新旧规则下仰泳出发技术比较研究——以江苏省现役优秀游泳运动员为例

采用文献资料法、录像分析、专家访谈法,从出发预备姿势、入水距离和腾空高度等角度对新旧规则仰泳出发技术进行对比分析,并据此分析两种出发技术适合人群,期望为中国仰泳运动员和教练员在训练与比赛提供借鉴。在新旧2种规则下的不同仰泳出发技术,在准备动作、入水距离和腾空高度等方面有较大的差异,这对于运动员有着不同的身体素质和运动技术要求。     

游泳抓台式出发技术的运动学特征研究

采用高速摄影方法,对12名男性大学生游泳运动员的游泳抓台式出发技术进行了运动学分析,揭示了抓台式出发技术的预备姿势、离台技术、重心移动以及入水技术的运动特征,为今后游泳抓台式出发技术的训练提供了有关参数。     

少儿跳水入水压水花训练中倒立训练方法探析

1、倒立训练在入水压水花训练中的作用 倒立训练首先能刺激神经系统,克服人体直立状态中形成的习惯性方位感的干扰,改善跳水运动员在垂直倒立姿势入水时的空间方位和身体下落速度的判断 能力。发展了专项所需的运动时空知觉。所以能提高少年运动员在空中身体的控制能力及最后入水垂直效果，因而倒立辅助训练对压水花技术的掌握无疑是有益的。其次，压水花技术对上肢及躯干的力量素质和身体复杂运动的控制能力要求很高，而倒立动作对运动员肩、腰、手腕及整个身体支撑的力量，以及控制身体运动的能力，都能起到良好的作用，所以这种训练符合跳水入水和压水花的要求。再次，6、7岁儿童，由于空间方位知觉发展尚未定型。而神经系统对肌肉运动的调控能力正在快速发展之中，因此，如果能对这些小运动员。及时地进行系统地倒立辅助训练，便能加速压水花技术的掌握。     

两种仰泳出发技术的运动学特征研究

通过对运动员两种仰泳出发技术的预备姿势、离台阶段、腾空阶段、入水阶段和头到达指定距离的时间进行了有关运动学特征的比较和分析。结果表明,脚出水面仰泳出发技术的预备姿势重心高,离壁角度大,离壁速度快,双手空中移动速度快,手入水距离远,入水角度较小;从水下滑行到5m、7.5m段的时间看,脚出水面仰泳出发技术的优势明显,脚出水面的仰泳出发技术优于脚不出水面的仰泳出发技术。     

游泳接力项目两种接跳出发技术对比分析

选择10名广州大学高水平男子游泳运动员为研究对象,采用测力板、高速摄像机等仪器设备同步采集运动学和动力学参数资料,对游泳接力项目中常用的两种接跳出发技术进行对比分析,选择更适宜接力项目的摆臂式出发技术对自由泳成绩最好的4名运动员进行为期4周的接跳训练,籍以探讨两种接跳出发技术的优劣及摆臂式出发技术训练对接跳时间的成效.结果表明,摆臂式出发技术相对于抓台式出发技术具有较大起跳角度、垂直速度和起跳作用力,入水阻力小,在入水距离、出发10m时间具有较大的优势,更适合游泳接力的项目特点,更适宜在游泳接力项目中使用.实验证明,运动员经过较长时间的接跳训练,采用摆臂式出发技术可以明显提高游泳接力项目的接跳时间.     

少年儿童游泳运动员最佳心率和出发入水点的优选法调控研究

运用“黄金分割 (0 .6 18)法”理论 ,对浙江省部分少儿游泳运动员平时训练前的心率和出发入水点进行反复调控试验研究 ,寻找出了适合每个运动员的最佳心率和最佳出发入水点的个性特征 ,取得了较为理想的成效。本研究所取得的成果 ,可为浙江省乃至全国游泳运动员建立具有个性特征的模式提供参考依据     

少儿跳水入水压水花训练中倒立训练方法探析

跳水训练中动作打开后的入水与压水花技术是跳水项目得分比重较大的部分,因此一直是众多教练比较关注的问题,本人在训练实践中发现：倒立辅助训练能够加速少年运动员对入水及压水花技术的掌握。这种训练与水上训练相结合,起到了非常大的促进作用,同时认为：6、7岁的儿童是进行系统倒立基础训练与入水压水花技术训练比较适宜的时期。     

