西藏米林6.9级地震孕震机理研究

利用西藏地震台网记录到的2017年11月18日西藏米林6.9级地震及其余震序列资料,研究此次地震的发震机制断层。双差定位结果显示,余震沿着主震的NW和SE方向往两侧扩展分布,震源深度主要集中在2～12 km,同时从短轴剖面上地震分布推断,此次米林地震的发震断层倾角约为45°。对M_L3.5以上的余震采用CAP方法进行波形拟合震源机制反演,其结果显示,此次米林地震序列震源错动类型以逆冲和走滑为主,比较符合该区域的构造动力环境。应力场反演结果显示,米林地震序列主压应力轴（S₁轴）方向为NNE-NS向,主张应力轴（S₃轴）方向为SEE-SE向;反映的断层错动方式为逆冲兼走滑类型。地震余震序列展布以及震源机制分布显示断层走向和断层特性与帕隆—旁辛断裂的特征较为吻合,推测米林地震的发震断裂为帕隆—旁辛断裂。     

2006年文县5.0级地震序列特征和震前M_L3.0地震活动特征

2006年6月21日甘肃文县5.0级地震的地震序列余震发育,判定为主震-余震型。之前该地区100多年中强地震平静;震前一年ML3.0以上地震频次增高、地震连发;震前一月ML3.0地震活动平静。没有孕震空区和条带存在。     

2009年3月28日原平ML4．5地震对周边地震形势影响

2009年3月28日山西原平ML4．5地震的地震序列余震发育,序列多个指标表明本次地震类型为主震-余震型。主震视应力值接近背景水平,推断震中周边地区近期发生更大地震的可能性不大。     

2021年5月21日云南漾濞MS6.4地震序列地震矩张量及发震构造

2021年5月21日云南大理州漾濞县发生了MS6.4 地震.我们利用区域地震台网记录的地震波形资料,首先采用多点源地震矩张量反演方法确定了漾濞地震序列中 3 次MS≥5.0地震的矩心矩张量解,分析研究了地震矩释放的最佳模型;然后对序列中较大地震进行了绝对定位,结合余震序列重新定位结果研究了地震矩心在断层面上的位置.结果显示MS5.6 前震可用2 点源模型模拟,矩震级分别为MW 5.3、MW5.1,矩心时间相隔约30 s,矩心位置相距约 2 km.MS 6.4 主震可用单点源模型模拟,矩心与起始破裂点平面距离约 5 km.前震和主震的矩心均位于地表以下 6 km处,矩心与起始破裂点的位置关系显示两地震向南东方向单侧破裂,断层以"前震-主震"型地震序列典型的"撤退式"方式破裂,MS5.6 前震的发生降低了断层面的抗剪强度,从而发生了更大的MS6.4 主震.MS5.2余震可用单点源模型模拟,起始破裂点与矩心空间位置相近,在地表以下约 10 km处.余震区构造应力场反演结果显示漾濞 6.4级地震序列属于区域应力场触发的地震活动,地震序列震源机制解符合走滑断裂伴生的负花状构造系统内部断裂的运动特征,余震的空间分布图像显示花状构造系统内部的两条断裂发生了地震活动.     

西藏米林M6.9地震早期余震时空分布特征

北京时间2017年11月18日06时34分（GMT：2017-11-17 22∶34）,西藏自治区林芝市米林县发生了M6.9地震.本次地震位于东喜马拉雅东构造结末端旋转变形强烈部位.本研究基于林芝台阵记录的波形数据,应用双差定位方法和匹配滤波方法对本次地震早期余震序列进行了全面检测分析.截至2017年11月25日上午08时,我们共获得约10倍的中国地震台网公布的余震事件.余震的时空分布特征显示,本次米林M6.9地震余震呈NW向,位于北东向南迦巴瓦构造结北部的东西两侧边界断裂带之间,沿西兴拉断裂带分布,断层具有明显的分段破裂特征,主震位于余震分布带中部.根据余震分布特征以及震源机制解显示,发震断层的深部几何结构为北东向陡倾,主震北东侧的断层活动为主震及发震断层触发的结果,其深部几何结构也较陡,余震整体沿断层分布长度约50 km.     

