呼吸肌疲劳对运动能力的影响

迄今为止,人们比以往任何时候都相信,呼吸系统是影响耐力的重要因素之一。不仅剧烈的耐力练习会导致呼吸肌的疲劳,而且运动训练和比赛所导致的呼吸肌的疲劳也会影响运动员的竞技状态。因而运动员进行呼吸肌的耐力训练可以提高其耐力水平。勿庸置疑,呼吸系统的疾病可以影响运动能力,但是呼吸系统在何种程度上影响运动能力仍然有争议。     

浅析耐力训练与力量训练相结合的训练模式

耐力运动员较少进行力量训练,主要担心肌肉肥大对毛细血管和线粒体功能产生潜在负性的影响。但是肌肉的无氧工作能力、肌肉力量和肌肉的爆发力可能影响耐力运动项目的成绩。力量训练能够提高神经肌肉特征和无氧代谢能力。耐力训练中嵌入力量训练的训练模式可能有助于提高耐力性项目成绩。     

有氧训练及大强度疲劳训练对小鼠学习、记忆能力的影响

探讨有氧训练和大强度疲劳训练对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响。采用游泳耐力训练方式 ,建立小鼠有氧运动和疲劳运动模型 ,通过Morris水迷宫法记录不同小鼠学习记忆能力。结果表明 ,大强度疲劳训练小鼠学习成绩明显低于有氧训练组和对照组 ,有氧训练组小鼠记忆成绩好于对照组和大强度疲劳组。结论　大强度疲劳训练影响空间认知能力和学习成绩 ,有氧训练促进记忆能力     

耐力训练、神经骨骼肌系统适应与跑步经济性

跑步经济性和运动成绩密切相关。进行专项运动训练,下肢运动肌募集方式更为精炼。耐力训练可诱导神经骨骼肌系统发生适应,降低代谢需求,提高运动成绩。自行车运动单项与多项组合项目相比,下肢运动肌募集方式存在差异。目前,研究非常关注单项与多项组合项目诱导神经骨骼肌系统适应间的差异。但是,并不清楚这些特异性神经骨骼肌系统适应是否有助于提高或损害耐力性项目的运动成绩？神经骨骼肌系统适应可能在影响耐力性项目的运动成绩。力量训练和超等长训练可提高运动的经济性,但这些适应性的变化对跑步时运动肌募集方式产生多少有益的影响并不清楚。当前,尚没有充足的证据显示拉伸训练和运动鞋可提高运动的经济性。     

预激活增强效应与耐力运动:表现、应用及调节

目的旨在探讨耐力运动预激活增强效应的研究进展,从生理学表现和研究方法方面为耐力项目运动训练方案设计提供理论依据。方法检索、整理和分析耐力运动预激活增强效应相关的文献。结果和结论预激活增强效应的生理机制为肌球蛋白调节轻链磷的酸化及神经肌肉特征的变化;预激活增强效应可用于优化耐力运动热身方案,提升运动成绩;耐力运动引发的神经肌肉特征变化可用于调节耐力运动中外周疲劳所带来的负面影响。未来的研究应进一步明确各专项的热身方案,在耐力训练或竞赛中的作用,最大限度地发挥预激活增强效应在各专项运动中的用作,热身活动中最佳的负荷强度也需进一步地研究,便于研究者们更好地探究用以提升运动成绩的训练方案。     

速度滑冰运动员常用训练监控指标的应用

速滑运动是一项集速度、耐力、力量、技术为一体的竞技运动项目,训练监控是速滑运动员进行科学训练的重要手段.运用文献资料法、专家访谈法等,结合速度滑冰的项目特征,对速滑运动员常用的生理生化训练监控指标进行分析总结,为速滑教练员全面掌握运动员的训练水平、训练强度、疲劳恢复、机能状态等提供参考,进而科学合理地安排训练计划,不断提高速滑运动员的运动成绩.     

青少年夏训期的疲劳消除策略

<正>一、夏季训练的特点青少年在夏季从事室外训练或比赛时,容易遭遇高温高湿的极端天气,这对人体生理状态和运动能力都会造成影响,特别是长距离耐力性项目,更容易发生疲劳,甚至导致中暑,进而影响运动成绩和训练效果,科学有效的应对措施可以帮助运动员延缓夏训时疲劳的发生,加快训练后疲劳的消除。     

对我国中长跑训练科学化的探讨续(三)

4.2.最佳运动负荷的制定原则 当前所有周期耐力性项目的教练员对于“大运动负荷训练”都有了较充分的认识。也可以说任何体育运动项目,如果不通过大运动量,大强度的训练是不可能取得理想的成绩的。尤其是对于一些素质相同的同一项目运动员来说,如果训练次数多,负荷量和强度均大,其成绩提高得也就越快。这种趋势已在运动员的训练中体现的愈来愈明显。     