游泳运动员前倾蹲踞式出发时间与技术指标的相关性研究

运用统计学方法找出影响前倾式蹲踞式出发时间的主要水上及水下技术指标。选取山东省优秀游泳女运动员10名,运用2台陆上摄像机、1台水下摄像机与1台测力起跳台同步定机拍摄15 m 完整出发技术动作周期,使用 Kwon3D 和 Biowave 进行运动学和动力学数据解析,使用统计学软件 SPSS 对26个指标进行了相关性分析,发现前倾式蹲踞式出发总时间受水下时间的影响;出发台上时间受后腿膝关节角度和蹬离时间的影响;出发腾空时间受起跳角和腾空高度的影响;水下时间受入水深度、水下打腿次数、入水角、水下水平初速度和滑行髋关节角度的影响;腾空时间影响入水距离和入水水平初速度;腾空阶段髋关节角度影响入水水平初速度;前脚水平蹬离最大力量影响入水水平初速度和水下水平初速度;起跳角和前后脚水平蹬离力量影响离台水平速度,离台水平速度影响腾空高度、入水角、入水距离。     

少年儿童“压水花”训练方法研究——以四川省游泳学校跳水队为例

本文选取少年儿童“压水花”训练方法开展研究,具有理论意义和实践价值.(1)跳水动作由7个环节组成,分别是起跳、连接、空中翻腾、看目标、打开、打开后控制、入水;其中入水是动作的最后一个环节,是整个动作的最终体现.而入水“压水花”技术是运动员跳入到水中时没有水花溅起,能否压好水花往往直接影响运动员的得分,决定比赛的成绩,事实上许多国内外的大型比赛中,裁判员也把入水效果作为评判动作质量的重要因素.(2)少年儿童运动员在最初的学习阶段,对于倒置入水概念还没有建立,直接在水上训练用数量和时间来堆积,这样成效慢而且不能很好的掌握正确的入水“压水花”技术,采用一套更加科学、系统、全面的“压水花”训练方法,可以使少年儿童运动员更快、更有效的掌握“压水花”技术,使中国的跳水运动技术得到稳固更快的发展.(3)本文通过对四川省游泳学校跳水队6名运动员进行为期3个月的入水“压水花”技术的训练,取得了良好的效果,运动员“压水花”成绩大幅度提高,有效地解决了运动员入水“压水花”这个技术问题,使参加实验训练的运动员比赛成绩明显提高,获得了四川省青少年跳水锦标赛冠军的好成绩.     

游泳出发“洞式“入水技术的力学分析

“洞式”入水又称“一点式”入水。三年前,美国游泳运动员首先在国际比赛中运用。现已为许多国家运动员所运用。但我国运动员运用的并不多,有关该技术的资料更少见。本文就“洞式”入水技术作些分析,和大家共同研究。“洞式”入水技术是依据流体力学的原理而设计的。该技术的实质就是人体各部分在入水时,其环节纵轴与人体重心入     

跳水"压水花"技术运动生物力学研究

“压水花”是竞技跳水比赛中的关键技术，在训练中已经探索总结出不少“压水花”技术的训练方法，但在理论研究上，还远落后于实践。应用有关力学原理和流固耦合理论，对人、水碰撞过程进行简化和计算机模拟，并对“水花”形成的机理进行进一步的分析探讨，总结出不同形状固体(运动员入水时的手形)、在不同务件下撞击水面时“水花”形成的规律，根据计算机模拟结果和理论研究的成果，对“压水花”技术进行生物力学研究，提出“平掌撞水，压揉结合”的水花控制理论和方法。经对江苏省跳水队部分运动员中进行实验训练，取得了满意的结果。     

Stabilometer Performance of Educable Mentally Retarded Children under Differential Feedback Conditions

Abstract

Twelve trials on a stabilometer task were administered to 100 educable mentally retarded children whose IQs ranged from 55 to 80 and whose mean age was 12.6 years. Four groups were trained under different supplementary auditory or visual feedback conditions while a fifth group was trained under control conditions. Using the mean time-in-balance (TIB) as the criterion measure, there were no initial performance differences among groups. Significant TIB performance differences among groups were demonstrated during the supplementary feedback training sessions; the visual/in-balance group demonstrated performance superiority. Final performance measures, obtained after withdrawal from the feedback conditions, were compared among groups; the visual/in-balance group maintained performance superiority over all other study groups. Comparisons within groups, from initial to final performance, indicated that only the control group failed to demonstrate significant performance gains and, therefore, did not acquire the task. The findings showed that only when supplementary auditory and visual feedback training techniques were employed did stabilometer performance improve significantly. The performance superiority of the visual/in-balance condition over all other conditions leads to the conclusion that the supplementary visual feedback technique as a reinforcement to correct responding has the greatest effect on the acquisition of the stabilometer task by educable, mentally retarded children.     