宁洱地震序列的震源机制解分析

利用云南数字地震台网资料得到宁洱地震序列的主震、5.1级强余震和52个余震震源机制解.分析表明,该地震序列的发震断裂呈NW走向,倾角陡立.在接近水平的近南北向压应力作用下,断裂具有右旋走滑的错动性质.主震、强余震和众多的余震都发生在同一发震断裂上.大量的余震震源机制解结果与主震一致,是地震序列的主要破裂类型,但还存在与主要类型不一致的倾向滑动类型,这可能与余震破裂起始点的微构造控制作用有关,但是它们呈水平向的应力轴与主震的主应力轴一致.NW向断层作右旋走向错动,滑动断层推挤的象限都是逆冲类型的余震,而拉张的象限都是正断层类型的地震.宁洱地震序列的震源机制和周围4次5级以上地震的震源机制相同,表明震源区应力场和区域应力场完全一致,宁洱地震的孕育和发生受区域应力场的控制.     

1987年8月10日灵武5.5级地震前后小震活动图象及震区应力场特征

本文对1987年8月10日灵武5.5级地震进行了综合研究。其地震序列属前震—主震—余震型,前震和余震沿该区两条主要断裂分布,主震位于两条断裂交汇部位。震前形成了明显的小震活动空区。这次地震的发震构造走向为322°,长16km。震区应力场主压应力方向为268°。本文还指出,强烈的水平和垂直差异运动是灵武地区频繁多震的主要原因。     

2010年滦县地震序列视应力变化研究

2010年3月6日河北滦县发生ML4.5地震,其前震较为活跃且余震丰富?利用首都圈数字化地震台网监测到的2009年12月至2010年3月滦县ML≥2.5地震的宽带带数字地震波数据,计算得到地震视应力?结果表明:①ML4.5地震视应力表现出震前存在高值异常,震时达到峰值,震后波动下降的变化特点,而且主震视应力远大于多数余震,由此推断该序列类型为主余型?② 视应力的数值变化可以反映震源区应力状态,利用视应力的变化过程来探讨地震序列性质,结合传统序列判别方法,可以更准确地判别序列类型?③ 在震级ML≤3.3范围内震级与视应力大体为正相关?     

2011年9月10日瑞昌、阳新间M4.6地震序列特征分析

2011年9月10日瑞昌、阳新间M4.6地震之后,震中区附近发生一系列余震活动.从序列特征、小震震源机制解、余震活动的时空分布特征以及震区地质构造情况等方面,对该地震序列进行初步研究,结果显示:M4.6地震序列中较强的地震活动主要沿NE走向的枫林桥断裂分布,ML2.0以下的微弱地震活动主要沿NW向的襄樊—广济断裂带武穴段分布,M4.6主震可能由NE向的枫林桥断裂所控制.     

2014年于田M_S7.3地震序列的频谱特征分析及其前震识别

利用新疆区域数字地震台网的波形资料,对2014年2月12日于田MS7.3地震前震和余震序列的频谱特征进行了分析。基于Brune模型,对观测记录进行仪器响应、传播路径和场地响应的校正,使用遗传算法对于田地震序列103次ML≥3.0地震的震源谱进行了反演计算。结果表明:1前震序列的拐角频率相对偏低,扣除地震矩影响后,余震的拐角频率有明显增高的趋势;2距离震中最近的YUT台资料分析显示,于田地震几次前震活动的台站观测谱相对较为独立,与主震以及彼此之间的相关系数均不高;3序列事件和主震的台站观测谱相关系数的变化反映了序列发展的动态破裂过程,相关系数较低的事件基本上偏离了主震破裂区而发生在分支断裂上;4前震的震源谱中存在异常的高频成份。     

