Unlocking a novel determinant of athletic performance: The role of the gut microbiota,short-chain fatty acids,and “biotics” in exercise

The gut microbiota refers to the collection of trillions of intestinal microorganisms that modulate central aspects of health and disease through influential effects on host physiology. Recently, a connection has been made between the gut microbiota and exercise. Initial investigations demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut microbiota, with cross-sectional studies revealing positive correlations between exercise-associated states, and healthy gut microbiota and exercise interventions showed post-intervention increases in the abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa. More recent investigations have focused on exploring the reverse relationship: the influence of the gut microbiota on exercise performance. Murine investigations have revealed that certain bacterial taxa may enhance endurance exercise performance by augmenting various aspects of lactate metabolism. Further, short-chain fatty acids—which modulate metabolism at various organ sites, including within skeletal muscle—have been shown to enhance endurance exercise capacity in mice. This review highlights what is currently known about the connection between the gut microbiota and exercise, with a particular focus on the ergogenic potential of the gut microbiota and how it may be leveraged to enhance endurance exercise performance.     

Probiotics supplementation for athletes – Clinical and physiological effects

Abstract

Probiotic supplementation has traditionally focused on gut health. However, in recent years, the clinical applications of probiotics have broadened to allergic, metabolic, inflammatory, gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions. Gastrointestinal health is important for regulating adaptation to exercise and physical activity. Symptoms such as nausea, bloating, cramping, pain, diarrhoea and bleeding occur in some athletes, particularly during prolonged exhaustive events. Several studies conducted since 2006 examining probiotic supplementation in athletes or highly active individuals indicate modest clinical benefits in terms of reduced frequency, severity and/or duration of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness. The likely mechanisms of action for probiotics include direct interaction with the gut microbiota, interaction with the mucosal immune system and immune signalling to a variety of organs and systems. Practical issues to consider include medical and dietary screening of athletes, sourcing of recommended probiotics and formulations, dose–response requirements for different probiotic strains, storage, handling and transport of supplements and timing of supplementation in relation to travel and competition.     

运动干预调控肠道微生物介导认知功能的作用研究进展

认知功能障碍是神经系统疾病的重要特征表现,受诸多因素影响。肠道微生物在维持机体健康和多种疾病的发展中发挥作用,肠道微生物失衡与躯体运动能力和脑认知功能障碍,如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等神经退行性疾病关系密切。研究发现,运动干预可通过对肠道微生物的调节,建立肠-脑之间的联系,调控认知功能,改善神经退行性疾病,但不同方式的运动干预对肠道微生物的影响及其与认知功能的调节之间存在差异性。通过分析肠道微生物的生物学功能以及运动介导肠道微生物相关的改变与脑认知功能的关系,探讨肠道微生物在肠-脑神经联络以及运动调控肠道微生物改善认知功能的作用机理。     

运动介导肠道微生物-肠-脑轴调控神经功能的机制

神经功能障碍是导致脑认知能力衰退和神经退行性疾病的重要原因,但其内在的诱导机制尚不清楚。随着学界对肠道微生物研究的深入,发现肠道微生物在许多机体疾病的发展中扮演重要角色,而神经功能障碍亦不例外。肠神经系统与中枢神经系统的信息通路使得肠道微生物与神经功能建立了肠-脑轴间的联络,肠道微生态的变化可通过肠-脑轴间的联络而影响神经功能。研究发现,规律的运动可通过影响肠道微生态进而改善神经功能,抑制神经系统疾病,但其内在调节机制亦不明确,这可能与运动介导肠道微生物多样性、肠道免疫、肠道内分泌、肠道代谢以及运动改善肠-脑间神经联系和神经发生等机制有关。     

我国城市社区居民超重与肥胖体质改善的策略

过去10年,我国城市社区居民增长的体重几乎等同于西方人在过去30年增长的体重,超重与肥胖可谓人体的定时炸弹,是看得见的人体健康第一杀手,改善社区居民超重与肥胖体质,应成为新常态下各级政府和相关部门的工作重点,这对提高国民体质、促进国民经济的增长具有重要的作用。分析我国城市社区居民体重质量状况与超重、肥胖的成因及危害,提出全面提高社区居民对健康的认识水平、构建科学的基层公共体育服务体系、加强社区体育指导员的培训和管理、建立科学减肥运动处方等改善城市社区居民超重与肥胖体质状况的策略。     

安徽省社区全民健身活动现状与发展策略研究——以蚌埠市为例

随着物质生活条件的提高,身体健康对生活品质的影响越来越重要,了解安徽省社区全民健身活动现状对提高居民的精神与文化生活具有积极的促进作用.以蚌埠市社区全民健身活动为例,运用文献资料法、调查访问法、数据统计、观察法等方法对全民健身活动现状进行调查与分析.结果显示,社区全民健身活动开展情况整体上处于自然发展状态,经常参加体育锻炼的人口也有所增加,大多数居民消费水平有限,缺乏健身意识;居民的体育价值观念,专业的体育指导,居民的生活方式,社会提供的场地设施是影响社区全民健身活动的主要影响因素.提出普及健身知识提高参与体育锻炼的动机;增加体育活动场所和社区体育器材的数量,丰富业余文化生活,促进体育消费;加快社会体育指导员的培养工作;提高对社区体育组织与管理水平等发展策略.     