儿童少年的耐力性工作能力

耐力是机体在长时间运动训练的过程中保持较高的抗疲劳的能力。主要是以耐力素质来决定成绩的运动项目称之为耐力性运动项目。一、对儿童少年时期耐力性素质的错误评价在评定儿童少年的耐力能力和耐力素质的可训练性时,人们会发现,实践经验和科研结果在许多情况下并不一致。因此当前训练科学     

茜草提取物对大强度耐力运动训练大鼠肾脏组织自由基代谢及抗氧化酶活性影响的实验研究

通过分析大强度耐力运动训练大鼠（♂）部分自由基指标的变化来探讨补充茜草提取物抗氧化、提高机体抗疲劳能力的可能机制。方法：通过建立大鼠递增大强度耐力跑台训练实验模型,测定了大鼠肾脏组织某些生化指标和抗氧化酶活性影响。结果：茜草可增加耐力运动后力竭即刻状态下谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）,降低丙二醛（MDA）以及活性氧（active oxygen）含量。结论：补充茜草提取物可显著提高大鼠肾脏组织抗氧化酶的活性,减轻大强度耐力训练对大鼠肾脏组织造成的脂质过氧化损伤,具有明显的抵抗脂质过氧化的功能,对大鼠运动能力的提高有良好的作用。     

年龄与性别因素对运动性肌肉疲劳的影响

运动性肌肉疲劳表现为肌肉不能维持原有的输出功率,从而使运动能力下降。运动性肌肉疲劳是影响运动强度和量的重要因素,探讨年龄与性别因素对运动性肌肉疲劳的影响,为运动训练及运动健身人群进行体育运动提供一定的指导。     

腹式呼吸法对人体呼吸障碍的改善作用研究

呼吸肌无力,易疲劳,肺组织的回缩功能降低是呼吸功能低下的主要表现。气功腹式呼吸运动方法,不但能锻炼呼吸肌,提高呼吸肌的收缩机能与耐力,增强呼吸功能,而且对改善人体内环境,调整各脏腑器官生理机能的稳定有一定作用,较深慢腹式呼吸配合阻力的呼吸锻炼,更适合于呼吸障碍者。     

Changes in respiratory muscle and lung function following marathon running in man

Respiratory muscle fatigue has been reported following short bouts of high-intensity exercise, and prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise, as evidenced by decrements in inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures. However, links to functionally relevant outcomes such as breathing effort have been lacking. The present study examined dyspnoea and leg fatigue during a treadmill marathon in nine experienced runners. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in one second were assessed before, immediately after, and four and 24 hours after a marathon. During the run, leg effort was rated higher than respiratory effort from 18 through 42 km (P < 0.05). Immediately after the marathon, there were significant decreases in maximal inspiratory pressure and peak inspiratory flow (from 118 +/- 20 cm H(2)O and 6.3 +/- 1.4 litres x s(-1) to 100 +/- 22 cm H(2)O and 4.9 +/- 1.5 litres x s(-1) respectively; P < 0.01), while expiratory function remained unchanged. Leg maximum voluntary contraction force was significantly lower post-marathon. Breathing effort correlated significantly with leg fatigue (r = 0.69), but not inspiratory muscle fatigue. Our results confirm that prolonged moderate-intensity exercise induces inspiratory muscle fatigue. Furthermore, they suggest that the relative intensity of inspiratory muscle work during exercise makes some contribution to leg fatigue.     

运动中补充肌酸的作用机制

通过查阅近几年的文献，综述了运动中补充肌酸的作用机制。认为，肌酸作为一种能量补剂广泛应用于体育运动中；运动中补充肌酸作用的潜在机制与能量代谢等因素密切相关；肌酸可以提高运动员的肌肉力量和短时间全力运动的输出功率；补充肌酸也可能刺激氧化磷酸化，促进运动后肌糖原的积累，为补充肌酸提高耐力运动水平的理论依据；补充肌酸还可能具有直接抗氧化特性，从而延迟运动性疲劳的发生，提高机体运动能力。     

超微结构变化及其与肌肉疲劳、损伤的关系

近年来有大量文献综述讨论这一专题。运动时肌肉损伤使输出功率减低,肌肉疲劳。运动后即刻超微结构变化最常见的表现涉及肌小节损伤,肌质网和线粒体颗粒肿胀。超微结构的变化程度参与肌肉疲劳的发生现未知。最可能的机制涉及直接抑制肌质网Ca~(2 )释放通道和在某种场合因兴奋收缩偶联阻断,但钙如何促使细胞损伤也仍未解决。钙激活蛋白酶类,磷脂酶A可能促进肌肉损伤,由于肌膜和亚细胞器膜结构降解,力竭运动后自由基增加,导致脂质过氧化增加和肌细胞完整性丧失。自由基能促进疲劳尤其显得重要,自由基防护剂可预期在一定程度上保护肌细胞。     

