论科学技术发展的伦理环境

科学技术带来的伦理问题对社会环境产生了巨大的影响,同时又受着社会环境的制约。文章以分析科学技术伦理问题在当代的表现形式出发,提出了关于科技伦理环境的定义以及评估科技伦理环境的主要指标及衡量标准,并以纳米技术为实例做一分析和评估。     

纳米技术的伦理意义考量

纳米技术是一个发展非常迅速的专业领域,尤其是纳米材料、纳米电子学和纳米医学等学科分叉在政府和企业资助下更是进展迅猛。但在这种急速发展中,如果缺乏对纳米技术的伦理、法律和社会意义的严肃研究,又可能会导致某些意想不到的公共风险问题。目前人们已开始针对围绕纳米技术展开的乌托邦与敌托邦之争,提出了仅仅限于科技专业或职业责任范围内的伦理评价或道德决策方法。这应该说是一个进步,不过纳米技术的实践潜力毕竟将涉及到每个公民,因此其道德决策不应该仅局限于科技专家范围,而应放大到整个公共空间,使纳米技术从一开始就在公共伦理考量下得到与公共价值相一致的健康持续发展。     

论纳米技术共同体的伦理责任及使命

以追问纳米技术的伦理问题为起点,在探寻纳米技术对健康、环境和生态、社会影响的同时,指出纳米技术共同体的伦理责任及责任的本质,强调纳米技术共同体的伦理责任不是传统的义务论,而是融合美德伦理的现代责任伦理;使命是高于一般责任的具有战略目标的一种高尚的伦理精神,是一种价值观,其本质是发展伦理观.     

纳米科技带来的伦理问题研究

纳米科技具有战略性、综合性和创新性的特点。探讨纳米科技带来的伦理问题,对于解决其它高科技领域的相关问题具有一定的借鉴意义。国内外对纳米科技带来的安全性和伦理问题越来越关注,这些问题涉及科研人员、科技管理部门、企业、公众等各个群体。随着纳米技术的进一步发展和应用,法制化、制度化管理的要求会越来越迫切。     

普雷斯顿对纳米技术的环境伦理审视

纳米技术的成败很大程度上取决于它处理环境及其相关问题的能力。对纳米技术环境风险进行伦理考量,是保证它健康发展的必要环节。普雷斯顿认为,既有的环境伦理学为审视纳米技术提供了合适的伦理框架。他从重视历史演化过程的环境伦理直觉出发,对全新物质的生产、失控的复制器、人类增强和满足人类所有物质需求的能力等四个问题进行了伦理考察。     

纳米伦理:寻求未来安全的伦理

纳米伦理起源于人们对纳米技术风险的恐惧和担忧.迄今为止,纳米伦理经历了从最初的梳理纳米技术的伦理问题,到反思这些问题的可能后果,再到对反思的反思3个阶段,研究内容不仅涉及现实的、具体的层面,也包括未来的、概念性的以及评估的和管理的3个层面.文章指出,对纳米技术风险的恐惧与担忧源于纳米技术的中介性和不确定性,纳米伦理学的任务在于探索和构建纳米技术活动的伦理规范,促进纳米技术在全球伦理的框架下健康、可持续的发展,以让人们走出担忧和恐惧,寻求一个安全的未来.     

科技风险伦理困境的规避途径及其调节机制

科学技术发展过程中不确定性因素的显现、科技风险责任主体的缺失、科技风险与效益中的公平性等问题在科学技术发展和人类现实生活中引发了各种伦理问题,导致了一定程度的伦理困境,对于这些困境的解决,既有赖于建立起新的应对科技风险的伦理观,同时也需要构建科技风险治理的伦理调节机制,并通过具体措施使其得以实现。     

创业伦理:问题、审视与对策

采用定性研究方法,首先探讨创业伦理的内涵,继而分析创业活动引发的特殊伦理问题主要表现在创业公司利益相关者、新进入缺陷、破坏性创新、科技创新4个方面,其背后复杂因素来自创业者个人、组织内部和社会环境等等,进而从创业企业的"经济人"和"道德人"两者之间的关系讨论企业遵守创业伦理的重要性和必要性,最后从不同层面探讨针对创业伦理问题的解决建议与对策。     