Obesity and minority—changing meanings of big bodies among young Pakistani obesity patients in Norway

Globally, paediatric obesity causes widespread concern, and the role of ethnicity is an important focus. Investigating how culture can mediate health-related behaviour through ideas about bodies, food and physical activity, while addressing a notion that the Pakistani community in Norway is particularly conservative and slow to change, this article points to the centrality of health as a cultural concept and the state of efficacy of public health promotion in contemporary Norwegian society. A Foucauldian perspective lends itself to this approach and the concepts of bio-power, bio-pedagogy and proper citizenship inform the analysis. Specifically, this article examines the obesity and weight loss experiences of Pakistani youth undergoing treatment for paediatric obesity in Norway and the ways in which they negotiate and position themselves amongst competing discourses of weight, health and weight loss.     

世界发达国家和地区社区体育发展的启示

通过对美国、英国、日本、德国、中国香港、中国澳门等发达国家和地区的社区体育发展现状的分析,总结出在法律和政策保障、社区体育组织、体育俱乐部、经费来源、体育设施、体育指导者等方面的先进经验,以期为我国的社区体育的可持续发展提供一些有益的启示.     

The role of sport in community capacity building: An examination of sport for development research and practice

Population health promotion and preventing disease remain important global policy goals. Because of the complex nature of health, and the recognition of the limits of individual-oriented health promotion strategies, recent decades have seen increased interest by public health researchers and practitioners in community-level approaches to health promotion. Increasingly, community-level approaches have been based upon the theoretical concept of community capacity. Community capacity is seen as a critical mechanism for supporting and promoting community-level health and through the sport for development (SFD) model, there is evidence of sport being an important practice for community development. However, little is known about the potential role of sport as a mechanism for building community capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the efficacy of sport to contribute to the process of community capacity building. Using seven established dimensions of community capacity, there is evidence that many SFD practices can effectively facilitate dimensions of community capacity when conducted in intentional, culturally relevant ways. Specifically, sport has demonstrated efficacy in building local skills, knowledge, and resources, increasing social cohesion, facilitating structures and mechanisms for community dialog, leadership development, and encouraging civic participation. More research is needed to understand sport's ability to promote capacity building through collective action, developing value systems that support democracy and inclusion, and encouraging critical reflection. To increase the usefulness of sport to support community health development, SFD principles should be included as part of sport management university curricula. Additionally, practitioners need grounding in community and human development research to support non-sport components of programs. Finally, participatory action research techniques should be used by researchers and practitioners. Sport-based development often generates high interest from residents, funders, and policy makers. By applying principles of community capacity building, sport may be uniquely positioned to enhance sustainable community health development initiatives.     

高胰岛素血症与肥胖

肥胖是一种危害人类健康的慢性疾病.肥胖的产生受多种因素的影响,其主要调节机制包括基因、生理和行为因素.其中胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症与肥胖关系密切.     

运动传感器在肥胖运动干预管理中的研究 与应用前景

现代生活方式的改变是肥胖发生率不断攀高的重要推手.一方面,体力活动不足和营养过剩是肥胖发生的重要原因;另一方面,这些环境因素的改变或调整也是治疗肥胖的重要手段.本文从体力活动与健康关系引入肥胖者能量收支平衡的重要性及运动干预过程中能量消耗监测与反馈的方法,系统回顾体力活动的监控方法,介绍运动传感器尤其是加速度计在肥胖人群体力活动监控中的发展与应用,分析加速度计在全民健身监测中的优势与劣势,面临的发展瓶颈,探索加速度计在运动能量消耗监测与管理中的应用前景.     

有氧运动减肥的生物学机制和运动处方

随着人们生活水平的提高,肥胖发生率逐年上升。肥胖不但影响人的形体美,而且还影响人们的正常生活和心理健康,是引发高血压、冠心病、糖尿病等重大疾病的主要因素,严重威胁着人们的健康。因此,保持身体成分的合理比例、避免肥胖以及如何减肥成为了人们关注的社会热点问题。文章通过研读大量的文献资料,主要综述了有氧运动对肥胖的影响,并讨论了有氧运动减肥的生物学机制及有氧运动减肥的方法、注意事项,为肥胖者达到理想的体重提供理论指导。     

The epigenetic landscape of exercise in cardiac health and disease

With the rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases, the concomitant mortality and morbidity impose huge burdens on quality of life and societal costs. It is generally accepted that physical inactivity is one of the major risk factors for cardiac disease and that exercise benefits the heart in both physiological and pathologic conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the cardioprotective effects exerted by exercise remain incompletely understood. Most recently, an increasing number of studies indicate the involvement of epigenetic modifications in the promotion of cardiac health and prevention of cardiac disease. Exercise and other lifestyle factors extensively induce epigenetic modifications, including DNA/RNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNAs in multiple tissues, which may contribute to their positive effects in human health and diseases. In addition, several studies have shown that maternal or paternal exercise prevents age-associated or high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction in the offspring, reinforcing the importance of epigenetics in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise. It has been shown that exercise can directly modify cardiac epigenetics to promote cardiac health and protect the heart against various pathological processes, or it can modify epigenetics in other tissues, which reduces the risk of cardiac disease and affords cardioprotection through exerkines. An in-depth understanding of the epigenetic landscape of cardioprotective response to exercise will provide new therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases. This review, therefore, aimed to acquaint the cardiac community with the rapidly advancing and evolving field of exercise and epigenetics.     

