果偏小。这个结论对测定断层活动年代的热释光(TL)和电子自旋共振(ESR) 法具有一定的理论指导意义     

用负刚度及变刚度方法研究粘滑

通过负刚度实验，得到了３００ＭＰａ围压条件下花岗岩锯切面和石英岩剪切破裂面的剪应力－滑动曲线。突发滑动的持续时间从一般位移控制条件下的几毫秒延长到０．５ｓ左右。并在普通函数记录仪上对滑动过程曲线作了全过程的记录。又将压机刚度降为任意设定值，可得到应力降与刚度相关而滑动距离基本不变的结果。这一结果与速度依赖性摩擦本构律及滑动弱化本构律所估计的结果不同，它类似于滑动面几何约束控制的滑动依赖性本构关系     

关于震源体物理意义的实验研究

运用固体传压介质岩石三轴试验装置模拟震源失稳振动过程，采取多点布设电阻应变片的方法，对试件突发失稳振动行为及其在试件－压机系统中的传播过程进行观测，测试结果为：应力振动的初动半周期平均约为０．１１ｍｓ，与岩石类型，周压及应力降等因素无关，振幅逐渐衰减；在试件－压机系统中，振动波从试件错动面处向外传播，其速度约为３．３０ｍ／ｍｓ；在失稳初动半周期内，振动波向试件以上传播的距离为３６３ｍｍ，传播的范围     

低孔隙度泥页岩应力依赖的各向异性裂纹演化特性研究

本文在实验室对所获取的东营地区层理发育的低孔隙度页岩和泥岩的各向异性裂纹演化特性进行了研究,获得了各向同性条件下泥页岩的力学与超声波响应特性,分析了应力幅度对于页岩声波速度和各向异性的影响.主要结论包括:(1)泥页岩在循环载荷下存在滞后效应,表明其经历了去压实或油气产生导致的超压;(2)泥岩和页岩具有不同程度的各向异性,随着各向同性压力的增高微裂隙逐渐闭合,样品的各向异性程度减弱;(3)分析了岩石韧度和裂纹损伤参数随压力的变化特征,相比泥岩,页岩各向异性程度更高,随压力变化更明显,其裂纹导致的附加各向异性更强;(4)分析了各向异性岩石的动态弹性模量特征,由于软裂隙空间的闭合,动态弹性模量在低压条件下都随着围压的增加有硬化趋势.