云南地区7级大震震源区地震活动特征研究

研究了云南地区1970年以来发生的7次7级大震(1970年通海7.7级地震、1974年昭通7.1级地震、1976年龙陵7.4、7.3级地震、1988年澜沧—耿马7.6和7.2级地震,1996年丽江7.0级地震)的5个震源区震前、震时(余震活动阶段)和震后的地震活动性及b值、p值的变化特征。结果表明:震源区地震活动水平在震前和震后存在较大差异,总体上震前活动水平高于震后(不含震后序列活动时段),而震后震源区地震活动一直处于衰减状态,活动水平越来越低。     

反投影远震P波记录法在1996年丽江7.0级地震破裂过程中的运用

选取1996年丽江7.0级地震27个台站的地震记录,运用反投影远震P波记录法对该次地震的破裂过程进行研究。结果显示丽江7.0级地震震源破裂主要沿北南向的玉龙雪山东麓断裂发展,震源破裂时间约为30s,空间破裂尺度约40km。表明反投影远震P波记录法能在震后较短时间内得到震源破裂过程,可为地震速报工作提供重要补充,从而为震后应急救援工作提供依据。     

云南中甸-大具断裂上新发现的地震地表破裂带

中甸-大具断裂是川滇菱形块体的西南边界，总体走向310°—320°。近年来我们对该断裂进行了1:50000条带状地质填图，发现了断裂活动的地质地貌证据。其中，在丽江大具盆地内（金沙江右岸）沿断裂新发现一处典型地震地表破裂带，长约600m，宽120m左右，主要表现为地表挤压鼓包、挤压垄脊、张裂缝、挤压阶区等，呈NW走向，与中甸-大具断裂走向基本一致。野外工作中，我们详细记录和测量了地表破裂的破裂样式、破裂规模和相关定量数据，利用旋翼无人机测绘了地表破裂带的形态和展布，获得了高精度DEM，分析了地表破裂表现出的运动性质。在已有资料的基础上讨论了地表破裂的形成时代、归属、震级大小，简要分析了其发震断层。新地震地表破裂带的发现为进一步研究中甸-大具断裂活动特征、古地震及地震危险性提供了基础资料。     

山西交城断裂交城县城段的位置及其与地裂缝的关系研究

山西交城断裂为太原盆地西界的主控边界断裂,断裂带附近历史上曾发生过6级地震.野外调查发现,沿交城断裂发现多处地裂缝.在交城县城北侧的坡底村-田家山村西一带地裂缝断续出露,裂缝与基岩隆起区与盆地倾斜平原的分界线的距离大约为200 m.     

鲁甸M_S6.5地震地表破坏及其与构造的关系

鲁甸6.5级地震造成了大量人员伤亡及房屋损毁,是云南近年来典型的"小震"致大灾现象。鲁甸地震后,针对重灾区龙头山镇开展了大量野外调查工作。调查涉及地震滑坡、地裂缝、断层剖面以及建(构)筑物震害等。调查发现,房屋损毁严重的龙头山镇政府所在地处在NW、NE向断裂交会部位;地震造成大量地质滑坡具有NE向优势分布特征,且与NE向展布的昭通-鲁甸断裂带关系密切;重灾区龙头山镇政府所在地地裂缝以NE向为主,龙头山镇南约6.5km的光明村大量地裂缝以NW向为主;同时,在光明村发现一系列NE、NW向断裂露头,疑似断层陡坎及槽谷,沿这些构造,在此次地震中均产生了裂缝或小位错。在野外调查基础上,结合余震序列分布及烈度等震线分布特征,认为此次地震由NW向包谷垴-小河断裂发震,同时大量NE向构造裂缝及滑坡等地质灾害显示不能完全排除NE向构造的作用。重要的是,地震地表裂缝和小位错与断裂的展布密切相关,有可能是地震同震地表破裂的表现。     

1988年云南澜沧-耿马地震的烈度分布及地表破裂

1988年11月6日,在云南省西南部的澜沧-耿马断裂带上发生了两次大于7级的地震.地震造成的严重破坏和人员伤亡主要是由于极震区内抗震性能极差的毛石房、砖柱土坯房的大量倒塌所致.澜沧地震的震中基本烈度可达Ⅸ度,耿马地震极震区烈度达Ⅹ度.澜沧地震构造活动的地表证据主要是出现在极震区内的张性地裂缝带和小断层陡坎.地裂缝带和小断坎主要出现在四条相对连续的北北西走向的狭窄地带内,其长度从几百 m 到6km 不等.澜沧地震地表破裂带长约35km,宽约3km,最大垂直位移量和最大右旋水平位移量分别为1.5m 和1.4m.耿马地震地表断裂活动的明显证据包括一系列北北西走向的地裂缝带和一段长约5km的地震断层陡坎.耿马地震地表破裂带长约24km,其最大垂直位移3.5m,最大右旋水平位移为3m.两次地震形成的地表破裂带均具有右旋-正断层性质.本文讨论了这两次地震的 度分布及地表破裂特征.      