社会生活变迁对我国青少年体质健康的影响分析

增强青少年体质、促进青少年健康成长是关系到国家和民族未来的大事。学生体质健康下降的原因很多,社会生活方式是其中的重要因素之一。通过文献资料法、访谈法深入分析新时期我国的社会生活变迁及对青少年的影响,为进一步探讨改善和提高我国青少年体质状况奠定基础,对如何更好地结合素质教育改善我国青少年体质有着重要的现实意义。得出主要结论有：（1）现代电子产品,特别是网络对我国青少年的冲击较大,影响和改变着青少年的生活方式;（2）我国青少年的肥胖率都有较大幅度的上升;（3）西方文化思潮对青少年价值观念产生很大的影响,形成了一种很不利于青少年健康成长的社会环境和文化氛围;（4）我国家庭独生子女比例增加,家庭小型化导致青少年过分被溺爱,＂重教轻体＂现象严重。     

上海市中小学生体质与健康基本状况

上海地区学生体质总体合格率较高，在平均身高、体重方面继续增长，肥胖率、视力不良检出率居高不下,身体素质指标有井有降，行为生活方式尚欠科学，饮食营养中偏食情况较为严重。生活水平普遍提高、保护不力等因素直接影响了学生的体质健康状况，学校体言工作不到位、家庭、社会不重视也是重要原因。     

高校教师中肥胖人群健身活动现状调查与分析

根据2005年浙江大学教职工“健康体能测试评价”结果,从中筛选出肥胖人群(平均体脂肪含量超过25%以上者)进行健身、营养和生活方式调研,对影响其健康的主要因素进行比较分析,提供适宜的科学健身方法与健康生活行为方式的建议,并且为对这一人群进行长期的健康指导和体质健康状况的追踪动态评价提供参考依据。     

体脂含量与体脂率测量与评价方法的比较

体脂率指人体脂肪含量所占人体重量的百分数,是用于评价人体肥胖程度的一个最重要的指标,其高低与人体健康程度密切相关.随着人类社会的进步,科学技术的发展,人们的生活条件逐步改善,肥胖的人数在逐年增加.同时,研究体脂率的手段越来越多,评价方法也层出不穷:测量方法由简单的身体形态法发展到了较为精确的DEXA、空气置换法等,但由于这些方法都没有统一的标准,因此不同的测量方法都有着自己的一套评价体系.不同测量手段之间究竟有什么样的不同,以及在不同的条件下应该使用何种仪器对人体进行脂肪含量的测量,已经成为各国学者普遍关注的问题.     

社会环境因素对学生健康教育的影响

从社会环境的视角论述了影响学生身心健康的个人、家庭、学校、社区等主、客观因素，分析了产生这些因素的政治、经济、教育诸原因。认为优越的政治环境有利于学生的身心健康，营造良好的家庭、学校、社区和社会健康教育氛围，对于培养具有健身、健心、健美的新人，以适应21世纪对高素质人才的需求具有重要作用。     

公共健康视角下的电子竞技发展趋势研究

电子竞技(E-sports)已经成为当代发展最快,且最重要的文化现象之一。国家体育总局于2003年将它列为第99个运动项目,又在2011年再次将电子竞技改为正式比赛项目。电子竞技从运动员、观众和经济价值而言,是一个不断发展的产业,而且它将被列入2024年巴黎奥运会。虽然最初主要是年轻男性对电子竞技感兴趣,但电子竞技有可能在更广泛的用户群体中带来健康行为的改变。本文运用文献资料法,对比分析法和逻辑分析法探讨电子竞技在整个生命周期内影响健康行为以及一些主要困境的解决措施。除此之外,电子竞技将有可能帮助于个人改变其体育活动和健康行为。最后考虑到电子竞技的指数增长,对于学者和政策制定者来说,认识到电子竞技带来的机遇是非常重要的。     

家庭因素对体育专业大学生心理健康水平的影响

家庭是人生最初始和最基础的教育环境,不同家庭所形成的价值标准、心理特征、思想意识、生活习惯等是不同的,家庭中的各种构成因素不仅关系到子女早期思想意识,而且影响子女的心理健康。本文主要采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对家庭因素的主要内容包括:家庭经济状况、父母受教育程度、职业特征、单亲家庭、独生子女等问题进行研究。通过调查我们发现,家庭因素是影响体育专业大学生心理健康水平的重要因素。