Inspiratory muscle fatigue in swimmers after a single 200 m swim

Inspiratory muscle fatigue may occur in as little as 6 min during high-intensity spontaneously breathing exercise. The aims of this study were to determine whether inspiratory muscle fatigue occurs during swimming exercise and whether inspiratory muscle strength differs between the supine and standing body positions. Seven competitive swimmers were recruited to perform a single 200 m front-crawl swim, corresponding to 90-95% of race pace. Inspiratory muscle strength was measured at residual volume using a hand-held mouth pressure meter that measured maximal inspiratory pressure in the upright and supine positions. At baseline, maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position was significantly lower than maximal inspiratory pressure in the upright position (112 +/- 20.4 and 133 +/- 16.7 cmH2O, respectively; P < or = 0.01). Post-exercise maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position (80 +/- 15.7 cmH2O) was significantly lower than baseline maximal inspiratory pressure in the supine position (P < or = 0.01). The results indicate that a single 200 m front-crawl swim corresponding to 90-95% of race pace was sufficient to induce inspiratory muscle fatigue in less than 2.7 min. Furthermore, although diaphragm muscle length is optimized when supine, our results indicate that the force output of the diaphragm and inspiratory accessory muscles is greater when upright than when supine.     

Knee joint neuromuscular activation performance during muscle damage and superimposed fatigue

This study examined the concurrent effects of exercise-induced muscle damage and superimposed acute fatigue on the neuromuscular activation performance of the knee flexors of nine males (age: 26.7 ± 6.1 years; height 1.81 ± 0.05 m; body mass 81.2 ± 11.7 kg [mean±s]). Measures were obtained during three experimental conditions: (i) 'fatigue-muscle damage', involving acute fatiguing exercise performed on each assessment occasion plus a single episode of eccentric exercise performed on the first occasion and after the fatigue trial; (ii) 'fatigue', involving the fatiguing exercise only; and (iii) 'control' consisting of no exercise. Assessments were performed prior to (pre) and at 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 168 h relative to the muscle damaging eccentric exercise. Repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) showed that muscle damage elicited reductions of up to 38%, 24% and 65% in volitional peak force, electromechanical delay and rate of force development compared to baseline and controls, respectively (F ([10, 80]) = 2.3 to 4.6; P < 0.05) with further impairments (6.2% to 30.7%) following acute fatigue (F ([2, 16]) = 4.3 to 9.1; P < 0.05). By contrast, magnetically-evoked electromechanical delay was not influenced by muscle damage and was improved during the superimposed acute fatigue (～14%; F ([2, 16]) = 3.9; P < 0.05). The safeguarding of evoked muscle activation capability despite compromised volitional performance might reveal aspects of capabilities for emergency and protective responses during episodes of fatigue and antecedent muscle damaging exercise.     

Changes in respiratory muscle and lung function following marathon running in man

Abstract

Respiratory muscle fatigue has been reported following short bouts of high-intensity exercise, and prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise, as evidenced by decrements in inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures. However, links to functionally relevant outcomes such as breathing effort have been lacking. The present study examined dyspnoea and leg fatigue during a treadmill marathon in nine experienced runners. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in one second were assessed before, immediately after, and four and 24 hours after a marathon. During the run, leg effort was rated higher than respiratory effort from 18 through 42 km (P < 0.05). Immediately after the marathon, there were significant decreases in maximal inspiratory pressure and peak inspiratory flow (from 118 ± 20 cm H₂O and 6.3 ± 1.4 litres · s^?1 to 100 ± 22 cm H₂O and 4.9 ± 1.5 litres · s^?1 respectively; P < 0.01), while expiratory function remained unchanged. Leg maximum voluntary contraction force was significantly lower post-marathon. Breathing effort correlated significantly with leg fatigue (r = 0.69), but not inspiratory muscle fatigue. Our results confirm that prolonged moderate-intensity exercise induces inspiratory muscle fatigue. Furthermore, they suggest that the relative intensity of inspiratory muscle work during exercise makes some contribution to leg fatigue.     

运动与细胞凋亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是不同于细胞坏死的生理性细胞程序化死亡 ,它涉及到生命科学的各个领域 ,与运动医学的关系也非常密切。笔者综述了运动对骨骼肌、心肌和淋巴细胞凋亡的影响及其调节机制 ,旨在为进一步研究运动性疲劳的发生机制开辟一条新的途径