1996年2月3日云南丽江7.0级地震发生的构造环境

作为1996年丽江7.0级地震的发震断层，丽江——大具断裂可以分为丽江——玉湖和玉湖——大具等南北两段. 它们在构造表现、运动方式等方面都存在明显差异，但都表现出比较一致的运动学性质，即既具有垂直正断运动，又有水平左旋走滑运动. 这种运动特征开始于第四纪初期（距今2.4～2.5 Ma）. 在构造形式上，早更新世时期发育低倾角拆离断层；中更新世（0.8 Ma）以来，以高角度正断层活动为主. 根据源于玉龙——哈巴雪山东麓的一系列冲沟, 在穿越山前断裂时同步左旋位错特点和剥夷面垂直落差，初步估算了丽江——大具断裂第四纪以来的平均水平和垂直位错速率分别为0.84和0.70 mm/a；中更新世以来的平均水平和垂直位错速率分别为1.56和1.69 mm/a. 近南北向丽江——大具断裂的运动性质一方面受到区域性北北西 南南东水平主压应力场的影响；另一方面，也受到玉龙——哈巴雪山与丽江盆地之间强烈的差异性运动的制约. 这两种动力学过程的共同作用, 形成了1996年丽江地震构造环境的特色.      

智利8.2级地震前云南前兆异常分析

北京时间2014年4月2日7时46分,在智利北部沿岸近海海域发生8.2级地震,云南省地震局的一些台站记录到洞体应变、静水位和气压的临震异常,而地震后的9个月内云南连续发生了7次5.0~7.0级地震。本文粗浅探讨智利地震前云南台站前兆异常及其震后对云南地震活动的影响。     

芦山M_S7.0地震箭杆林地表破裂带研究

中国地震局地球物理勘探中心芦山MS7.0地震现场工作队在地震应急考察期间发现了WNW向的箭杆林地表破裂带,并详细考察了该地表破裂带的产状、破裂面上的擦痕及断错特征,讨论了对该地表破裂带的不同认识以及对发震构造研究的意义.箭杆林地表破裂带位于雅安市上里镇箭杆林村二组西侧海拔1 529—1 578m、坡度30°—40°的山坡上.在长约80m的范围内,该地表破裂带分3段近直线展布,每段长6—10m,最宽约40cm.破裂带总体走向120°,破裂面平整,倾向SW,倾角62°—85°.破裂通过的岩性多为黏土,破裂面上有两组明显的新鲜擦痕,倾伏角较大的一组擦痕一般仅保留在距地面10—20cm以上的范围内,其下倾伏角较小的一组擦痕则覆盖倾伏角较大的一组擦痕.破裂经过处见一直径约4cm的树根被明显错断,上盘上升15cm,并向SE方向平移10cm;另见上盘地层发生翻转现象.经探槽揭示,破裂带上盘黑色腐植土层相对下盘上升约15cm.综合分析表明,箭杆林地表破裂带在芦山MS7.0地震期间经历了先逆冲、后左旋平移的运动过程.震源机制解表明,芦山MS7.0地震是错断面为NE走向的逆冲型地震.WNW向箭杆林地表破裂带可能是芦山地震产生的次级破裂带,是否存在NW--WNW向的发震构造值得研究.芦山MS7.0地震箭杆林地表破裂带的发现为发震构造和震害研究提供了重要的基础资料.     

