川滇地区强震序列库仑破裂应力加卸载效应的数值模拟

通过建立较精细的川滇地区三维有限元模型,数值模拟了川滇地区主要活动断裂的强震活动对于其他活动断裂潜在强震孕育进程的库仑破裂应力加卸载效应.模拟结果显示在川滇地区主要活动断裂带的几何学展布形态和运动学性质的构造背景之上,川滇地区强震活动相互影响的主要特征是活动断裂面库仑破裂应力变化大多处于增大状态.其中,金沙江断裂带、小江断裂带、楚雄—建水断裂带、鲜水河断裂带和安宁河断裂带上的强震所产生的加载作用比较强,而丽江—小金河断裂带和腾冲—澜沧断裂带则较弱.1981~2000年川滇地区M≥6.5地震序列的模拟结果显示,后续地震全部位于已发生地震所引起的库仑破裂应力增大区之内.数值模拟结果显示,在川滇地区,一个强震发生之后,发震断层本身强烈卸载的同时,库仑破裂应力的加载效应在其他主要活动断裂带潜在强震孕育进程中占据了主导地位,强震活动之间相互作用的主要效应是应力加载,已发生的强震加速了下一个强震的孕育进程,进而导致一系列地震的发生,直至整个区域所积累的应变能处于较低水平之后,区域地震活动进入一个新的平静期.     

川滇地区强震活动之间的加卸载机制

本文建立了比较精细的川滇地区三维有限元模型,数值模拟了川滇地区主要活动断裂的强震活动对于其他活动断裂潜在强震孕育进程的加卸载效应.     

汶川8.0级地震的余震触发作用和对断层的应力加卸载作用

采用可变滑动震源模型,计算和研究了汶川M_S 8.0地震产生的应力变化及对后续6次强余震的应力触发作用,并定量分析了汶川地震对附近活动断裂带的库仑应力加卸载作用。结果显示:汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化分布图案复杂性强,主要由发震断裂复杂的空间展布形态以及震源断层活动具有逆冲兼右旋走滑两种性质决定。汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化对多数强余震存在一定的触发作用。汶川地震的发生对附近的断裂带有不同程度的影响,其中青川断裂中段和北段、岷江断裂南段和灌县-江油断裂南段,主要是以强烈的库仑破裂应力加载作用占主导地位,有利于强余震序列的孕育、加速以至于发生;东昆仑断裂带和鲜水河断裂带受到了轻微的应力加载作用;龙泉山断裂带、华莹山断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带主要受到了轻微的卸载作用。     

基于应变能变化的芦山强震同震效应的数值模拟

芦山地震发生后,川滇地区主要活动断裂的地震活动趋势变化值得关注.本文基于川滇地区的三维非线性有限元模型,利用地震矩张量反演的断层节面性质及震级与破裂长度、同震位错量的经验公式,从应变能积累/释放角度分析地震的发生对川滇地区主要断裂的同震加卸载效应.初步结果表明,在33条断裂段中,有17条表现为同震加载效应,15条表现为卸载效应,1条影响不明显.地震的发生造成马尔康断裂、岷江断裂加载效应较强.但需要注意的是,滇西、滇西南地区主要活动断裂表现出群体性的加载效应.     

川滇菱形块体东边界断裂带内库仑应力演化及危险性

采用分层黏弹模型,考虑了川滇菱形块体东边界1480年以来34个强震和大地震的同震位错和震后黏滞松弛效应,以及各断层段的震间长期构造加载作用,计算了川滇菱形块体东边界18个断层段的断层面上的库仑应力变化随时间的演化。系统地研究了川滇菱形块体东边界鲜水河、安宁河、则木河、小江断裂带间的相互作用,分析断裂带各断层段之间、各断裂带之间先发生的地震对后发生地震的促进或延迟作用,进一步基于断层面上的库仑应力变化计算结果分析各断层段的强震危险性。应力触发的计算结果显示,各断裂带各断层段上先发生的强震可能触发后发生的强震,相邻断裂带上发生的强震之间也可能存在触发作用。各断层段上累积库仑应力变化随时间演化的计算结果显示,鲜水河断裂带的中段及南部磨西段、安宁河断裂带冕宁—西昌段、小江断裂带北部巧家—东川段和南部建水段的库仑应力增加显著,强震危险性值得关注。     

基于三维粘弹性有限元研究汶川地震对川滇地区的震后影响

在考虑川滇地区地壳介质的横向分块、纵向分层特征,及汶川地震同震断层面静态位错上下盘非对称性的基础上,构建川滇地区地壳三维粘弹性有限元模型,研究了汶川地震对川滇地区的震后影响。结果表明:(1)震后10 a由于介质粘弹性松弛效应产生的远场水平变形在川滇菱形地块内部约0~20 mm,对其北部影响较大,南部较小,其产生的远场垂直变形较小,在川滇菱形地块大部分区域表现为0~4 mm的上升;(2)离发震断层较近的鲜水河断裂、东昆仑断裂,震后水平和垂直形变呈现高梯度带;(3)为了和汶川地震之后川滇地区强震活动进行对比,计算了主要块体边界活动断裂水平应力状态和库仑破裂应力变化。从同震及震后位移场空间分布特征、应力状态反映的断层活动特征及库仑破裂应力变化反映的断层面应力加卸载情况来看,与该区域强震活动分布在空间上存在一定的相关性。     

