地位竞争视角下员工主动性行为与创新绩效的关系研究

本研究基于领导-成员交换理论和社会支配理论,在等级制度和高权力距离的中国文化背景下,从地位竞争视角出发研究员工主动性行为、领导-成员交换关系、领导地位威胁感知与个体创新绩效之间的关系。基于13个组织的630套上下级配对问卷数据,采用层级线性回归模型对假设进行检验,本研究发现员工主动性行为正向影响其创新绩效,领导-成员交换关系中介了二者之间的正向关系,领导地位威胁感知削弱了员工主动性行为与创新绩效、员工主动性行为与领导-成员交换关系之间的正向关系。研究结果为员工主动性行为的研究提供了新的视角和框架,同时对企业管理实践有一定的现实意义。     

自我概念下领导-成员交换与知识共享的关系研究

随着知识时代的到来,如何促进团队知识共享是学术界与理论界亟需解决的重要议题。当前从社会交换理论视角的研究缺乏对个体自我意识的关注,因此从自我概念理论视角出发,并依据相关的一致性理论,以组织自尊为中介变量,研究领导—成员交换与知识共享的关系,并探讨自我效能感在其中的调节作用。通过对来自广东省的两家制造企业的202名员工进行两阶段跟踪问卷调查,对该研究的理论模型进行检验。结果显示：领导-成员交换通过组织自尊的中介作用显著影响知识共享,且自我效能感负向调节领导-成员交换与组织自尊的关系和组织自尊的中介效应。     

亲社会行为对员工创新绩效的双刃剑效应——基于情绪的中介作用及领导-成员交换关系的调节作用

本研究结合工作要求-资源模型和领导-成员交换理论,基于607份在职员工的多时段配对数据,构建亲社会行为通过影响自身情绪资源的消耗及获取,进而影响员工创新绩效的理论模型,并验证了领导-成员交换关系在这一过程中的作用。研究发现：实施亲社会行为会获得情绪资源从而产生积极情绪,但其也会消耗情绪资源使员工感到情绪耗竭；积极情绪和情绪耗竭中介亲社会行为对员工创新绩效的影响；领导-成员交换关系能够调节亲社会行为与情绪之间的关系强度。     

角色采择和领导-成员关系对团队绩效的影响

本文将科研团队领导者与成员的情感交换作为重点,研究领导者角色采择能力对领导-成员关系的影响作用,以及两者共同对团队绩效的影响机制。研究对全国6所高校的150个科研团队进行了配对问卷调查,获得97份领导问卷和402份成员问卷,分析过程基于团队层面数据并采用结构方程模型进行假设检验。分析结果表明:团队领导的角色采择和领导获得的专业尊重会显著影响成员与领导之间的情感交换;团队士气在成员情感交换和团队绩效之间具有中介效应;团队归属感的中介效应不明显。以上结论有助于从领导者情感能力角度完善领导-成员关系方面的现有研究,并对于提高科研团队管理水平具有重要的现实指导价值。     

自我领导与组织自尊对员工创新行为影响的实证研究——基于电子通讯、制造企业的数据

基于自我领导相关理论,本文以369名电子通讯制造企业的研发人员为对象,探究自我领导通过组织自尊的中介作用对员工创新行为的影响机理.实证结果表明：自我领导以及组织自尊对员工创新行为具有显著正向影响,组织自尊在自我领导的“设想成功表现、自我对话、自我奖赏、自我惩罚”4个维度对员工创新行为的影响中具有部分中介效应,在自我领导的“自我目标设置”维度对员工创新行为的影响中则具有完全中介作用.     

威权领导与下属建言的关系:一个跨层分析

以65个团队中的65位管理者以及264位下属为研究对象,运用跨层次分析方法,探讨了团队的威权领导对下属建言上司和建言同事行为的影响,以及领导-成员交换、团队-成员交换的中介效应和关系流行度的调节效应。结果发现:威权领导对下属建言上司和建言同事均有消极影响;领导-成员交换在威权领导与下属建言上司关系中起中介作用,团队-成员交换在威权领导与下属建言同事关系中起中介作用;关系流行度正向调节了领导-成员交换与建言上司之间的关系,对团队-成员交换与建言同事之间的关系调节作用不显著。     

CEO谦卑和任务分配有效性对创业绩效的影响：领导——成员交换的中介作用

基于领导—成员交换和领导替代理论,采用问卷调查法收集了创业企业194份CEO和491份高管数据,通过构建和检验第一阶段被调节的中介模型,研究了CEO谦卑对创业绩效的影响机制,并进一步探讨了任务分配有效性的调节作用以及被调节的中介作用。研究结果表明:CEO谦卑和领导—成员交换显著正向影响创业绩效;任务分配有效性在CEO谦卑和领导—成员交换之间起调节作用,任务分配有效性越低,CEO谦卑对领导—成员交换的正向影响越强;任务分配有效性调节了领导—成员交换在CEO谦卑和创业绩效之间的中介作用,任务分配有效性越低,领导—成员交换在CEO谦卑与创业绩效之间的中介作用越强。最后讨论了研究的理论和实践价值以及未来研究方向。     

科技研发组织中真诚型领导的有效性作用研究

真诚型领导作为一种领导方式,已经被证明具有在激烈的企业竞争中有效减小员工流动性、维持组织稳定性的积极作用。文中从领导-成员交换质量的中介作用和下属对权力距离感知的调节作用角度,研究真诚型领导在科技研发创新领域的有效性作用机理。文中在企业研发部门进行了问卷调查,通过对样本数据的实证分析,得出以下结论:真诚型领导对领导有效性具有显著的正向影响,其中领导-成员交换具有部分中介作用,权力距离对该正向影响具有反向调节作用。     

个人-组织契合度、组织自尊和工作绩效的关系研究——以某商业银行为例

以某商业银行为对象,采用Cable个人-组织契合度量表、Pierce组织自尊量表和Bor-man工作绩效量表,探讨个人-组织契合度、组织自尊与工作绩效的关系.结果发现:个人-组织契合度与组织自尊之间存在显著的正相关,个人-组织契合度对组织自尊具有显著的预测意义;个人-组织契合度与工作绩效之间存在显著的正相关,个人-组织契合度对工作绩效有显著的预测意义;组织自尊与工作绩效之间存在显著的正相关,组织自尊对工作绩效有显著的预测意义;组织自尊在个人-组织契合度和工作绩效间起部分中介作用.     

知识型团队领导-成员交换关系差异对工作嵌入的影响:成员公平感的中介效应

领导-成员交换关系差异虽然近年来已逐渐被研究领域所关注,但其影响因素、与个体或组织的行为等结果变量的作用关系仍然不够清晰。以知识型团队的262个成员为被试对象,研究成员感知到的领导-成员交换差异对其工作嵌入的影响,并分析公平感在两者之间的中介作用。结果表明,团队成员感知到的领导-成员交换关系差异负向影响其公平感和工作嵌入程度,公平感正向影响其工作嵌入程度,而公平感在领导-成员交换差差异与工作嵌入的关系中起中介作用。研究结论有助于理解领导行为与个人或组织的行为态度等变量之间的作用关系。     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Stern-Gerlach effect goes chiral

Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics and coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way --at least in theory --to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams and is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect, whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms＇ spin states （Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 130403）.