云南中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段古地震初步研究

中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段位于哈巴雪山北麓及玉龙雪山以北的大具盆地内,总体走向310°～320°,根据卫星影像解译和详细的野外地质地貌调查,认为中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段自第四纪以来长期活动,横跨断裂的水系右旋位错量可分为8.5～12m、22m左右、47m左右、200～280m、500～510m和1000m左右6个等级。在大具盆地内发现了长约600m的地震地表破裂带,这是该断层段在全新世活动的直接地质证据,在破裂带南东端附近开挖的探槽揭示出自晚更新世以来断裂存在三期活动,可能对应3次地震事件,结合前人在该断裂段获得的地质剖面和断错地貌面测年结果,分析认为马家村-大具段自晚更新世以来至少发生了3次古地震事件,发生时间分别为4910～45 a BP、7000 a BP左右和32.93～19.96ka BP,利用垂直同震位移值估算了水平同震位移量,最终得出每次地震事件的震级为7.5级左右。     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHEASTERN SECTION OF ZHONGDIAN-DAJU FAULT

The southeast section of Zhongdian-Daju Fault is located in the northern part of Haba and Yulong Snow Mountain, belonging to the southwestern boundary of the secondary block in northwestern Sichuan, an important boundary fault striking 310°~320° on the whole. The nature of the fault, the age of its activity and the slip rate are of great significance for the analysis of the secondary block movement in the northwestern Sichuan and the intersection relationship with the eastern piedmont fault of Yulong Mountains. Based on the 1 ︰ 5 million-scale active fault geological mapping, this paper studies in detail the stratigraphic landform, scarp landform, surface rupture, typical fault profile and river terrace along the fault. Based on the research results, we divide the southeastern section of Zhongdian-Daju Fault into two sub-segments, the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment and the Daju-Dadong sub-segment, according to the geometric structure, fault landforms and fault activity. (1)Fault scarp:In the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment, the fault parallelly controls the two sides of the Haba fault depression. It cuts the late Pleistocene moraine deposits, forming a fault scarp of about 4.5km long and(14±2)m high. The continuity of the scarp is very good, and it is also very obvious in the remote sensing image. In the Daju-Dadong sub-segment, a scarp with a height of about 2m is formed, and an optical luminescence dating sample is collected from the upper part of the gravel layer on the second-order terrace to obtain an age of(22±2.2)ka. (2)Horizontal dislocation:In the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment, through the analysis of the development of outwash fans in the area and the measurement and induction of the gully dislocations, it is considered that there are at least three stages of outwash fans developed in the area and there may be four phases of faulting. That is, the earliest-stage outwash fan and gully are horizontally dislocated about 1km; the second-stage outwash fan and gully are horizontally dislocated about 47m, and the vertical dislocation is about(14±2)m; the gully in the third stage outwash fan is horizontally dislocated twice, the first dislocation formed a beheaded gully with a dislocation of 22m, and the second formed a beheaded gully with a dislocation of 8.5m. It is further proved that the fault has strong activity since the Holocene in the Majiacun to Daju area. In the Daju-Dadong sub-segment, there are no obvious horizontal dislocations in the alluvial deposits since the Holocene. Only 3~4 gullies are found to be offset right-laterally in the ridges east of Wenhe Village, with the maximum dislocation of 210m, which may be the older phase dislocation. (3)Surface rupture:In the northwest direction of Dabazi Village on the T3 terrace in the basin between Majiacun and Daju, an earthquake surface rupture zone is found, extending in the NW direction. The rupture zone left clear traces on the about 1m-thick, hard T₃ terrace surface formed by calcification of sand gravels, and the overburden either upwarps and bulges, or ruptures, generates ground fissures, or forms small pull-apart "depressions" locally. However, the rupture zone is not large in size, about 350m long, 60m wide at the widest point, and 0.3~1.5m high. It is partially en-echelon or obliquely arranged, dominated by compressive ruptures. Through observation, the possibility of artificial transformation is ruled out for these upwarping bulges, ruptures or ground fissures. The fault section is found in the southeast direction of the rupture zone. The slickensides at the section show that the fault is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip with a small amount of thrust. In the eastern sub-segment, only intermittently distributed surface ruptures are found in the northern part of the village, and the scale is small. In summary, through the field geological survey, it is found that the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment is a Holocene active segment. Though the Daju-Dadong sub-segment also offset the late Pleistocene to Holocene strata, it is considered that its Holocene activity is weak in terms of either the dislocation amount or the slip rate of this segment. By analyzing the geological and geomorphological evidences, such as fault scarps, horizontal dislocation and surface ruptures along the fault, it is considered that the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment is a right-lateral strike-slip fault with a normal faulting component, and its vertical slip rate since the late Pleistocene is(0.4~0.8)mm/a, the horizontal slip rate is 1.5~2.4mm/a. The Daju-Dadong sub-segment is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip with a normal faulting component, and its vertical slip rate since the late Late Cenozoic is 0.1mm/a. The formation of the NW-trending surface rupture zone found in the Daju Basin is very young, where there are only two major earthquakes, namely, the M_S6.4 1966 Zhongdian earthquake and the 1996 Lijiang M_S7.0 earthquake, and both earthquakes produced NW-oriented surface rupture zones. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that the rupture zone is a product of the 1966 Zhongdian M_S6.4 earthquake or the 1996 Lijiang M_S7.0 earthquake.     

