框架立体定向图像引导颈椎弓根螺钉个体化置钉的实验研究

目的探索一种基于虚拟现实可视化技术的颈椎弓根螺钉置钉方法。方法选取6例成人颅-颈椎标本，改进的四柱式定位框架以螺钉固定于枕颈部，使颅-颈-肩形成统一刚性结构，保持空间位置恒定。CT薄层扫描获取60个椎弓根的空间定位数据，Aero—tech手术规划系统三维建模，设计安全、个体化的置钉路径，导向弓把持下经皮细钻钻孔，套管针导引下置入攻丝，复查CT评价置钉的准确性。结果60个椎弓根置钉中，攻丝与规划路径有偏差者8个，失败率为13％，横突孔方向突破5个，椎管骨皮质突破3个；6例位于C（3-5）（占75％）；2例位于C1、C2椎体（占25％）。结论框架立体定向图像引导的颈椎弓根螺钉个体化置入方向精确，减少置钉的并发症，置钉过程直观、简单，能术前虚拟演示，有临床应用前景。     

个体化3D打印模型辅助后路螺钉内固定治疗颅颈交界区畸形

目的 研究个体化3D打印模型辅助后路内固定治疗颅颈交界区畸形的方法和效果.方法 对贵州省人民医院神经外科MRI及CT确诊的31例颅颈交界区畸形患者进行回顾性分析.采用3D打印技术建立颅颈交界区个体化3D打印模型,在模型上进行模拟置钉及内固定手术,获得个体化置钉数据,再进一步术中辅助真实手术,采取一期后路减压及内固定治疗.结果 25例建立了个体化3D打印模型辅助术中置钉进行内固定手术,全部置钉成功.术前CT判断,有2例可直接行枢椎椎弓根置钉,但通过3D模型测量以及术中辅助发现不能置钉;术前有3例评估不适合椎弓根置钉的病例,经过3D模型分析,最后仍能行椎弓根峡部置钉.术后随访时间3～ 28个月,平均13.9个月.术后JOA评分显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).术后复查MRI及CT,寰枢椎脱位行撑开复位的24例中,完全复位19例,不完全者5例.术后寰椎齿突间隙(ADI)明显缩小,延髓颈髓角(CMA)明显增大,延髓腹侧受压明显减轻或消失,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).无手术死亡,2例出现呼吸困难.结论 个体化3D打印模型辅助后路螺钉内固定可提高置钉成功率,有效保护椎动脉,提高安全性,值得初学内固定者借鉴和推广;采取螺钉间撑开复位技术治疗寰枢椎脱位短期疗效好.     

寰枢椎定位导向内固定置钉点、角度、直径及长度的个性化设计

目的：为提高内固定置钉的一次成功率，利用辅助检查资料为寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉制定简单、实用的个性化方案。 方法：选择2002-01/2006-09解放军第二五一医院骨科患者31例。术中采用自制的寰枢椎定位导向器，根据寰枢椎椎弓根X射线-CT个体化测量的结果，确定进钉点、入钉的角度，选择直径及长度合适的椎弓根螺钉置入。寰椎椎弓根进钉点：左侧（19.93±1.32）mm，右侧（19.16±1.30）mm，寰椎椎弓根向内侧进钉角度：左侧（23.72±2.09）°，右侧（23.35±1.91）°，寰椎向头侧进钉角度（9.00±1.20）°。枢椎椎弓根进钉点：左侧（13.14±0.82）mm，右侧（13.85±0.79）mm。 枢椎椎弓根向内侧进钉角度：左侧（24.52±1.26）°右侧（20.42±1.42）°，枢椎向头侧进钉角度（25.00±3.00）°。 结果：①对31例患者置入124枚椎弓根螺钉，1次置钉成功122枚螺钉，正确率为98.39%，有2枚因内倾角偏差不够，穿破椎弓根的外侧骨皮质而改为2次定位。②2例术后出现枕大神经痛，经对症治疗1个月后痊愈，2例螺钉穿破寰椎左侧椎弓根外侧壁，未发现脊髓、椎动脉损伤。③所有患者X射线片显示寰椎完全复位，枢椎齿状突骨折处对位良好。CT片示螺钉与椎动脉的脊髓位置关系良好。④平均随访10.5个月，均获得骨性融合，未发现钉板断裂材料反应。⑤按JOA评分标准，优16例，良12例，可2例，差1例，优良率90.32%。 结论：X射线-CT个性化设计方案可提高寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置入成功率。     

