组织细胞增生性病变病理学特点与鉴别要点

组织细胞增生性病变分为组织细胞增生症X(朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症)和非朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症。前者好发于淋巴造血系统,常累及中枢神经系统。后者包括累及淋巴造血系统和(或)中枢神经系统的Rosai.Dorfman病、噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症、欧迪海姆.奇斯特病、幼年性黄色肉芽肿和播散性黄色瘤、脉络丛黄色肉芽肿、脉络丛黄色瘤。本文简要介绍上述组织细胞增生性病变的临床病理学特点与鉴别要点。由于其在中枢神经系统的发病率低,未能引起神经外科和病理科医师的足够重视,易造成误诊和误治。因此,了解此类疾病的临床和病理学特征有助于提高其诊断与治疗水平。     

变应性肉芽肿性血管炎的神经系统表现

目的研究变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(AGA,亦称ChurgStrauss综合征,CSS)相关神经病的发病率、临床类型、发病机制、诊断和治疗。方法14例确诊为CSS的患者从临床表现、实验室检查、神经电生理检查和活检病理检查等方面予以分析,并观察治疗效果。结果14例CSS患者中有12例累及周围神经系统,其中5例以周围神经病为首发症状。12例周围神经受累的患者中5例表现为多发性单神经病,4例表现为远端不对称的多发性神经病,2例表现为对称的多发性神经病。腓肠神经活检可见有髓神经纤维丢失,轴索变性。电生理检查发现感觉和运动传导波幅显著降低或消失。CSS的诊断应结合临床与病理所见。除1例患者外,激素治疗对CSS相关神经病有效。结论CSS患者中周围神经病很常见,早期诊断可改善预后。     

GM1-IgM抗体阳性慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多神经病临床、电生理与病理特点

目的探讨GM1-IgM抗体阳性的慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多神经病(chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,CIDP)的临床、电生理和病理改变特点。方法纳入研究的4例患者,分别为2例男性和2例女性,发病年龄在12~64岁之间,发病到就诊时间在6 m~2 y之间,3例出现非对称性下肢无力,1例表现为单侧上肢和对侧下肢无力。对4例患者进行血和脑脊液的GM1-IgM和IgG抗体检查,进行神经电生理检查和腓肠神经活检。结果 4例均出现血清GM1-IgM抗体阳性,电生理检查提示多个感觉神经和运动神经传导速度减慢和诱发电位波幅降低,1例出现神经传导阻滞现象。病理检查发现腓肠神经的轻度有髓神经纤维轴索变性和髓鞘脱失。结论GM1-IgM抗体阳性CIDP多表现为以下肢无力为主的非对称性神经病。     

误诊为脑膜炎的朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症1例报道并文献复习

正朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(LCH)是一种少见的原因不明的朗格汉斯细胞异常增殖性疾病。LCH可发生于任何年龄,儿童发病率为0.1～1.0/10万。本病可表现为单一系统受累及良性病灶,或多个系统病变,并构成生命威胁。下丘脑—垂体区域是LHC累及中枢神经系统最常见部位,常因发     

吉兰-巴雷综合征患者血清和脑脊液抗神经节苷脂抗体检测的意义

目的通过测定吉兰-巴雷综合征(Guillain-BarréSyndrome,GBS)患者血清和脑脊液中抗神经节苷脂GM1抗体水平,探讨其临床意义。方法应用ELISA法检测44例GBS患者血清和脑脊液中抗GM1抗体水平。结果 (1)GBS组血清和脑脊液中抗GM1-IgG抗体水平与其他神经疾病(OND)组、正常对照(NC)组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05);血清中抗GM1-IgM抗体与NC组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),但与OND组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);脑脊液中抗GM1-IgM抗体与OND组、NC组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)轻重型GBS患者血清和脑脊液中抗GM1抗体的阳性率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。(3)急性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病(AIDP)患者血清和脑脊液中抗GM1抗体阳性率与急性运动轴索型神经病(AMAN)及急性运动感觉轴索型神经病(AMSAN)中抗GM1抗体阳性率者相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论抗GM1抗体可能在吉兰-巴雷综合征的发病中起重要作用,但抗体水平与疾病严重程度无关。     

内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路鞍上垂体柄占位性病变活检术临床价值初探

研究背景垂体柄占位性病变病因广泛,诊断相对困难,鞍上垂体柄占位性病变活检术的临床意义至今仍存争议。目的探讨内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路行垂体柄占位性病变活检术的临床价值及安全性。方法与结果采用内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路采集2011-2017年共16例鞍上垂体柄占位性病变患者病灶组织标本,以脂肪"浴缸塞"式联合带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣进行鞍底重建。术后病理学证实生殖细胞瘤10例、朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症3例、淋巴细胞性垂体炎2例和颅咽管瘤1例。术后除2例发生中枢神经系统感染,无一例出现新发腺垂体功能减退、视力视野损害、脑脊液鼻漏、非计划再次手术或死亡等严重并发症。结论内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路行鞍上垂体柄占位性病变活检术安全可靠,对明确诊断、制定下一步治疗方案具有重要指导意义,值得广泛推广。     