1996年云南丽江7.0级地震人员死亡的社会学特征

A statistics analysis was conducted on the basic information about fatalities from the Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake in 1996. The factors include age, gender, educational background, occupation, cause of death, death place, etc. We found that even though deaths caused by the Lijiang earthquake had some common features with those from earthquakes in other places in China, it also showed some specific features because of the multiracial and economically-underdeveloped situation of Lijiang area. The results reached in the paper can serve as a reference for studying the features of casualties caused by future strong earthquakes in Yunnan, and for the delicate and human-oriented emergency treatment.     

TYPE AND DISPLACEMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF LINGSHAN M6¾ EARTHQUAKE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE IN 1936, GUANGXI

On April 1, 1936, an M6¾ earthquake occurred on the Fangcheng-lingshan Fault. So far, the Lingshan M6¾ earthquake is the biggest one in South China. There are some reports about the Lingshan earthquake fissures, but its surface rupture hasn't been systemically studied. Based on the geological mapping and measurement of the right-lateral displacement and vertical offset, the surface rupture zone caused by the Lingshan M6¾ earthquake was found, which contains two secondary surface rupture zones in the east and west respectively, its strike varies from N55°E to N60°E with en echelon-like distribution along the north section of Lingshan Fault, and its total length is about 12.5km. The western surface rupture zone locates intermittently along Gaotang-Xiatang-Liumeng, about 9.4km in length, with a right-lateral displacement of 0.54~2.9m and a vertical offset of 0.23~1.02m; the other one appears between Jiaogenping and Hekou, about 3.1km in length, with a right-lateral displacement of 0.36~1.3m and a vertical offset of 0.15~0.57m. The maximum right-lateral displacement and vertical offset are 2.9m and 1.02m, appearing at the east of Xiatang reservoir. The types of surface rupture mainly contain earthquake fault, earthquake scarp, earthquake fissure, earthquake colluvial wedge, earthquake caused landslide and liquefaction of sand and so on. The earthquake fault develops at the east of Xiatang and Jiaogenping, earthquake scarp appears at Xiaoyilu and Xiatang, earthquake fissure locates at Xiatang, there are multiple earthquake landslides along the surface rupture zone, and the trench LSTC03 exposes the earthquake colluvial wedge. In order to further investigate the Lingshan earthquake surface rupture zones, the author compares the parameters of Lingshan M6¾ earthquake with the similar typical earthquakes in western China, the results show that the parameters of Lingshan earthquake are similar to the typical earthquakes in western China. The length of Lingshan earthquake surface rupture is shorter, but the dislocation is bigger. The author considers that this is mainly related with the parameters of Lingshan earthquake, site condition and structural environment of surface rupture zone, the symbols of dislocation measuring, human activity and weather condition and so on. The research of surface rupture zone features and analysis of Lingshan M6¾ earthquake provides important and basic data for exploring the seismogenic structure of Lingshan M6¾ earthquake, and it has important scientific significance.     

丽江7.0级大震发震机制新见

通过对丽江地区构造格架和丽江大震的震后调查,对丽江地震的发震环境进行了系统分析,认为丽江地震是在主压应力为近NS向区域应力场作用下,NE向丽江小金河断裂左旋错动和NW向中甸－永胜断裂右旋错动,从而导致巨甸－九五海三角形断块东部近尖端部位出现局部拉张环境,最终导致近NS向西倾的玉龙雪山东麓断层北端撕裂而发震。     