颅颈交界区螺钉-钛棒(板)内固定技术的临床应用

目的 探讨螺钉-钛棒(板)内固定技术治疗颅颈交界区不稳定的临床经验.方法 27例颅颈交界区不稳定患者(先天性寰枢关节脱位21例、颅底凹陷症经口齿状突切除致寰枢关节脱位1例、外伤致寰枢关节脱位1例、经口斜坡脊索瘤切除致寰枢关节脱位3例和椎管内神经纤维瘤病致寰枕关节破坏1例),手术前日本整形外科协会(JOA)评分1～13分,平均(7.45±1.62)分,施行枕骨钉或寰椎侧块-枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术,并通过螺钉间撑开技术使寰枢关节复位.根据手术后JOA评分和影像学改善程度,评价手术疗效.结果 27例患者中除1例手术后临床症状无明显变化,余26例均明显改善.手术后2周CT检查椎体间融合良好,仅2例(2枚)枢椎椎弓根螺钉穿破骨皮质,但未造成血管损伤或神经压迫,其余螺钉位置良好.随访3～36个月,平均10.50个月.手术后3个月,患者JOA评分1～13分,平均(13.26±1.02)分,与手术前比较,差异具有统计学意义(t=24.210,P=0.001);平均改善率为(60±12)%.结论 枕骨钉或寰椎侧块.枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗颅颈交界区不稳定安全有效.     

经椎弓根钉板内固定治疗上颈椎疾患的个性化设计及临床应用

背景：上颈椎疾患从后路行椎弓根固定在国内个别大型医院虽已相继开展,但该手术仍为颈椎外科高难度手术。为了将手术风险降至最低,作者设计了一套个体化手术方案,并结合自行研制的椎弓根定位导向器行术中精确定位置钉,经检索相关数据库在国内未见报道。 目的：提高内固定置钉的一次成功率及植入体的生物力学效应,利用辅助检查资料为寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉制定简单、实用的个性化方案。 方法：选择2002-01/2006-09解放军第二五一医院骨科患者31例。术中采用自制的寰枢椎定位导向器,根据寰枢椎椎弓根X射线-CT个体化测量的结果,确定进钉点、入钉的角度,选择直径及长度合适的椎弓根螺钉置入。寰椎椎弓根进钉点：左侧(19.93± 1.32) mm,右侧(19.16±1.30) mm,寰椎椎弓根向内侧进钉角度：左侧(23.72±2.09)°,右侧(23.35±1.91)°,寰椎向头侧进钉角度(9.00±1.20)°。枢椎椎弓根进钉点：左侧(13.14±0.82) mm,右侧(13.85±0.79) mm。 枢椎椎弓根向内侧进钉角度：左侧(24.52±1.26)°,右侧(20.42±1.42)°,枢椎向头侧进钉角度(25.00±3.00)°。 结果与结论：①31例患者置入124枚椎弓根螺钉,1次置钉成功122枚螺钉,正确率为98.39%,有2枚因内倾角偏差不够,穿破椎弓根的外侧骨皮质而改为2次定位。②2例术后出现枕大神经痛,经对症治疗1个月后痊愈,2例螺钉穿破寰椎左侧椎弓根外侧壁,未发现脊髓、椎动脉损伤。③所有患者X射线平片显示寰椎完全复位,枢椎齿状突骨折处对位良好。CT片示螺钉与椎动脉的脊髓位置关系良好。④平均随访10.5个月,均获得骨性融合,未发现钉板断裂材料反应。无炎症、排异等宿主反应。⑤按JOA评分标准,优16例,良12例,可2例,差1例,优良率90%。提示从生物力学角度实施植入体置入,可提高寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置入成功率。     

自发性寰枢关节脱位后路复位内固定术中枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入不能时的备选方法

目的探讨自发性寰枢关节脱位后路内固定过程中枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入不能时,其他备选螺钉内固定技术的安全性及有效性。方法对贵州省人民医院神经外科未采用枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗的11例自发性寰枢关节脱位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。在枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入不能时,采用枢椎椎板螺钉、峡部螺钉、枢椎下关节突螺钉及延长固定节段至C3侧块螺钉来增加稳定性的方法。手术前后分别行CT及MRI检查,评价脊髓受压程度、脱位复位情况、螺钉位置、骨融合情况;通过比较术前、术后日本骨科协会(JOA)评分来评价疗效。结果 11例患者均为枢椎椎弓根置钉不能,改用备选方法置钉,全部行枕颈钉棒内固定。共置入枢椎椎板锣钉14枚,枢椎峡部螺钉5枚,枢椎下关节突螺钉1枚,延长固定节段至C3侧块螺钉4枚。术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓神经根损伤。11例患者的寰枢关节脱位均得到不同程度的复位,随访中无患者出现螺钉松动、滑脱、断钉及复位丢失等情况,JOA评分为显著增加。结论对自发性寰枢关节脱位后路内固定过程中枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入不能时,可根据情况,个性化选用枢椎椎板螺钉、峡部螺钉、枢椎下关节突螺钉及延长固定节段至C3侧块螺钉的方法来固定,是可行且有效的。     