Personal Autonomy of Scuba Diver Trainees

Abstract

An investigation of personal autonomy levels as measured by the Pensacola Z scale was conducted on 147 scuba diving trainees at the University of California at Los Angeles. The study was part of an effort to develop insight into selection and training procedures for reliable underwater workers. Findings revealed that diver trainees described themselves as individualistically as did groups of astronauts and Antarctic scientists, but their Z-scale scores were not significantly different from other campus groups. Further, the Z-scale did not significantly differentiate between successful trainees and dropouts in the course. A weak relationship was found between the Z-scale score and scuba diving performance during pool testing. It was concluded that the qualities measured by the Z-scale test may be more important to the future diving careers of the subjects than to their selection and training.     

倒立在跳水基础训练中的应用

倒立训练是跳水训练的基础。本文通过对倒立垂直入水的技术的原理分析和对倒立训练在跳水基础训练中作用的讨论,初步提出跳水陆上辅助练习倒立训练的一些步骤与方法。     

跳水运动员力量训练研究——以清华大学跳水队多年力量训练为例

对清华大学26名跳水运动员的力量训练进行了4年跟踪研究,从理论和实践两个方面分析和总结了跳水运动员力量训练的特点和规律。跳水运动员力量能力的结构主要为神经对肌肉的支配能力、肌肉的快速收缩能力和关节韧带的支撑能力。专项技术训练和预防损伤是跳水运动员力量训练的两个重要任务,在训练中应给予同样的重视。在训练方法上进行了研究和探索,形成了一整套与传统力量训练不同的训练方法。对训练负荷进行了多种不同的分类,提出了训练负荷对专项力量的重要影响和意义。     

Recreational diving: Re-evaluation of task,environment, and equipment definitions

Abstract

Recreational diving has developed extensively over the years, becoming a popular sport and leisure activity, attracting millions of people around the world. A questionnaire aiming to identify problematic stages during recreational diving and to map the relative importance of the diving equipment features was distributed among divers of different genders, ages, certification, and professional experience (N=130). It was found that the most problematic stages for recreational divers (out of 32 tasks) were on-land activities and transitional phases between water and terrestrial interfaces: carrying equipment on shore, underwater orientation, exiting from water to boat and reef, surface swimming, and donning the wetsuit. Safety/reliability, individual adjustment, performance, and simplicity were rated the most important features for diving equipment, while design/style and brand name were rated the least. We suggest that redefinition of the task, equipment, and environment according to the current profile of recreational divers will increase pleasure, reduce fatigue and related diving accidents, improve safety, and increase the number of dedicated active divers.     

跳水技术训练视频分析与快速反馈系统的设计与应用

跳水技术训练视频分析与快速反馈系统是CA S训练方法在跳水运动训练中的部分实现。从跳水运动训练的实际需求出发,结合技术可行性分析,给出了系统的总体设计方案。视频反馈和视频分析技术系统其功能是:1)自动拍摄跳水技术动作,自动快速反馈动作视频;2)海量技术动作视频的存储;3)完成视频的采集和分析工作;4)提取决定跳水动作质量的参数;5)跳水技术动作的合成比较。     

Improvement of cellular health indicators and muscle quality in older women with different resistance training volumes

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT) performed with different training volumes on phase angle (PhA), body water components, and muscle quality (MQ) in untrained older adult women. A second purpose was to assess the relationship between PhA and MQ. Sixty-two older adult women (68.6 ± 5.0 years, 65.2 ± 13.3 kg, 156.1 ± 6.2 cm) were randomly assigned into one of the three groups: two training groups performed either 1 set (G1S) or 3 sets (G3S), or a control group (CG). Body water components and PhA were estimated by bioelectrical impedance (BIA). MQ was determined by dividing skeletal muscle mass estimated by dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) by total muscle strength from three exercises. After the intervention period, both training groups demonstrated improvements (P < 0.05) when compared with CON for intracellular water, total body water, PhA, and MQ. These results suggest that RT can improve PhA, body water components, and MQ after 12 weeks of RT in untrained older women, regardless of training volume. Furthermore, changes in MQ were positively correlated with changes in PhA (r = 0.60, P < 0.01).     

少儿跳水运动员跳板走板技术教学有效性的研究

根据多年的运动训练实践,针对跳板走板技术环节的特点,结合初学跳水运动员身心特征,提出有效的技术教学方法组合策略。