USE OF SEISMIC WAVEFORMS AND INSAR DATA FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE MAINLING MS6.9 EARTHQUAKE ON NOV.18, 2017

On November 18, 2017, a M_S6.9 earthquake struck Mainling County, Tibet, with a depth of 10km. The earthquake occurred at the eastern Himalaya syntaxis. The Namche Barwan moved northward relative to the Himalayan terrane and was subducted deeply beneath the Lhasa terrane, forming the eastern syntaxis after the collision of the Indian plate and Asian plates. Firstly, this paper uses the far and near field broadband seismic waveform for joint inversion (CAPJoint method)of the earthquake focal mechanism. Two groups of nodal planes are obtained after 1000 times Bootstrap test. The strike, dip and rake of the best solution are calculated to be 302°, 76° and 84° (the nodal plane Ⅰ)and 138°, 27° and 104° (the nodal plane Ⅱ), respectively. This event was captured by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)measurements from the Sentinel-1A radar satellite, which provide the opportunity to determine the fault plane, as well as the co-seismic slip distribution, and assess the seismic hazards. The overall trend of the deformation field revealed by InSAR is consistent with the GPS displacement field released by the Gan Wei-Jun's team. Geodesy (InSAR and GPS)observation of the earthquake deformation field shows the northeastern side of the epicenter uplifting and the southwestern side sinking. According to geodetic measurements and the thrust characteristics of fault deformation field, we speculate that the nodal plane Ⅰ is the true rupture plane. Secondly, based on the focal mechanism, we use InSAR data as the constraint to invert for the fine slip distribution on the fault plane. Our best model suggests that the seismogenic fault is a NW-SE striking thrust fault with a high angle. Combined with the slip distribution and aftershocks, we suggest that the earthquake is a high-angle thrust event, which is caused by the NE-dipping thrust beneath the Namche Barwa syntaxis subducted deeply beneath the Lhasa terrane.     

RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTIONS CONSISTENCY OF RUSHAN EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE,SHANDONG PROVINCE

Many small earthquakes occurred intensively and continuously and formed an earthquake sequence after the M_L3.8 earthquake happened at Rushan County, Shandong Province on October 1, 2013. Up to March, 2017, more than 13 000 events have been recorded, with 3 429 locatable shocks, of which 31 events with M_L ≥ 3.0. This sequence is rarely seen in East China for its extraordinary long duration and the extremely high frequency of aftershocks. To track the developing tendency of the earthquake sequence accurately, 20 temporary seismometers were arranged to monitor the sequence activities around the epicenter of the sequence since May 6, 2014. Firstly, this paper adopts double difference method to relocate the 1 418 earthquakes of M_L ≥ 1.0 recorded by temporary seismometers in the Rushan earthquake sequence (May 7, 2014 to December 31, 2016), the result shows that the Rushan earthquake sequence mainly extends along NWW-SEE and forms a rectangular activity belt of about 4km long and 3km wide. In addition, the seismogenic fault of Rushan earthquake sequence stretches along NWW-SEE with nearly vertical strike-slip movement and a small amount of thrust component. Then we apply the P-wave initial motion and CAP to invert the focal mechanism of earthquakes with M_L ≥ 1.5 in the study area. The earthquakes can be divided into several categories, including 3 normal fault earthquakes (0.9%), 3 normal-slip earthquakes (0.9%), 229 strike-slip earthquakes (65.8%), 18 thrust fault earthquakes (5.2%), 37 thrust-slip earthquakes (10.6%)and 58 undefined (16.6%). Most earthquakes had a strike-slip mechanism in Rushan (65.8%), which is one of the intrinsic characteristics of the stress field. According to the focal mechanism solutions, we further utilized the LSIB method (Linear stress inversion bootstrap)to invert the stress tensor of Rushan area. The result shows that the azimuth and plunge of three principal stress (σ₁, σ₂, σ₃) axes are 25°, 10°; 286°, 45°; 125°, 43°, respectively. Based on the stress field inversion results, we calculated the focal mechanism solutions consistency parameter (θ)and the angle (θ₁)between σ₁ and P axis. The trend lines of θ and θ₁ were relatively stable with small fluctuation near the average line over time. Furthermore, the earthquake sequence can be divided into three stages based on θ and θ₁ values. The first stage is before September 16, 2014, and the variation of the θ and θ₁ values is relatively smooth with short period. All focal mechanism solutions of the three M_L ≥ 3.0 earthquakes exhibited consistence. The second stage started from September 16, 2014 to July 1, 2015, the fluctuation range of θ and θ₁ values is larger than that of the first stage with a relative longer period. The last stage is after July 1, 2015, values of θ and θ₁ gradually changed to a periodic change, three out of the four M_L ≥ 3.0 earthquakes (strike-slip type)displayed a good consistency. Spatially, earthquakes occurred mainly in green, yellow-red regions, and the focal mechanism parameters consistency θ was dominant near the green region (around the average value), which presents a steady state, and the spatial locations are concordant with the distribution of θ value. Moreover, all of M_L ≥ 3.0 earthquakes are located in the transitional region from the mean value to lower value area or region below the mean value area, which also indicates the centralized stress field of the region.     

GEOMORPHIC FEATURES OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis is located on the leading edge of Indian-Eurasian plate collision, and the uplift rate of Namche Barwa area is higher than that of the peripheral zones, which is considered as the core position of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis(Uplift Center).It is indicated according to the recent regional earthquake observation results that, the seismic activity is poor in the area of Namche Barwa, but with strong seismic activity in its southeast region. In order to study the current geodynamical characteristics of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the elevation frequency distribution and hypsometry curve of Namche Barwa area, its northwest and southeast as well as the northeast Assam area is analyzed using DEM data. It is shown according to the result that, the Namche Barwa area is in the mature stage of erosion and the regional tectonic uplift and denudation are in the highly balanced status. Influenced by plateau-climate weather effect, the denudation of this area is relatively poor, which indicates that the uplift of the Namche Barwa area is relatively slow at present. The geomorphology in the northwest and southeast as well as in northeast Assam is in young evolutionary phase, belonging to erosive infancy, and the geomorphology of northeast Assam is closer to the early stage of infancy. The geomorphic evolution stage on northwest side reflects that the regional erosion is poor and it still belongs to plateau-climate area; Influenced by south subtropical monsoons, there is rich rainfall in the area from southeast Namche Barwa to Assam area, and this area still belongs to erosive infancy, even the geomorphic development degree of northeast Assam is lower as it suffers from strong erosion effect, which means that the tectonic uplift in east Namche Barwa is very intensive, and the northeast Assam has the highest uplift rate. It is considered according to the research that, under the mode that India Plate moves towards the north at present, the core position of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis(Uplift Center)moves towards the southeast, and the new core position may be located in northeast Assam, where there is intensive regional tectonic uplift with high potential of great earthquake.     

2017年西藏米林6.9级地震震源参数及其构造意义

北京时间2017年11月18日06时34分,西藏自治区林芝市米林县发生了M6.9级地震.地震位于印度板块向欧亚板块插入的东北犄角,是喜马拉雅造山带地壳缩短和构造旋转变形最为强烈的部位.本研究利用多种近震和远震台网记录的波形和到时数据,对该地震的震源位置和发震时刻进行重新确定.结果表明,地震震源深度为海平面以下7 km±2 km （或地表以下10 km±2 km）,经纬度为（29.87°N±0.01°N,95.02°E±0.01°E）.结合其他地球物理和地质学资料,我们推测该地震发生在NNW向西兴拉断裂带,南迦巴瓦构造结北东向的逆冲推覆和青藏高原东南向逃逸的侧向挤出是该地震发生的主要构造背景.     

2019年黄海ML4.6地震序列的震源机制和发震构造

2019年黄海M_L4.6地震序列发生在NW向苏北—滨海断裂带附近,历史上该断裂带附近曾多次发生破坏性地震。为了判断此次地震序列的发生是否与苏北—滨海断裂带活动有关,本文基于黄海M_L4.6地震震中附近400 km范围内的测震台站记录,采用CAP方法计算了此次黄海地震序列中M_L4.6和M_L4.1地震的深度和震源机制解参数,并使用双差定位方法对该地震序列进行了重新定位。研究结果显示:2019年12月8日黄海M_L4.6和12日黄海M_L4.1地震的震源深度分别为20 km和21 km,位于发震区域的脆韧转换带内;黄海M_L4.6地震震源机制解节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角、滑动角分别为123°,74°和61°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角、滑动角分别为6°,33°和149°;黄海M_L4.1地震震源机制解节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角、滑动角分别为135°,77°和32°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角、滑动角分别为37°,59°和165°。两次地震的震源机制解节面参数与苏北—滨海断裂带的几何参数并不一致,表明此次黄海地震序列的发生与苏北—滨海断裂带的主断裂活动没有直接关系。黄海地震序列震中的重新定位结果显示该地震序列呈NW向分布。由上述反演所获的两次黄海地震的震源机制和地震序列的重新定位结果推测,黄海M_L4.6和M_L4.1地震的破裂方向可能为NW向,黄海M_L4.6地震序列可能是发生在区域壳内脆韧转换带的左旋走滑地震事件。      

CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF THE XIAOWAN RESERVOIR BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPOUNDMENT

Using the seismic waveform data of Xiaowan seismic network and Yunnan seismic network, we determined the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015 by generalized polarity and amplitude technique. We inverted tectonic stress field of the Xiaowan reservoir before impounding, using the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and CAP solutions of 58 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 4.0)collected and the solutions in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT)catalog; We inverted local stress field of the reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area, using 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015. Focal mechanisms statistics show that, the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is the seismic fault. Focal mechanisms were strike-slip type in initial stage, but normal fault type in later stage. Focal depths statistics of 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)show that, the average value of focal depths in period Ⅰ, period Ⅱ and period Ⅲ are 8.2km, 7.3km and 7.8km respectively and the standard deviations are 4.3km, 3.5km and 6.0km respectively. The average value of focal depths is basically stable in different period, only the standard deviation is slightly different. Therefore, there is not positive connection between focal depth and deviation of focal mechanisms. What's more, there are 2 earthquakes(number 46 and number 47 in Fig.5 and Table 3)with almost the same magnitude, epicenter and focal depth, but they have different faulting types as normal and strike-slip. The focal mechanism of event No.46 is strike:302°, dip:40° and rake:-97° for plane Ⅰ, however, the focal mechanism of event No.47 is strike:292°, dip:82° and rake:140° for plane Ⅰ. Likewise, earthquake of number 3 and number 18 have similar characteristic. Therefore, the obvious focal mechanism difference of similar earthquake pair indicates the complexity of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault. Considering the quiet-active character of reservoir-triggered earthquakes, we discussed the change of local stress field in different period. The σ₁ of tectonic stress field was in the near-south direction, with a dip angle of 14° before the impoundment, however, the direction of σ₁ of local stress field changed continuously, with the dip angle getting larger after the impoundment. The direction of σ₁ of local stress field of reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area is close to the strike of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault, and reservoir impoundment increased the shear stress in the fault, so the weakening of fault was beneficial to trigger earthquakes. Comprehensive analysis suggests that fluid permeation and pore pressure diffusion caused by the water impounding, and the weakening of fault caused by local stress field are the key factors to trigger earthquake in the Xiaowan reservoir.     

FOCAL MECHANISM AND SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE M5.0 YUEXI EARTHQUAKE ON 1 OCT. 2014, SOUTHWESTERN CHINA

The Oct.1,2014 M5.0 Yuexi earthquake occurred on the Daliang Shan fault zone where only several historical moderate earthquakes were recorded.Based on the waveform data from Sichuan regional seismic network,we calculated the focal mechanism solution and centroid depth of the M5.0 Yuexi earthquake by CAP (Cut and Paste) waveform inversion method,and preliminarily analyzed the seismogenic structure.We also calculated the apparent stress values of the M5.0 earthquake and other 14 M_L≥4.0 events along the Shimian-Qiaojia fault segment of the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block.The result indicates that the parameters of the focal mechanism solution are with a strike of 256°,dip of 62°,and slip of 167° for the nodal plane Ⅰ,and strike of 352°,dip of 79°,and slip of 29° for the nodal plane Ⅱ.The azimuth of the P axis is 121° with dip angle of 11°,the azimuth of T axis is 217° with dip angle of 28°,and the centroid depth is about 11km,and moment magnitude is M_W5.1.According to the focal mechanism solution and the fault geometry near the epicenter,we infer that the seismogenic fault is a branch fault,i.e.,the Puxiong Fault,along the central segment of the Daliang Shan fault zone.Thus,the nodal plane Ⅱ was interpreted as the coseismic rupture plane.The M5.0 Yuexi earthquake is a strike-slip faulting event with an oblique component.The above findings reveal the M5.0 Yuexi earthquake resulted from the left-lateral strike-slip faulting of the NNW Dalang Shan fault zone under the nearly horizontal principal compressive stress regime in an NWW-SEE direction.The apparent stress value of the Yuexi earthquake is 0.99MPa,higher than those of the M_L ≥ 4.0 earthquakes along the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block since 2008 Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake,implying a relatively high stress level on the seismogenic area and greater potential for the moderate and strong earthquake occurrence.It may also reflect the current increasing stress level of the entire area along the eastern boundary,and therefore,posing the risk of strong earthquakes there.     

四川二滩水库库区蓄水前地震序列揭示的水库诱震结构

四川二滩水库地震遥测台网自运行以来,记录了库区发生的力马,田湾－金河和马鹿塘三次地震序列,主震震级分别为３．２,４．０和２．６级,利用工业爆破和天然地震资料,计算了该区域的Ｐ波和Ｓ波地壳分层速度模型,以此模型为基础,采用参考时间平均值法和数值性能极好的单纯形空间迭代寻优定位方法,修定为了这三个序列的震源位置,得到精度一般小于０．３ｋｍ,最大不超过０．５ｋｍ的精确解,最后,利用定位结果,求解了田湾序     

暴雨触发局部地震活动的一个典型例子:2010年6月广西凌云—凤山交界3级震群活动

在前期严重干旱的背景下,2010年6月27～30日广西西北部出现大暴雨过程,大范围积水成涝.降雨量最大的凌云、凤山交界于6月28日17时开始出现密集的微震活动,形成显著的震群事件.自6月28日至7月15日共记录地震2739次,其中2～2.9级(ML,下同)41次,3级以上地震3次,最大为7月1日10时27分3.2级地震...     

2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5地震序列的双差定位

本文采用双差定位方法对云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震震后16天的地震序列进行重定位研究.重定位结果显示,主震位于27.11°N,103.35°E,震源深度约15 km;地震序列主要呈“L”形优势分布,分为SSE向和近EW向两支,并均呈现近垂直的震源分布特征,显示此次地震为走滑型,并存在两个不同方向的破裂面.虽然此次地震发生于NE向昭通断裂及其反冲断裂（龙树断裂、大岩洞断裂）附近,但这些断裂均为逆冲型断裂,被排除了作为发震断裂的可能性;鲁甸地震发生在呈放射性分布的多条断裂的交汇部位,SSE向破裂分支与包谷垴断裂的方向一致,近EW向破裂分支与小河断裂南端的走向一致. 鲁甸地震可能已将包谷垴断裂和小河断裂在深部贯通.