应用C1-2螺钉棒系统行后路复位、固定和融合治疗合并寰-枢椎脱位的颅底凹陷症

目的探讨应用C1-2螺钉棒内固定系统行后路复位、固定和融合治疗寰枢椎脱位的手术疗效。方法 2013年4月至2013年10月,对30例我科收治的合并寰枢椎脱位的颅底凹陷症患者采用寰椎侧块螺钉和枢椎椎弓根峡部螺钉(或下关节突螺钉、颈3椎弓根螺钉)棒内固定系统进行复位、固定并取髂后上嵴松质骨植骨融合。通过术后3D-CT评判复位程度,JOA评分评判临床疗效,并探讨影响手术效果的因素。结果 30例患者中26例达到完全复位,4例为部分复位。其中25例完成了3个月以上随访,CT显示植骨愈合良好,未出现植骨的吸收及内固定的松动。结论 C1-2椎弓根钉棒内固定系统对治疗合并寰枢椎脱位的颅颈交界区畸形可以获得满意的疗效,安全可行。     

基于CT图像建立的小儿枢椎齿状突病理性骨折三维数字化模型

背景：在进行寰枢椎椎弓根内固定过程中,由于儿童的骨骼局部解剖结构复杂及椎弓根结构常存在变异,且置钉时极易损伤椎动脉或脊髓,导致严重后果。 目的：基于CT扫描图像建立精确的小儿枢椎齿状突病理性骨折数字化模型,评估其在临床诊断及内固定治疗中的应用效果。 方法：将1例2岁枢椎齿状突病变患儿的CT扫描结果导入三维建模Simpleware软件中进行三维重建,用逆向工程与快速成型原理制作个体化的骨骼模型实物并经树脂后处理,利用该模型指导内固定治疗。 结果与结论：成功建立了小儿寰枢椎及齿状突的三维立体模型,可直接观察病变部位,精确测量置钉入点、角度及其他数据,对内固定方案设计起到了良好的指导作用,从而提高了寰枢椎椎弓根内固定治疗的安全性和准确性。     

应用数字化模板导航颅颈交界区后路螺钉内固定（附9例报告）

目的结合人体解剖学、现代影像学、计算机三维重建、逆向工程技术及快速成形技术,设计一种新的颈椎弓根后路螺钉内固定方法。方法采集患者CT原始三维数据建立颈椎三维模型,导入三维重建软件Amira3．1,虚拟图像上采集拟固定椎弓根数据,应用逆向成形技术（RE）设计进针导航模板,利用激光快速成形（RP）技术制作颈椎模型和导航模板。在该模板导航下,后路螺钉内固定治疗9例颅底畸形。术中利用制作的导航模板与颈椎的后部结构相贴合,通过导航孔进行颈椎椎弓根的定位,植入椎弓根螺钉。术后根据X平片和CT扫描评价椎弓根螺钉的位置。结果建立制作个体化颈椎导航模板的方法,通过RE、RP技术生产出的导航模板具有较好的准确性、安全性、可靠性,适用于颅颈交界区后路螺钉内固定。结论利用RE和RP技术为颅颈交界区后路螺钉内固定定位、固定提供了一种全新、准确、安全、可靠的方法,在神经外科领域具有较大的应用前景,可广泛应用于颅颈交界和胸腰椎椎弓根的固定。     

椎弓根钉棒系统治疗不稳定性Jefferson骨折的生物力学分析

背景：目前后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉有取代Magerl技术趋势,成为治疗寰枢椎不稳的新标准术式。 目的：评价单、双侧椎弓根钉棒系统治疗不稳定性Jefferson骨折的力学稳定性,为临床应用提供实验依据。 方法：在6具完整枕骨颈椎(C0~4)湿润标本切断寰椎前后弓与侧块的联接部位,并切断寰椎横韧带,制成不稳定性 Jefferson骨折模型,分别安装单侧寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统和双侧寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统,通过摄像记录在1.53 N•m载荷下C1~2的三维运动,测定正常组、骨折模型组及各内固定组的三维运动范围,评价其重建寰枢椎即时稳定性的效果。 结果与结论：在屈伸、侧屈及轴向旋转的运动中,单侧寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统组的三维运动范围均明显大于双侧寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统组(P < 0.05)。提示在治疗不稳定性 Jefferson骨折时,双侧寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗稳定性好;单侧寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统固定效果不佳,尤其是抗旋转能力差,不能满足增强稳定性、植骨融合的要求,应尽量避免单独使用。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.