早期一期手术治疗术后颅骨缺损并脑积水

目的 探讨一期行脑室-腹腔分流术+颅骨修补术对大骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损、脑积水及脑组织颅骨缺损疝的治疗效果. 方法 选择贵州省人民医院神经外科自2009年6月至2010年12月收治的38例大骨瓣减压术后出现颅骨缺损、脑积水及脑组织颅骨缺损疝的患者,于术后2个月内一期行脑室-腹腔分流术+颅骨修补治疗.观察术后及6～24个月后随访结果. 结果 术后10d复查头颅CT示脑积水消失31例,明显缓解7例;38例患者中线结构均居中,缺损区钛网修补满意,外观良好.随访6～24月,平均13月,复查头颅CT脑积水消失30例,明显好转6例,脑积水复发2例,经再次行脑室腹腔-分流术后脑积水消失.结论 早期一期行脑室-腹腔分流术+颅骨修补术治疗去大骨瓣减压术后脑积水、颅骨缺损及脑组织缺损疝可取得良好效果,不增加手术风险及并发症发生率.     

早期脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术治疗去骨瓣减压术后脑积水30例

目的探讨早期脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术在去骨板减压术后脑积水治疗中的效果。方法对30例早期同时行颅骨修补术和脑室-腹腔分流术的病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果去骨板减压术后(60.4±15.6)d内再次行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术,术后神志及神经功能改善27例(90.0%),出现分流管梗阻并腹腔感染1例(3.3%),无颅内感染病例;术后随访3~6个月,其中20例恢复良好(66.7%),6例中等残疾(20.0%),3例重度残疾(10.0%),1例死亡(3.3%)。结论去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水的患者早期行脑室-腹腔分流术和颅骨修补术,可以减少手术并发症。     

早期同期手术治疗颅骨缺损合并脑积水疗效分析

目的探讨早期(去骨瓣减压术后2个月内)同期手术治疗颅骨缺损合并脑积水病例的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析48例颅骨缺损合并脑积水病例资料,随机分为同期组28例(早期进行一次性手术,同时行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨缺损修补术),分期组20例(先行脑室-腹腔分流术,分流术术后1~3个月再以相同方法进行颅骨缺损修补)。结果两组病例手术前后GCS、神经功能缺损评分差异,均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。与分期组比较,同期组病例麻醉时间、手术时间缩短,出血减少,皮下积液发生率下降。结论早期(去骨瓣减压术后2个月内)采用同期手术治疗颅骨缺损合并脑积水病例,手术安全而有效。     

颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水同期行V-P分流术及颅骨修补术临床观察

目的评价颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水同期行V-P分流术及颅骨修补术的临床疗效,探讨其临床适用性。方法选择2012-05—2013-09于我院治疗的57例颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者。随机分为试验组29例和对照组28例,试验组同期行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术处理,对照组分期行脑室-腹腔分流术及颅骨修补术处理。观察并记录2组一般情况、治疗前后神经系统评分情况,观察临床疗效和并发症情况。结果试验组手术时间、术中出血量、皮瓣游离时间和住院时间均明显低于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗后GOS评分、GCS评分、Fugl-Meyer评分和神经功能缺损评分明显优于治疗前(P0.05),且试验组治疗后上述评分改善情况优于对照组(P0.05);试验组良好率(58.62%)明显高于对照组(21.43%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.19,P=0.0042);试验组并发症发生率为6.89%(2/29),对照组为35.72%(10/28),差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.15,P0.05)。结论颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水同期行V-P分流术及颅骨修补术可以明显提高临床疗效,改善患者的神经系统症状,且不良反应少。     

硬膜外血肿骨化合并颅骨缺损修补一例报告

患者男,26岁.因"脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后6年"收住我院.患者自述于6年前因颅脑外伤在当地医院行颅内血肿清除术和去骨瓣减压术(伤时资料均已遗失),术后恢复良好,入院诊断为颅骨缺损并脑穿通畸形.头颅CT提示左侧额颞部颅骨缺损合并左枕硬膜外血肿骨化,脑室穿通畸形(图1).全麻下行右额颞顶枕部开颅手术,术中取带蒂的硬膜外血肿骨化骨组织,见血肿与该处硬脑膜已共同完全骨化,呈凸透镜形(图2),切开后见其内为淡黄色液体.两块骨瓣均留用,将带蒂骨瓣还纳原处,以硬膜外血肿形成的骨瓣作为自体修补材料,修补额颞部颅骨缺损处,大小合适无需塑形(图3).术后服用丙戊酸钠预防癫痫.术后随访3年,患者两年后停止抗癫痫治疗,无癫痫发作,无其他合并症状,头颅外形良好.     

自体骨瓣、普通钛网、预塑二维钛网修补颅骨缺损比较

目的 比较自体骨瓣、普通钛网和预塑二维钛网修补颅骨缺损的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2011年3月行颅骨修补术340例患者的临床资料,其中使用自体骨瓣修补168例、普通钛网122例和预塑二维钛网45例.结果 普通钛网组单侧颅骨缺损修补时间(92.5 min)和预塑二维钛网组(85 min)较自体骨瓣组(65 min)明显延长(P<0.05).三组之间术后并发症如头皮下感染、材料外露、再手术取出材料、癫痫、颅内血肿和皮下积液等发生率均无明显差异(P>0.05);而自体骨瓣组术后外观缺陷率最高,普通钛网组次之,预塑二维钛网组最低,三组之间差异均明显(P<0.05).结论 自体骨瓣、普通钛网和预塑二维钛网等材料与颅骨成形术后感染、癫痫、颅内出血等无明显相关性;额颞颅骨缺损首选预塑二维钛网,非额颞颅骨缺损修补应首选自体骨瓣;普通钛网逐渐淘汰,但可使用于颅骨缺损急诊一期修补.     

重症颅脑损伤颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者行颅骨修补术联合脑室腹腔分流术对神经功能恢复的影响

目的探讨重症颅脑损伤颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者行颅骨修补术联合脑室腹腔分流术对神经功能恢复的影响。方法选择我院颅脑外科2011年2月~2015年2月收治的重症颅脑损伤颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者62例作为研究对象,依据不同的治疗方法分为实验组和对照组。其中实验组30例,采用脑室腹腔分流术同期联合颅骨修补术进行治疗;对照组32例,先行脑室腹腔分流术,3~6个月后再行颅骨修补术。观察对比两组术后恢复情况,并发症发生情况以及神经功能恢复情况。结果实验组术后恢复良好和轻度残疾的例数明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.005,0.010),而重度残疾、植物状态和死亡例数两组相近(P0.05);两组手术前、手术15d后和手术30d后实验组神经功能缺损评分分别为(27.38±2.56)分、(15.26±2.14)分和(10.30±1.58)分,对照组为(27.24±2.37)分、(21.27±2.28)分和(15.08±1.87)分,手术前两组评分相近(P0.05),且手术后均明显降低,组间差异具有显著统计学意义(P=0.000,0.000);实验组并发症发生率和脑积液及血肿发生率(20.00%,3.33%)和对照组(56.25%,31.25%)差异均具有显著统计学意义(P=0.008,0.011)。结论采用脑室腹腔分流术同期联合颅骨修补术对重症颅脑损伤颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者疗效显著,且并发症发生率低,术后神经功能恢复迅速。     

颅脑外伤术后颅骨缺损并发脑积水临床分析

目的：探讨颅脑外伤术后颅骨缺损并发脑积水的治疗方法与临床效果。方法58例外伤术后颅骨缺损并发脑积水患者按照入院顺序分为治疗组28例,对照组30例。治疗组采用脑室-腹腔分流术,同期使用颅骨修补术;对照组采用分期手术治疗,在脑室-腹腔分流术后4～8个月给予颅骨修补术。观察2组临床疗效与不良反应。结果治疗组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,不良反应发生情况低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论脑室-腹腔分流术同期联合颅骨修补术治疗颅脑外伤术后颅骨缺损并发脑积水临床效果显著,不良反应发生较少,值得临床推广应用。     

去骨瓣减压术后颅骨缺损伴脑积水手术时机临床分析

正去骨瓣减压术(decompressive craniectomy,DC)术后脑积水的发生率逐渐增多。对既需要进行颅骨修补术(cranioplasty,CP)又需要脑室-腹腔分流术(ventriculoperitoneal shunt,VPS)的患者,其手术时机尚无结论,但其治疗效果严重影响患者生存状态。本研究回顾性分     

同期颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术治疗大骨瓣减压后慢性脑积水

目的总结同期行颅骨修补术及侧脑室前角置管脑室-腹腔分流术治疗颅脑外伤标准大骨瓣减压后，大面积颅骨缺损并发慢性脑积水的经验。方法回顾性分析23例颅骨缺损并慢性脑积水病人的临床资料、手术方法及预后。结果本组均在伤后2-4个月内手术，术后1个月GCS评分、3个月GOS评分明显提高，神经功能障碍得到不同程度改善，CT显示脑室不同程度缩小。结论同期颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术治疗慢性脑积水手术损伤小，可明显改善病人神经功能障碍，提高预后。     

Cranioplasty for patients with severe depressed skull bone defect after cerebrospinal fluid shunting.

Cranioplasty is indicated for patients with a skull bone defect. Patients may achieve subjective and objective improvements after cranioplasty. Some patients with severe brain swelling treated with decompressive craniectomy may develop hydrocephalus associated with severe brain bulging or even herniation via the skull bone defect. Consequently, these patients require a ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunt to relieve hydrocephalus. However, after shunting for hydrocephalus, they may develop severe sinking at the skull defect. Subsequently, when doing a cranioplasty for such a depressed defect, it may result in the dysfunction of the underlying brain, or even hematoma formation due to the large dead space. In this study, we advocate a temporary procedure to occlude the V-P shunt tube to allow the expansion of a depressed scalp flap to facilitate the subsequent cranioplasty. We report four patients with severe depression of the skull defect resulting from previous traumatic brain swelling followed by decompressive craniectomy and V-P shunting for communicating hydrocephalus. A simple subcutaneous clipping of the shunt tube was performed to allow the expansion of the depressed scalp to obliterate the dead space before the cranioplasty. All four patients obtained a satisfactory result without complications and achieved good functional recovery. A temporary occlusion of the shunt tube with an aneurysm clip before cranioplasty for patients with a severely depressed scalp flap is a simple and useful procedure. This procedure can safely and effectively eliminate the dead space between the skull plate and the dura to facilitate the cranioplasty, and thus prevent the potential complication of intracranial hematoma.     

Simultaneous cranioplasty and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in patients with traumatic brain injury undergoing unilateral decompressive craniectomy

Hydrocephalus is a common complication after decompressive craniectomy (DC) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the strategy of managing TBI patients with a cranial defect and hydrocephalus remains controversial. Placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) in patients with a cranial defect and hydrocephalus may aggravate sinking skin flap overlying the cranial defect and result in syndrome of sinking skin flap (SSSF) that causes neurological deterioration. A retrospective analysis of 49 TBI patients who developed hydrocephalus after unilateral DC was undertaken to investigate the safety of simultaneous cranioplasty and VPS placement, and the incidence of SSSF after VPS placement. Among these patients, 17 patients underwent simultaneous cranioplasty and VPS placement, and 32 patients underwent staged cranioplasty and VPS placement. The overall complication rate was 9.3% (3/32) in staged group and 29.4% (5/17) in simultaneous group, respectively. There was no statistically significance between two study groups regarding overall complication (p = 0.11) and reoperation rate (p = 0.47). Two patients with severe brain bulging in staged group developed SSSF after placement of a nonprogrammable VPS. Our study showed that simultaneous cranioplasty and VPS placement may be safe in TBI patients with a cranial defect and hydrocephalus. However, due to the contradictory results about the safety of simultaneous cranioplasty and VPS placement in the literatures, neurosurgeons should carefully consider whether patients are suitable for such treatment. In patients planning to undergo VPS placement first, a programmable shunt may be a better choice for the possibility of SSSF after shunt placement.     

颅骨修补术后并发症危险因素分析

目的探讨颅骨修补术后并发症危险因素。方法回顾性分析255例颅骨修补患者的临床资料,分析术前相关因素对术后发生并发症的影响。结果行脑室-腹腔分流患者颅骨修补术后的感染率较未行脑室-腹腔分流患者高(25.00%vs6.81%,p=0.004),logistic回归分析显示脑室-腹腔分流与颅骨修补术后发生感染(odds ratio 9.506;95%confidence interval(CI)2.485-36.340;p=0.001)及皮瓣坏死相关(odds ratio 6.347;95%CI 0.037-13.556;p=0.003)。结论颅骨修补术前行脑室腹腔分流导致术后感染及皮瓣坏死发生率增加。     

Cranioplasty after decompressive hemicraniectomy: Underestimated surgery-associated complications?

Objective

Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DC) and duroplasty after malignant brain infarction or traumatic brain injury is a common surgical procedure. Usually, preserved bone flaps are being reimplanted after resolution of brain swelling. Alloplast cranioplasties are seldom directly implanted due to the risk of wound healing disorders. While numerous studies deal with DC, little is known about the encountered problems of bone flap reimplantation. Thus, aim of the study was to identify surgery-associated complications after bone flap reimplantation.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart analysis of patients that underwent DC and subsequent bone flap reimplantation between 2001 and 2011 at our institution. We registered demographic data, initial clinical diagnosis and surgery-associated complications.

Results

We identified 136 patients that underwent DC and subsequent reimplantation. Forty-one patients (30.1%) had early or late surgery-associated complications after bone flap reimplantation. Most often, bone flap resorption and postoperative wound infections were the underlying causes (73%, n = 30/41). Multivariate analysis identified age (p = 0.045; OR = 16.30), GOS prior to cranioplasty (p = 0.03; OR = 2.38) and nicotine abuse as a prognostic factor for surgery-associated complications (p = 0.043; OR = 4.02). Furthermore, patients with early cranioplasty had a better functional outcome than patients with late cranioplasty (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Almost one-third of the patients that are operated on for bone flap reimplantation after DC suffer from surgery-associated complications. Most often, wound healing disorders as well as bone flap resorption lead to a second or even third operation with the need for artificial bone implantation. These results might raise the question, if subsequent operations can be avoided, if an artificial bone is initially chosen for cranioplasty.     

自体颅骨修补术治疗颅骨缺损

目的探讨冷冻保存的自体颅骨在颅骨缺损修补术中的应用价值。方法将150例患者去骨瓣减压获得的颅骨密封于双层无菌塑料袋,保存于-17℃冰箱。术后1～3月,患者适合做颅骨成形术时,取出冻存的颅骨,在常温解冻后复位固定于原骨窗。术后定期随访,观察头颅外观,并利用CT扫描观察骨瓣缘的吸收情况。结果147例患者达到一期愈合;2例患者因抓抠伤口骨瓣暴露发生感染,经换药引流无效,进行了二次手术取出骨瓣。20例出现皮下积液,均行穿刺加压包扎,伤口一期愈合。1例患者术后一年出现溶骨、骨瓣断裂现象,再次手术取出骨片,钛网修补。结论冷冻保存的自体颅骨可以安全、可靠地用于颅骨修补,外观上更接近解剖学特点,更能接近患者容貌,患者无心理障碍,且费用低廉,患者更易于接受,值得推广。     

Analyses Using Micro-CT Scans and Tissue Staining on New Bone Formation and Bone Fusion According to the Timing of Cranioplasty via Frozen Autologous Bone Flaps in Rabbits : A Preliminary Report

Objective

The timing of cranioplasty and method of bone flap storage are known risk factors of non-union and resorption of bone flaps. In this animal experimental study, we evaluated the efficacy of cranioplasty using frozen autologous bone flap, and examined whether the timing of cranioplasty after craniectomy affects bone fusion and new bone formation.

Methods

Total 8 rabbits (male, older than 16 weeks) were divided into two groups of early cranioplasty group (EG, 4 rabbits) and delayed cranioplasty group (DG, 4 rabbits). The rabbits of each group were performed cranioplasty via frozen autologous bone flaps 4 weeks (EG) and 8 weeks (DG) after craniectomy. In order to obtain control data, the cranioplasty immediate after craniectomy were made on the contralateral cranial bone of the rabbits (control group, CG).The bone fusion and new bone formation were evaluated by micro-CT scan and histological examination 8 weeks after cranioplasty on both groups.

Results

In the micro-CT scans, the mean values of the volume and the surface of new bone were 50.13±7.18 mm³ and 706.23±77.26 mm² in EG, 53.78±10.86 mm³ and 726.60±170.99 mm² in DG, and 31.51±12.84 mm³ and 436.65±132.24 mm² in CG. In the statistical results, significant differences were shown between EG and CG and between DG and CG (volume : p=0.028 and surface : p=0.008). The histological results confirmed new bone formation in all rabbits.

Conclusion

We observed new bone formation on all the frozen autologous bone flaps that was stored within 8 weeks. The timing of cranioplasty may showed no difference of degree of new bone formation. Not only the healing period after cranioplasty but the time interval from craniectomy to cranioplasty could affect the new bone formation.     

Sinking bone flap due to overdrainage of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. A case report and review of the literature

The widespread use of decompressive craniectomy and subsequent cranioplasty has led to a better understanding of its complications. However, cases of a sunken bone flap have hardly ever been described. We present the eighth case reported up to date and perform a review of the literature of this sporadic complication.A 40-year-old Caucasian male suffered a traumatic brain injury that required a decompressive craniectomy. One month after initial trauma autologous cranioplasty was performed. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was also placed. Neurological status progressively improved but his therapist noted cognitive status decline 8 months later. Follow-up computed tomography showed a progressive sinking bone flap. The patient underwent bone flap removal and a custom-made calcium phosphate-based implant was inserted, leading to symptoms resolution.Bone resorption has been described as the main cause of sinking bone flap following cranioplasty. This entity may manifest with symptoms of overdrainage in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt devices.     

慢性意识障碍患者同期行颅骨修补和脑室-腹腔分流术后的意识恢复及并发症分析

目的研究慢性意识障碍患者颅骨修补与脑室-腹腔分流手术后,意识障碍恢复效果及并发症。方法郑州大学第五附属医院神经外科2015年1月—2018年8月同时行颅骨修补和脑室-腹腔分流术的18例慢性意识障碍患者。测评患者手术前后的修订版昏迷恢复量表(coma recovery scale-revised,CRS-R)评分和颅内压力变化;分析手术效果和并发症。结果8例患者(44.4%)在术后1年内完全恢复意识。与术前相比,术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年时的CRS-R评分有不同程度的提高(P<0.05),术后1个月、3个月、6个月的子量表评分也有不同程度的提高(P<0.05)。颅骨修补后1周内,颅内压力比术前提高了(33.94±9.65)mm H 2O,2周后无明显变化。术后严重并发症发生率为33%。结论病情稳定的慢性意识障碍患者同时行颅骨修补和脑室-腹腔分流手术是一种有效的方法;尤其有利于微意识状态患者意识的恢复和神经功能康复。     

Impacts of pressure bonding fixation on a bone flap depression and resorption in patients with craniotomy

Fixation of bone flaps after craniotomy is a routine part of every neurosurgical procedure. Common problems encountered are bone flap depression and resorption. Authors performed the pressure-bonding bone flap fixation (PBFF) using absorbable craniofix (AC) and hydroxyapatite wedge (HW). The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of PBFF to prevent a bone flap depression and resorption in patients treated with craniotomy. Four-hundred fifty-four patients underwent craniotomies. Authors collected the following data: age, sex, type of craniotomy, what kind of surgery, whether bypass surgery was performed, whether surgery was the initial, whether AC and the HW were used, bone flap depression and resorption at 6-month after the craniotomy. PBFF was defined as a bone flap fixation using both AC and HW to impress a bone flap to forehead. The mean age was 62 ± 13 years and 404 (89%) patients were women. PBFF was performed in 71 patients (16%), either AC or HW was used in 141 (31%), only AC was used in 116 (25%), and only HW was used in 25 (5.5%). At 6-month after the surgery, a bone flap depression was seen in 38 patients (8.4%), and a bone flap resorption was seen in 66 (15%). Multivariate analysis showed that only a PBBF showed a negative correlation with bone flap depression (p = 0.044) and resorption (p = 0.011). The results of the present study showed that PBFF reduced a bone flap depression and resorption and provided excellent postoperative cosmetic results.