“2014′科技伦理研讨会”在滇召开

正12月4-5日,中国科学院学部在云南省临沧市组织召开了2014’科技伦理研讨会。此次研讨会以"生态环境伦理与可持续发展"为主题,由中国科学院学部科学道德建设委员会、地学部常委会主办,学部工作局、学部道德与科技伦理研究中心承办。会议旨在分析科技发展引发的生态环境问题,讨论不同维度的环境治理机制,探讨科学家在构建良好生态环境中的责任,以进一步增进科技界和社会对科学技术发展后果的关注,构筑科学与社会沟通的平台,推进规范化、负责任的科学技术研究。围绕生态环境伦理与     

科技伦理研究的方法论创新

现代科技的快速发展在为人类社会带来福祉的同时,也带来了巨大的伦理风险与挑战。如何开展系统性的科技伦理研究,推动科技伦理治理体系的构建已成为当前面临的重要问题。科技伦理研究也成为贯通自然科学、技术工程科学、人文社会科学领域的交叉、综合、复杂的智库问题。文章对国内外科技伦理研究现状进行综述和分析,运用智库双螺旋法这一智库理论方法对科技伦理研究框架、过程、逻辑进行论证,并以生命科学和医学伦理研究为案例进行分析,为科技伦理研究提供具有汇聚融合交叉特点的方法论创新。     

技术伦理、利益伦理与责任伦理——工程伦理的三个基本维度

技术伦理、利益伦理和责任伦理是工程伦理研究的三个基本维度。其中,技术伦理即工程技术活动本身的伦理问题,集中关注工程质量与安全,主要涉及工程师与管理者、技术标准、伦理标准与管理标准之间的关系;利益伦理也是工程活动的基本伦理问题之一,其基本要求是有效协调工程活动中各方面的利益关系、实现效益与公平的统一;责任伦理则是工程伦理的灵魂和内核,主体及限度是工程责任伦理首先关注的问题。     

Computer ethics: Its birth and its future

This article discusses some``historical milestones' in computer ethics, aswell as two alternative visions of the futureof computer ethics. Topics include theimpressive foundation for computer ethics laiddown by Norbert Wiener in the 1940s and early1950s; the pioneering efforts of Donn Parker,Joseph Weizenbaum and Walter Maner in the1970s; Krystyna Gorniak's hypothesis thatcomputer ethics will evolve into ``globalethics'; and Deborah Johnson's speculation thatcomputer ethics may someday ``disappear'.     

网络环境下的信息伦理道德教育探析

信息伦理或曰网络伦理作为网络信息活动领域产生的一种新型伦理，对维系一个民族、一个国家的社会秩序和培养高素质的国民具有举足轻重的作用。文章简述了何为网络环境的信息伦理，指出了当今信息（网络）伦理道德的严重失范，提出了建构网络环境下信息伦理道德教育的对策。     

图书馆伦理价值研究

图书馆伦理价值是图书馆在文献信息服务活动中所形成的具有共识性的价值观和伦理意识、伦理价值目标和伦理理想，它是图书馆员职业行为的原则立场和根本态度。它包括公正服务、敬业、忠于职守和职业人格等基本要素。图书馆伦理价值取向可分多种层次，并受到社会环境与个体品质等多方面因素影响。     

Does gender matter in computer ethics?

Computer ethics is a relatively young discipline,hence it needs time both for reflection and forexploring alternative ethical standpoints in buildingup its own theoretical framework. Feminist ethics isoffered as one such alternative particularly to informissues of equality and power. We argue that feministethics is not narrowly confined to women's issues but is an approach with wider egalitarianapplications. The rise of feminist ethics in relationto feminist theory in general is described and withinthat the work of Gilligan and others on an ethic of care. We argue for the need to connect theory toempirical evidence. Empirical studies of gender andbusiness and computer ethics are reviewed. We noteconcerns with surveying a student audience, the issueof how far questionnaires and interviews can get tothe heart of ethical beliefs and problems ofperforming statistical analyses of quantitative data.Although we recognize them, our own small surveycannot avoid all these problems. Nevertheless byrefining our scenarios we are able to offer analternative reading of a hacking problem in terms ofan ethic of care thereby pointing a way forward forfuture research in computer ethics inspired byfeminist theory.     