丽江7.0级地震过程的重力变化与小波分析

利用小波分析方法对云南西部地区的多期重力观测资料进行了计算,并将 计算前后的重力结果进行了对比分析,同时讨论了不同阶的小波分解结果的物理意 义及其与地震之间的对应关系．由对应于地壳浅层物质状态变化的一阶小波分解所 得结果显示,在地震前的１９９２～１９９３、１９９３～１９９４、１９９４～１９９５年等多期重力变化中 震源附近都有一定的异常,特别是１９９５～１９９６年的同震变化更加明显。而反映地球 深层物质状态变化的重力二、三阶小波的分解结果虽然对地震过程有一定的响应,但 不是特别明显,这与丽江７．０级地震发生在浅层（深约１０ ｋｍ）是一致的。     

丽江7.0级地震震源环境及其破裂过程讨论

本通过对丽江Ｍｓ７．０地震发生环境和破裂过程的分析讨论，得到以下认识：丽江地震发生在滇西北裂陷区北部块体内，这是一个由三组深断裂切割包围的三角形断块，断块内发育有裂陷盆地（大具－丽江裂陷盆地）；该区除了水平应力作用外，还有很强的来自地幔物质上隆引起的垂直应力作用；主余震分布在地壳一个由相对低速区包围的高速区内。地壳介质结构横向非均匀性－地壳高速块体的存在，可能是丽江地震震源成核的重要成因。丽江７     

1976年唐山MS7.8地震乐亭—滦南地区NW向地裂缝带赵滩点位调查

1976年唐山M_S7.8地震的早期野外调查结果显示, 在乐亭—滦南地区存在一条NW走向的地裂缝带, 自滦南县申营村往南断续延伸至乐亭县王滩镇王各庄村, 长度大于30 km, 以右旋走滑为主． 该地裂缝是1976年唐山M_S7.8地震形成的, 但其地理位置接近1976年唐山地震序列中滦县M_S7.1地震形成的NW向地表破裂带延伸方向上． 为进一步研究唐山地震的发震构造, 本文拟基于前人资料, 对乐亭—滦南地区NW向地裂缝带赵滩点位展开调查, 并实施探槽开挖和钻孔探测． 探槽揭示出小型砂脉和宽1.0—1.2 m的大型砂脉分别为1976年唐山M_S7.8地震和该地震之前另一次强震事件的产物; 钻孔探测结果表明主砂脉两侧地层不存在明显的垂直落差, 这与1976年唐山M_S7.8地震时该点位出现的地裂缝现象是右旋剪切以及赵滩探槽揭示的两侧垂直位移不明显的现象相吻合．      

2012年6月24日宁蒗-盐源MS5.7地震发震构造刍议

2012年6月24日宁蒗-盐源M_S5.7地震,位于丽江-小金河断裂西北30km。区域范围内历史上地震频繁,为滇西北地震多发区。震区断裂构造复杂,主要发育NW向、NE向2组断裂,呈棋盘格式展布。经野外实地考察,震中附近发育NW向永宁断裂和NE向日古鲁-岩瓦断裂2条晚更新世活动断裂。永宁断裂由温泉断层、永宁断层和阿拉凹断层组成。在卫星影像上线性特征清晰,断层地貌明显。断裂对永宁、泸沽湖第四纪盆地具有严格的控制作用,沿线多处发育温泉。前所河的多条支流顺断层发育,八七—海衣角一带、日古鲁东山厝附近,多处河流右旋位错。阿拉凹一带断错T₂阶地上更新统沉积,被错地层最新年龄(TL)为(21.19±1.80)ka,是一条以右旋走滑兼正断性质的晚更新世活动断层。日古鲁—岩瓦断裂对岩瓦、日古鲁、利家咀等古近纪、新近纪盆地和永宁第四纪盆地有着明显的控制作用,断错中更新世和上更新世地层。中挖都—利家咀一带,有多条小溪呈现出同步左旋位错特征。断裂在晚更新世有着明显的活动迹象,以左旋走滑运动为主。据震源机制解结果,此次地震为正断兼右旋走滑型地震,NW向节面产状与永宁断裂基本吻合,地震破裂型式与永宁断裂运动学特征一致。地震烈度长轴方向、Ⅷ度烈度异常点线性分布以及构造地裂缝方向均与永宁断裂走向一致。分析认为,永宁断裂为此次地震的发震构造。此外,1996年丽江7.0级地震、1976年中甸5.5级地震以及本次5.7级地震,均具有明显的正倾滑分量。这些地震多分布在哈巴雪山和玉龙雪山新构造隆起周缘。根据区域地形条件分析,该地区的正断层运动作用很可能与地形巨大反差引起的重力势能有关。