优秀青少年游泳运动员蹲踞式与抓台式游泳出发技术的对比分析

目的:基于青少年的生理特点,通过对比青少年游泳运动员采用蹲踞式和抓台式2种游泳出发技术时的运动学和动力学数据,以期为青少年游泳运动员的运动训练与比赛提供参考。方法:使用Kistler测力台和高速摄像机记录从青少年游泳运动员从准备姿势到入水的整个过程,通过对2种游泳出发技术参数的统计对比分析,总结这2种游泳出发技术的特点。结果:从游泳出发技术上来看,男性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、平均水平腾空速度、出发总时间大于抓台式,而入水角度较小;女性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、地面反作用力峰值、腾空距离、平均水平腾空速度大于抓台式,而腾空时间、入水角度、出发总时间较小。从性别角度看,男性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、平均水平腾空速度、入水角度小于女性,而地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、出发总时间较大;男性采用抓台式的加速蹬伸时间、平均水平腾空速度、入水角度小于女性,而地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、出发总时间较大。结论:从游泳出发技术上来看,蹲踞式在滞台阶段加速蹬伸时间较长,但地面反作用力较大,且获得了更大的平均水平腾空速度,弥补了其滞台时间较长的缺点;在腾空阶段,在腾空时间无显著差异的情况下,蹲踞式具有明显较大的腾空距离,则蹲踞式在该阶段更具优势。从性别上来看,男性的加速蹬伸时间较小,且地面反作用力较大,但平均水平腾空速度较小,减小了男性在滞台阶段的优势;在腾空阶段,男性的腾空时间明显大于女性,但其腾空距离也较大。     

两种蹲踞式游泳出发技术的运动学比较分析

选取8名男子大学生游泳运动员,进行为期4周的前倾蹲踞式与后摆蹲踞式游泳出发技术的规范训练.通过对两种蹲踞式出发技术的录相解析来比较研究其出发技术的运动学特征.研究结果表明,后摆蹲踞式出发技术不仅在预备姿势、起跳、腾空等阶段有利因素较多,而且在入水及水下滑行阶段更具有明显的优势.     

游泳出发起跳器上后摆蹲踞式出发技术的运动学分析

研究抓住世界游泳发展动态,选取16名一级大学生游泳运动员对新型游泳出发起跳器上蹲踞式出发技术开展运动特征研究。结果表明:游泳出发起跳器的使用,能够提高后摆蹲踞式技术的离台速度;但腾空高度低,水下滑行效果不好,在出发起跳器上不适宜采用后摆蹲踞式出发技术。     

3种游泳出发技术的运动学分析

重点描述20世纪90年代后出现的后摆蹲踞式游泳出发技术,并与现在常用的前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式游泳出发技术进行比较。运用生物力学测试方法,使用超微摄像机对8名优秀女游泳运动员进行定点拍摄,通过对3种游泳出发技术的录像进行解析来比较研究它们的部分运动学特征,得出这3种游泳出发技术的特点。研究结果表明:后摆蹲踞式出发技术较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术稳定性高;后摆蹲踞式出发技术较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术离台水平速度大,手的拉台效果明显,但滞台时间也较长;后摆蹲踞式出发技术的台上预备姿势重心投影点距出发台前沿较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术靠后,不利于快速起动。对3种游泳出发技术的综合评价表明,后摆蹲踞式游泳出发技术有利因素较多。     

小学生与初中生蹲踞式跳远的教学方法

<正> 蹲踞式跳远是三种跳远方法中技术最简单的一种,适合初学跳远者学习。就技术而言,不管是何种跳远方法,均包括助跑、起跳、腾空和落地四部分,其中,助跑和起跳结合是关键技术,是教学的重点。教学应围绕掌握好助跑与起跳相结合的技术来安排。助跑与起跳结合是指助跑最后一步起跳脚上板到起跳脚离板的动作过程。蹲踞式跳远技术要领和教学方法如下: 蹲踞式跳远技术要领助跑应加速,最后几步达到最高跑速。起跳脚上板应尽量减少制动,起跳时上体应正直或稍前倾,起跳腿充分蹬伸,摆动腿与两臂配合     

你知道吗

蹲踞式出发：现代竞技游泳比赛的出发方式基本可以分为两种,一种是抓台式出发,一种是蹲踞式出发。抓台式出发的姿势是双脚并排站在出发台前端,在听到发令后双腿同时发力蹬离出发台。蹲踞式出发是双脚一前一后类似跑步的起跑姿态的出发,也叫起跑式出发,发力顺序一般来讲是后脚先发力,前脚慢于后脚蹬离出发台。在现代竞技游泳比赛中,大多数的运动员都会选择蹲踞式出发。相比起抓台式,蹲踞式出发向前的角度更好,启动速度和离台初速度也略快于抓台式,但是运动员一定要有好的身体素质才能充分地发挥它的优势,所以部分身体素质不出众的女运动员会选择抓台式出发。     