技术伦理位阶探析

当技术伦理发生冲突时,技术主体就面临着在多种伦理或伦理原则中选择优先适用何者的问题,这就涉及了技术伦理位阶问题。技术伦理冲突是技术伦理位阶存在的逻辑前提。技术伦理位阶可以根据技术主体的身份、技术活动的类型进行判别。在技术活动中优先适用的伦理或伦理原则称为上位技术伦理,次优适用的伦理或伦理原则称为下位技术伦理。作为恒定上位技术伦理的普世伦理因其是人们最基本、最低限度的共同价值、标准和态度,故任何技术活动都必须优先适用它。判别技术伦理位阶可以解决技术伦理冲突,从而帮助专业技术人员解决伦理困惑,使得技术活动合目的性地进行。     

Why would medical publishers not incorporate core bioethical values into their Ethics Guidelines?

It is quite universally acknowledged by bioethicists, at least in the western world, that respect for the patients’ autonomy, non-malevolence, beneficence, and justice (also called equity) are four core ethical values in medicine. The Ethics Guidelines of key journals in laboratory medicine are not explicit about the first three of these values, and even implicitly, they seem to miss values of justice. Health equity being one of the main objectives of public health policy across the world, we suggest that values of equity explicitly become part of the Ethics Guidelines of laboratory medicine journals. Biochemia Medica could show the way to other medical publishers by incorporating into its Ethics Guidelines these very important core bioethical values.     

Flourishing Ethics

This essay describes a new ethical theory that has begun to coalesce from the works of several scholars in the international computer ethics community. I call the new theory ‚Flourishing Ethics’ because of its Aristotelian roots, though it also includes ideas suggestive of Taoism and Buddhism. In spite of its roots in ancient ethical theories, Flourishing Ethics is informed and grounded by recent scientific insights into the nature of living things, human nature and the fundamental nature of the universe – ideas from today’s information theory, astrophysics and genetics. Flourishing Ethics can be divided conveniently into two parts. The first part, which I call ‚Human-Centered FE,’ is focused exclusively upon human beings – their actions, values and characters. The second part, which I call ‚General FE,’ applies to every physical entity in the universe, including humans. Rather than replacing traditional ‚great ethical theories,’ Flourishing Ethics is likely to deepen and broaden our understanding of them.     

试析网络环境下的信息伦理

信息技术的进步在带给人类效率和文明的同时，也带来了各种意想不到的伦理问题，本文探讨了网络环境下信息伦理的新特征，分析了当前各种信息伦理的失范现象，并就如何构建网络行为下的信息伦理提出了自己的构想。     

Beyond codes of ethics: how library and information professionals navigate ethical dilemmas in a complex and dynamic information environment

This paper reports on a research project that investigated how library and information (LIS) professionals experience ethical dilemmas, with particular reference to the impact of new technologies, sources used to assist ethical decision-making, and the contribution case studies can make to ethical understanding and decision-making. Data was collected through interviews in Britain, Ireland and Australia with LIS professionals, educators, and representatives of professional bodies. The findings identify the main types of dilemma raised and discuss cases indicative of each type. They suggest that new technologies do not appear to change ethical principles but, when experienced in the workplace, substantially change the factors the professional has to evaluate. They also suggest that relevant codes of ethics are satisfactory on traditional library issues of access and confidentiality, but do not address the ethical challenges of current and potential digital environments. Professional associations appear more familiar with codes of ethics than practitioners although practitioners show high levels of ethical awareness, suggesting associations need to communicate more with their members and provide tools that are more useful in the workplace. Case studies are seen as a good way to educate and engage practitioners because of the complexity, conflicts and dynamism they can present.