框架立体定向活检术在中枢神经系统朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症的诊断价值

目的 探讨框架立体定向活检术在中枢神经系统朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(Langerhans cell histiocytosis,LCH)的作用。方法回顾性分析14例拟诊中枢神经系统LCH病例资料。14例病人均行框架立体定向活检术,且活检靶点选取和穿刺路径设计均在三维可视化图像重建规划软件辅助下完成。结果 14例病人病理诊断均为LCH,活检阳性率100%。术中针道少量出血2例,未见手术相关新发内分泌缺陷与神经功能障碍病例,无手术相关死亡病例。结论 采用框架立体定向活检术安全可靠、手术并发症少且诊断率高。组织病理学、免疫组化及分子生物学特征的明确,有助于对LCH的进一步认识。     

血清抗糖脂抗体在自身免疫性多发性周围神经病中的意义

目的 :探讨抗周围神经膜表面糖脂抗体在自身免疫介导的多发性周围神经病中的临床意义。方法 :ELISA法测定格林 巴利综合征和慢性炎性脱髓鞘性周围神经病患者血清中抗硫脂抗体和 7种节苷脂抗体 (GM1、GM2、GA1、GD1a、GD1b、GT1b和GQ1b)的阳性率。结果 :GBS和CIDP组患者抗硫脂抗体、抗GM1、GA1和GD1b抗体的阳性率显著高于非自身免疫性周围神经病组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;此两组患者间的抗体阳性率比较则无显著差异 ;GBS组内有眼 /咽肌麻痹的患者 (17例 )与无眼肌和 (或 )咽喉肌麻痹患者 (2 5例 )的节苷脂抗体阳性率也无显著差异。结论 :血清抗硫脂抗体和抗GM1抗体增高对自身免疫介导的多发性周围神经病患者有一定临床意义。     

有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病的临床和神经病理四例

目的探讨有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病(OPIDP)的临床及神经病理改变特点。方法对4例口服有机磷后出现周围神经损害症状的患者进行电生理和腓肠神经活检检查。结果 4例患者于急性中毒后平均20.5(10～24)天出现以下肢受累为主的逆行性运动感觉周围神经病,其中2例患者存在锥体束征。电生理检查提示以运动神经受累为主的轴索性周围神经损害。腓肠神经活检主要表现为与病程相关的轴索损害及再生现象,可见急性期的炎性反应、小纤维损害和继发的髓鞘改变。结论有机磷中毒后迟发性周围神经病表现为以运动障碍为主的逆行性神经病,中枢神经系统亦可能受累及;周围神经病理表现为轴索损害为主,同时存在小纤维损害及继发的髓鞘改变。     

TTR Val50Leu突变导致家族性淀粉样多发性神经病的临床和电生理研究

目的分析TTR Val50Leu突变导致家族性淀粉样多发性神经病的临床和电生理特点。方法对一个由TTR Val50Leu突变导致的家族性淀粉样多发性神经病家系进行报道,先证者以足部疼痛为首发症状,2年内逐渐向小腿及上肢进展,并出现自主神经症状。通过对先证者及其家系中相关者进行临床表现、电生理检查及基因检测,分析该病的临床和电生理特点。结果先证者的外祖父、母亲、舅舅、弟弟(其外祖父、母亲、舅舅已故)与其具有相似症状。先证者电生理检查上肢正中神经感觉传导受累,运动正常,尺神经的感觉传导及运动传导均正常,但尺神经F波异常,下肢胫神经和腓总神经的感觉传导及运动传导均未见肯定波形,腓肠神经受累,交感皮肤反应未引出。其弟弟上肢正中神经及尺神经改变同先证者,下肢胫神经运动波幅下降,腓总神经运动正常,交感皮肤反应四肢波幅降低,余同先证者。其女儿上述电生理检查未见异常。基因检测发现三者均在TTR基因exon2存在c.148GT突变,TTR蛋白存在Val50Leu突变。结论 TTR Val50Leu突变导致的家族性淀粉样多发性神经病家系属早发型,以足部疼痛为首发症状,进展迅速,自主神经症状出现较早。电生理符合多发性神经病表现,早期可伴有交感皮肤反应波幅降低。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高，而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。