跆拳道跳踢动作中起跳技术运动学研究

起跳技术是跆拳道运动员获得腾空高度的关键。利用运动学方法对起跳技术的下蹲和蹬离两个阶段的技术动作以及起跳技术的影响因素进行运动力学分析;对起跳技术的运动学参数进行了解析,结果显示：体重、蹬离角、蹬离垂直起跳时间、地面垂直作用力和髋、膝、踝三关节的控制和柔韧性等因素对跆拳道起跳技术有显著影响。最后,给出了提高跆拳道运动员起跳技术质量的几点建议。     

两种仰泳出发技术的运动学特征研究

通过对运动员两种仰泳出发技术的预备姿势、离台阶段、腾空阶段、入水阶段和头到达指定距离的时间进行了有关运动学特征的比较和分析。结果表明,脚出水面仰泳出发技术的预备姿势重心高,离壁角度大,离壁速度快,双手空中移动速度快,手入水距离远,入水角度较小;从水下滑行到5m、7.5m段的时间看,脚出水面仰泳出发技术的优势明显,脚出水面的仰泳出发技术优于脚不出水面的仰泳出发技术。     

再议“蹲踞式跳远”教学

一、动作要领蹲踞式跳远的完整技术包括助跑、起跳、腾空和落地等紧密衔接的几个部分。它的助跑一般距沙坑10～15米,采用站立式起跑,助跑应加速,最后一步起跳腿,应积极下压,用全脚掌快速用力地踏板,蹬伸起跳。同时摆动腿应积极前摆,使身体腾空后,起跳腿前提向摆动腿并拢,两腿屈膝尽量向胸部靠拢,两臂经前摆至身后,在空中成蹲踞式动     

游泳出发技术的文献综述(下)

研究结果表明蹲踞式的优点在于由于增大身体的投影面积和降低重心,使稳定性比抓台式和摆臂式更好,使运动员可以增大前倾的程度,比前抓台式和摆臂式离台快和入水快。1975年爱尔伦等人(IsraelAyalon,Van Cheluwe and Kanitz)研究结果是在运动员从出发至5米处时蹲踞式比抓台式和摆     

游泳抓台式出发技术的运动学特征研究

采用高速摄影方法,对12名男性大学生游泳运动员的游泳抓台式出发技术进行了运动学分析,揭示了抓台式出发技术的预备姿势、离台技术、重心移动以及入水技术的运动特征,为今后游泳抓台式出发技术的训练提供了有关参数。     

Biomechanics of the ski cross start indoors on a customised training ramp and outdoors on snow

An effective start enhances an athlete's chances of success in ski cross competitions. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the biomechanics of start techniques used by elite athletes and assess the influence of different start environments. Seven elite ski cross athletes performed starts indoors on a custom-built ramp; six of these also performed starts on an outdoor slope. Horizontal and vertical forces were measured by force transducers located in the handles of the start gate and a 12-camera motion capture system allowed monitoring of the sagittal knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow kinematics. The starting movement involved Pre, Pull, and Push phases. Significant differences between body sides were observed for peak vertical and resultant forces, resultant impulse, and peak angular velocity of the shoulder joint. Significantly lower peak vertical forces (44 N), higher resultant impulse (0.114 Ns/kg), and knee joint range of motion (12°) were observed indoors. Although movement in the ski cross start is generally symmetrical, asymmetric patterns of force were observed among the athletes. Two different movement strategies, i.e. pronounced hip extension or more accentuated elbow flexion, were utilised in the Pull phase. The patterns of force and movement during the indoor and outdoor starts were similar.     

Key parameters of the swimming start and their relationship to start performance

The swimming start is typically broken into three sub-phases; on-block, flight, and underwater phases. While overall start performance is highly important to elite swimming, the contribution of each phase and important technical components within each phase, particularly with the new kick-start technique, has not been established. The aim of this study was to identify technical factors associated with overall start performance, with a particular focus on the underwater phase. A number of parameters were calculated from 52 starts performed by elite freestyle and butterfly swimmers. These parameters were split into above-water and underwater groupings, before factor analysis was used to reduce parameter numbers for multiple regression. For the above-water phases, 81% of variance in start performance was accounted for by take-off horizontal velocity. For the underwater water phase, 96% of variance was accounted for with time underwater in descent, time underwater in ascent and time to 10 m. Therefore, developing greater take-off horizontal velocity and focussing on the underwater phase by finding the ideal trajectory will lead to improved start performance.     

试论克莱普冰刀的起跑技术

以克莱普冰刀和非克莱普冰刀在结构和技术上的对比，来说明克莱普冰刀起跑技术的结构、特征和合理技术，以此作为高等院校冰上代表队进行起跑教学、训练的参考。     

Does installation of the backstroke start device reduce 15-m start time in swimming?

The purpose of this study was to determine the installation of the backstroke start device reduces 15-m time. Thirteen college swimmers participated in this study. The aerial start and underwater motions were recorded with two digital video cameras. The center of mass (CM) of the swimmer, angular displacements and velocities of the shoulder, hip and knee joints were calculated. As an indicator of performance, the 5- and 15-m times were measured. The 5- and 15-m times in the backstroke start device condition were significantly shorter than in the non-backstroke start device condition. The vertical velocities of the CM at hand-off and toe-off in the backstroke start device condition were significantly greater than in the non-backstroke start device condition, while there was no significant difference in the CM horizontal velocity at toe-off. As a result, the height of the great trochanter at entry of the fingertips, with the backstroke start device, was 15 cm higher than in the non-backstroke start device condition. In addition, the CM horizontal velocities at 5 m in the backstroke start device condition were significantly greater than those of the non-backstroke start device. Thus, the use of the backstroke start device may reduce the 15-m time by diminution of the entry area.     

竞技游泳的出发台出发技术分析

游泳出发台出发技术包括摆臂式、抓台式、团身式、洞式、鞭式和蹲踞式,分析其技术要领和各自的优劣,可对不同泳姿、不同运动员运用不同的出发技术进行训练.     

Front- or rear-weighted track start or grab start: which is the best for female swimmers?

The aim of this study was to compare three competitive swimming starts (grab, rear-weighted track, and front-weighted track). The starts were compared in terms of time and instantaneous horizontal velocity, both at take-off from the block and at 5 m from the wall. Twenty US college female swimmers performed three trials of each of the three randomly ordered starts. Swimmers left the block significantly sooner using the front-weighted track start (0.80 s) than the other two starts (both 0.87 s; P < 0.001). In the rear-weighted track start, however, the athletes left the blocks with significantly higher horizontal velocity than in the grab or front-weighted track start (3.99 vs. 3.87 and 3.90 m/s, respectively; each P < 0.001). By 5 m, the front-weighted track start maintained its time advantage over the grab start (2.19 vs. 2.24s; P = 0.008) but not the rear-weighted track start (2.19 vs. 2.21 s; P = 0.336). However, the rear-weighted track start had a significant advantage over the front-weighted track start in terms of instantaneous horizontal velocity at 5 m (2.25 vs. 2.18 m/s; P = 0.009). Therefore, the rear-weighted track start had a better combination of time and velocity than the front-weighted track start. There was also a trend for the rear-weighted track start to have higher velocity at 5 m than the grab start, although this did not reach statistical significance (2.25 vs. 2.20 m/s; P = 0.042). Overall, these results favour the rear-weighted track start for female swimmers even though most of the athletes had little or no prior experience with it. Additional research is needed to determine whether males would respond similarly to females in these three different swimming starts.     

The biomechanical structure of swim start performance

The aim of this study was to analyse the significance of various biomechanical parameters in swim start performance for the grab and track start techniques. To do so, structural equation models were analysed, incorporating measurements for the take-off phase, flight phase and entry phase. Forty-six elite German swimmers (18 female and 28 male; age: 20.1 ± 4.2 yrs; PB (100 m Freestyle): 53.6 ± 2.9 s) participated in the study. Their swim start performance was examined within a 25-m sprint test. Structural equation modelling was conducted in separate models for the block time, flight time and water time and in a combined model for swim start time. Our main finding was that swim start time is predominantly related to water time and determined to a lesser extent by block time and flight time. We conclude that more emphasis should be given to the water immersion behaviour and the gliding phase when analysing swim start performance. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the grab start and track techniques as regards the biomechanical parameters representing the take-off phase and water phase.     

短道速度滑冰的起跑技术与训练

良好的起跑技术是我国短道速滑短距离项目占据世界领先位置的重要因素.通过对国内外优秀运动员起跑技术的分析,深入阐述了短道速滑起跑技术要领及其训练方法.结合其项目的竞赛规则,对能够充分发挥其特点与优势提出合理化建议.     

The impact of start strategy on start performance in alpine skiing exists on flat,but not on steep inclines

Here, we explored the relationship between incline and start strategy during alpine skiing. Eight FIS skiers performed starts on a flat (3°) and steep (21°) incline employing five different strategies. Their times, trajectories and velocities were monitored with a GNSS system and video. A significant interaction was observed between slope incline and start strategy with respect to the skier’s exit velocity (p < 0.001, ?²_p = 0.716), but not for the start section time (p = 0.732, ?²_p = 0.037). On the almost flat incline, both section time (p = 0.022, ?²_p = 0.438) and exit velocity (p < 0.001, ?²_p = 0.786) were influenced significantly by start strategy, with four V2 skate-pushes being optimal. On the steep incline, neither section time nor exit velocity was affected significantly by start strategy, the fastest section time and exit velocity being attained with four and two V2 skate-pushes, respectively. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that the start strategy exerts considerable impact on start performance on almost flat inclines, with strategies involving three or more V2 skate-pushes being optimal. In contrast, start performance on the steep incline was not influenced by strategy.