川滇菱形块体东边界库仑应力演化及强震发生概率估算

本研究基于分层黏弹介质模型,考虑强震或大地震同震位错、震后黏滞松弛及主断层段震间构造应力加载三方面效应,给出1480年以来,川滇菱形块体东边界鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带共20个断层段由三方面效应引起的累积库仑应力变化随时间的演化,分析强震间相互作用和强震发生的应力累积背景,定性分析各断层段的地震危险性.同时,分别采用现今台网地震目录和川滇菱形块体东边界各断层段强震复发间隔两种资料,定量计算2030年各断层段的强震发生概率;并基于摩擦本构理论,将周边强震引起的库仑应力变化量作为应力扰动,修正强震发生概率的计算结果.各断层段累积库仑应力演化的结果表明,鲜水河断裂带中部八美段、色拉哈段及南部磨西段、安宁河断裂带冕宁-西昌段、小江断裂带北部巧家-东川段和南部建水段的累积库仑应力显著增加.修正的强震发生概率计算结果显示,鲜水河断裂带中部八美-色拉哈-康定一带、安宁河断裂带冕宁-西昌段、小江断裂带南部华宁-建水一带强震发生概率较高,地震危险性值得关注.本研究基于库仑应力演化计算定性分析强震危险性的同时,基于摩擦本构律理论,结合地震引起的应力扰动和强震发生背景,定量计算修正的强震发生概率,为川滇菱形块体东边界强震危险地点及中长期发震紧迫程度判定提供方法和依据.     

祁连—海原断裂带强震库仑应力演化特征研究

研究祁连—海原断裂带及其附近区域自1920年海原M_S8.5地震后至今发生的6次M_S≥7.0强震间的相互触发关系,基于Burgers体构建粘弹性介质模型,模拟同震和震后库仑应力的演化过程;进一步针对祁连山北缘断裂带、西秦岭北缘断裂带及六盘山断裂带3条主要断裂带,分别计算自1920年至今6次强震在这3条断裂带上近百年尺度的应力累积。结果表明:1927年古浪M_S8.0地震受到1920年海原M_S8.5地震同震和震后库仑应力的共同加载,1954年民勤M_S7.0地震和1990年共和M_S7.0地震均受到之前发生强震的库仑应力的累积加载影响;西秦岭北缘断裂位于6次强震震后的综合累积应力卸载区,六盘山断裂带则位于累积应力加载区。研究强震间库仑应力演化特征及其对周围断裂带的较长时间尺度的累积影响,需要合理考虑粘弹性松弛效应下的震后库仑应力的累积作用,也可结合地震活动性进一步为明确危险断层段提供合理的参考。     

历史强震对2017九寨沟M_W6.5地震的应力影响及区域地震危险性

松潘—甘孜块体东北端断裂分布复杂,地震活动活跃,1654年以来,该地区孕育了至少9次M6.5地震.2017年8月8日发生的九寨沟M_W 6.5地震与历史强震活动的关联性,以及九寨沟震后周边区域未来地震趋势如何,均是亟待研究的问题.基于历史地震资料和岩石圈黏弹性分层介质模型,我们计算了1654年以来研究区历史地震序列同震、震后效应对九寨沟地震的影响,获取了九寨沟地震震源处应力状态的演化过程,并分析了历史地震活动对研究区主要活动断裂的应力影响.结果显示1654—2008年历史地震序列同震及震后效应使2017年九寨沟地震震源位置应力升高.基于不同的有效摩擦系数取值的计算结果显示:九寨沟地震震源位置累积库仑应力变化量为正且超过0.01 MPa.当有效摩擦系数取值为0.4时,累积库仑应力变化量为0.2009 MPa.九寨沟地震的发生受到历史地震同震及震后效应所导致累积库仑应力变化的促进作用.1654年天水M 8.0地震和1879年武都南M 8.0地震的同震及震后效应所导致的累积库仑应力变化量超过九寨沟震源处应力累积量的50%,这两次M 8.0地震在九寨沟地震震中应力演化过程中占据主导地位.1654—2017年历史强震活动使东昆仑断裂玛沁—玛曲段、塔藏断裂马家磨段和岷江断裂松潘—叠溪段应力明显上升.以上三处断层段均存在第四纪活动性,且近期均未有强震活动,历史强震活动提升了这些区域未来的地震危险性.历史地震使塔藏断裂西段、虎牙断裂北段、岷江断裂北段应力卸载,降低了这些区域未来的地震发生概率.     

基于断层相互作用理论的强震成组孕育发生初步研究

应用应力触发理论原理,基于断层相互作用理论,研究了川滇地区6级以上地震的库仑破裂应力变化。初步结果表明,后续强震大多发生在前一地震所触发的应力增长区,这证明了强震之间是相互作用、相互影响的。即强震是成组孕育、成组发生的,这对强震的地点预测有一定实际意义。     

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正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER ON EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION(IRTCES)

正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and     

Dynamic process-response model of river channel development

Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape.     

Discussion on the Precise Relocation and Seismo-Tectonics of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Earthquake

Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored.     

Hydrochemical and bacteriological features of the groundwater: southern border of the Rharb basin (Morocco) / Caractérisation hydrochimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines: bordure méridionale du bassin du Rharb (Maroc)

Abstract

The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, HCO₃ ^?, NO₃ ^?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region.     

Zink in der Umwelt

Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m³ zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m³. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters.