纳米技术伦理问题与对策研究

从科技伦理观角度论证纳米技术带来的4个主要方面负影响,包括纳米材料毒性问题、纳米技术引发的利益和风险分化问题、纳米武器问题和纳米技术生命伦理问题,继而论证科技与伦理是互为影响、相辅相成的辩证关系以及利用科技伦理来约束纳米技术"向善"发展的必要性。最后,提出针对纳米技术引发的伦理问题的治理对策。     

纳米技术的伦理意义考量

纳米技术是一个发展非常迅速的专业领域,尤其是纳米材料、纳米电子学和纳米医学等学科分叉在政府和企业资助下更是进展迅猛。但在这种急速发展中,如果缺乏对纳米技术的伦理、法律和社会意义的严肃研究,又可能会导致某些意想不到的公共风险问题。目前人们已开始针对围绕纳米技术展开的乌托邦与敌托邦之争,提出了仅仅限于科技专业或职业责任范围内的伦理评价或道德决策方法。这应该说是一个进步,不过纳米技术的实践潜力毕竟将涉及到每个公民,因此其道德决策不应该仅局限于科技专家范围,而应放大到整个公共空间,使纳米技术从一开始就在公共伦理考量下得到与公共价值相一致的健康持续发展。     

普雷斯顿对纳米技术的环境伦理审视

纳米技术的成败很大程度上取决于它处理环境及其相关问题的能力。对纳米技术环境风险进行伦理考量,是保证它健康发展的必要环节。普雷斯顿认为,既有的环境伦理学为审视纳米技术提供了合适的伦理框架。他从重视历史演化过程的环境伦理直觉出发,对全新物质的生产、失控的复制器、人类增强和满足人类所有物质需求的能力等四个问题进行了伦理考察。     

纳米科技带来的伦理问题研究

纳米科技具有战略性、综合性和创新性的特点。探讨纳米科技带来的伦理问题,对于解决其它高科技领域的相关问题具有一定的借鉴意义。国内外对纳米科技带来的安全性和伦理问题越来越关注,这些问题涉及科研人员、科技管理部门、企业、公众等各个群体。随着纳米技术的进一步发展和应用,法制化、制度化管理的要求会越来越迫切。     

论纳米技术共同体的伦理责任及使命

以追问纳米技术的伦理问题为起点,在探寻纳米技术对健康、环境和生态、社会影响的同时,指出纳米技术共同体的伦理责任及责任的本质,强调纳米技术共同体的伦理责任不是传统的义务论,而是融合美德伦理的现代责任伦理;使命是高于一般责任的具有战略目标的一种高尚的伦理精神,是一种价值观,其本质是发展伦理观.     

关于世界纳米材料生物效应与安全性研究的思考

纳米技术与纳米材料成为21世纪世界诸国国家经济发展的主要驱动力之一。随着纳米技术与纳米材料的深入研究，人们对纳米材料可能产生的生物效应与安全性问题引起了担忧。本研究在阐述21世纪初世界主要发达国家纳米生物效应与安全性研究现状及进展的基础上，介绍了中国纳米安全性研究的动态以及当前世界科学界在纳米生物效应与安全性研究方面所面临的5个重大问题，提出了中国在适逢纳米安全性研究机遇时所应采取的相关政策建议。     

科技风险的伦理思考

当代科学技术的高速发展在日益改变着世界,但由于人们对科学技术工具理性的无限制滥用,使得科学技术的发展离开了道德的制约、伦理的引导,导致了人与自然、人与人类自身等伦理实体的和谐关系遭到破坏,科学技术发展中蕴含着一些高风险,给人类文明提出了严峻的挑战,从而使科技风险问题成为人类文明发展中不可回避的问题.为了防范科学技术发展所带来的风险危机,就必须唤醒人们的伦理觉悟、伦理生态意识,进而构建稳定的伦理-科技生态,从而使人们在充分享受科技发展所带来的巨大方便的同时,也拥有一个和谐的人类文明.     

技术伦理视阈下高科技企业的非伦理技术行为表现及优化

高科技企业非伦理技术行为不仅局限于企业与冲突方之间的关系相背离,还影响着社会、自然等生态圈的平衡。技术伦理原则寻求的是平衡和谐,实现整个环境的融洽稳定。从技术伦理原则的12个指标研究高科技企业的非伦理技术行为,具体分析核伦理、太空伦理、生态伦理和基因伦理,最后从宏观与微观两个层面提出发展型伦理意识,即宏观层面从整体上关注企业与自然、企业与技术、企业与未来之间的关系;微观层面具体地考察企业与人之间的技术伦理关系。     

人工智能生成内容的发展趋势、风险与善治

ChatGPT以通用人工智能拉开了生成式AI发展的序幕,对人工智能生成内容产生深远影响,但其背后也潜藏着社会对生成式AI技术发展的担忧。通过阐述人工智能生成内容的技术演进过程及应用场景,分析人工智能生成内容带来的意识形态、法律、伦理、环境等风险,从政府层面、行业层面、用户层面3个方面对人工智能生成内容提出风险治理方案,以期为人工智能技术可持续发展提供参考。     

技术伦理视阈下高科技企业非伦理技术行为的表现及优化

高科技企业非伦理技术行为不仅局限于企业与冲突方之间的关系相背离,还影响着社会、自然等生态圈平衡。而技术伦理原则寻求的是平衡和谐,实现整个环境的融洽稳定。本文从技术伦理原则的十二个指标研究高科技企业的非伦理技术行为,具体分析核伦理、太空伦理、生态伦理、基因伦理等方面,最后从宏观与微观两个层面提出了发展型伦理意识。宏观层面从整体上关注企业与自然、企业与技术、企业与未来之间的关系;微观层面具体地考察企业与人之间的技术伦理关系。     

‘What are these researchers doing in my Wikipedia?’: ethical premises and practical judgment in internet-based ethnography

The article ties together codified ethical premises, proceedings of ethical reasoning, and field-specific ethical reflections so to inform the ethnography of an Internet-based collaborative project. It argues that instead of only obeying formal statutes, practical judgment has to account for multiple understandings of ethical issues in the research field as well as for the self-determination of reflexive participants. The article reflects on the heuristics that guided the decisions of a 4-year participant observation in the English-language and German-language editions of Wikipedia. Employing a microsociological perspective, it interrogates the technological, social, and legal implications of publicness and information sensitivity as core ethical concerns among Wikipedia authors. The first problem area of managing accessibility and anonymity contrasts the handling of the technologically available records of activities, disclosures of personal information, and the legal obligations to credit authorship with the authors’ right to work anonymously and the need to shield their identity. The second area confronts the contingent addressability of editors with the demand to assure and maintain informed consent. Taking into account these problem areas, the ethical reasoning on the one hand proposes options for observing and documenting episodes. On the other, it provides advice on the feasibility and the necessity of obtaining informed consent.     

Why We Need Better Ethics for Emerging Technologies

Technological revolutions are dissected into three stages: the introduction stage, the permeation stage, and the power stage. The information revolution is a primary example of this tripartite model. A hypothesis about ethics is proposed, namely, ethical problems increase as technological revolutions progress toward and into the power stage. Genetic technology, nanotechnology, and neurotechnology are good candidates for impending technological revolutions. Two reasons favoring their candidacy as revolutionary are their high degree of malleability and their convergence. Assuming the emerging technologies develop into mutually enabling revolutionary technologies, we will need better ethical responses to cope with them. Some suggestions are offered about how our approach to ethics might be improved.     

Anticipating Ethical Challenges: Is There a Coming Era of Nanotechnology?

In this paper I question the claims made for a ‘coming era of nanotechnology’ and the ethical challenges, it is argued, that are entailed by this particular technological revolution. I argue that such futurist claims are sustained by an untenable modernist narrative which separates the technical and the social. This is exemplified by the work of K. Eric Drexler and his claim that whilst the course of scientific knowledge may remain unpredictable we nevertheless can predict with accuracy the trajectory of technology and particularly the emergence of nanotechnology. The problem then, on the basis of knowledge about the future state of technology, is to make choices now which will forestall unintended and undesirable consequences. Firstly, the paper argues for a radical scepticism towards all forms of forecasting or prediction but especially technological forecasting of the type exemplified in the debate around nanotechnology. Secondly, given this radical scepticism the paper criticises the idea that a prospective ethics can be created on the basis of an assessment of consequences of nanotechnology.     

中国纳米科技创新系统的形成、演化及建议

经过20世纪80年代中期至今近30年的发展,中国纳米科技队伍已经成为国际纳米科技界最为活跃的力量之一。这一发展历程经历了3个阶段,即纳米科学知识积累阶段、纳米科技创新系统形成阶段和创新价值链雏形阶段。为促进纳米科技创新系统的不断完善,今后应以促进产业目标实现为导向,重点推动系统各行为主体构建更为紧密的互动关系。     

Future Technologies,Dystopic Futures and the Precautionary Principle

It is sometimes suggested that new research in such areas as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology and genetic engineering should be halted or otherwise restricted because of concerns about possible catastrophic scenarios. Proponents of such restrictions typically invoke the precautionary principle, understood as a tool of policy formulation, as part of their case. Here I examine the application of the precautionary principle to possible catastrophic scenarios. I argue, along with Sunstein (Risk and Reason: Safety, Law and the Environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002) and Manson (Environmental Ethics, 24: 263–274, 2002), that variants of the precautionary principle that appear strong enough to support significant restrictions on future technologies actually lead to contradictory policy recommendations. Weaker versions of the precautionary principle, which do not have this feature, do not appear strong enough to support restrictions on future technologies.     

Introducing and Developing Professional Standards in the Information Systems Curriculum

In light of growing concerns in the public and recent mandates from business program accrediting bodies and curricular task forces, the importance of teaching ethical topics in information systems programs is discussed. Innovative strategies used for teaching the application of ethical criteria to common situations are reviewed. Results of a survey of information systems faculty members in the US are presented and are compared to previous studies that related primarily to computer science and software engineering programs. Insight is provided into the topics, techniques, degree of coverage, and assessment techniques currently used when teaching ethics in computing-related programs. Key concerns and future work is also outlined.     

Community Participation in Australian Science and Technology Policy: The Case of Nanotechnology

Abstract

Nanotechnology is widely considered to offer enormous competitive advantages to those countries that possess the knowledge and capacity to harness its potential. As in many other countries, Australia’s nanotechnology policy is in its infancy and lags international research in the field. We examine the role of community engagement in the development of nanotechnology in Australia, and argue that if Australia is to establish a sustainable nanotechnology policy, then it must broaden its perspective and more carefully consider the social, ethical and environmental aspects of nanotechnology. We support the goal of shared economic growth through technological advancement; however, this seems unlikely as long as the Australian government persists with what is essentially a technical and socially exclusive approach to stimulating innovation in nanotechnology. While opposition to nanotechnology is still ‘thin on the ground’, it is starting to emerge and the Commonwealth and State governments would do well to treat it with respect.     

Genetic technologies meet the public: the discourses of concern

To clarify concerns that the public has with genetic technologies, the article presents the results of focus group interviews conducted in Denmark in 2000. The concerns of the public are divided into three ideal-typical categories: social (dealing with environmental and health risks), economic (dealing with both the threats and opportunities of the new technologies), and cultural (taking up ethical and moral concerns). Following a general discussion of why it is important to take these discourses of concern seriously, each discursive category is discussed with examples taken from the focus group interviews.     

网络分析方法用于纳米科技领域科学合作状况的研究

本文以SCI数据库收录的国际纳米科技领域论文作为数据来源,借助pajek技术,对1990-2004年15年间世界纳米科技领域科学合作的网络进行分析,着重对纳米科技领域科学家个人之间、国家地区之间以及学科领域之间科学合作网络的特征进行探索研究。揭示出纳米科技领域科学合作网络的集群与成果产出之间的相关特征。