经颅多普勒对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管监测及临床应用的研究

目的 探讨经颅多普勒对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血变化及预后判断.方法 应用TCD对90例颅脑损伤并蛛网膜下腔出血患者24h内、3～5d、15d在大脑中动脉(MCA)平均血流速度进行监测.结果 80例患者预后良好,8例颅脑损伤后在脑中动脉(MCA)平均血流速度持续＜40cm/s或＞200cm/s,时间＞24h的病人预后较差.结论 利用TCD进行动态观察脑血流变化,对临床早期明确诊断脑损伤程度,指导临床早期及时合理用药和停药以及对预后判断有明确的意义.     

老年人蛛网膜下腔出血诊疗方法的探讨

目的 探讨老年人自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的诊断和治疗。方法 选择本院1993年6月至1999年6月收治的60岁以上老年人自发性蛛网膜下腔出血共64例,男26例,女38例,均行头颅CT证实蛛网膜下腔出血（不合并颅内血肿）;腰穿呈血性脑脊液。40例行DSA检查,动脉瘤31例、动静脉畸形5例、Moyamoya病1例、动脉硬化3例。内科保守治疗29例,血管内治疗25例,手术夹闭及切除病灶10例。结果 内科保守治疗组死亡8例（8／29）,血管内治疗死亡2例（2／25）,手术夹闭及切除病灶组死亡1例（1／10）。结论 老年人自发性蛛网膜下腔出血以动脉瘤破裂常见,DSA是其病因诊断最有价值的手段;动脉瘤破裂至自发性蛛网膜下出血以血管内治疗及手术为有效的治疗方法。     

颅脑损伤合并颅内动脉瘤破裂蛛网膜下腔出血

目的探讨颅脑损伤合并颅内动脉瘤破裂蛛网膜下腔出血的临床特征及治疗。方法回顾分析我院近2年来收治的6例颅脑损伤合并蛛网膜下腔出血病人的临床资料，了解出血类型与头部损伤的关系，提出创伤后蛛网膜下腔出血颅内动咏瘤诊断的可能性。结果6例创伤后蛛网膜下腔出血病人经DSA检查证实为颅内囊状动脉瘤破裂出血，其中前交通动脉瘤2例，后交通动脉瘤3例，大脑中动脉瘤1例，分别行血管内栓塞(4例)，开颅动脉瘤夹闭(2例)治疗，无再出血，全部治愈。结论颅脑损伤后应注意合并颅内动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血的可能性，尤其是基底池或侧裂池出血者。积极的治疗是提高疗效的关键。     

术后持续腰大池引流治疗重型颅脑损伤合并蛛网膜下腔出血

目的 探讨术后持续腰大池引流对重型颅脑损伤合并蛛网膜下腔出血（tSAH）的治疗效果.方法 将60例重型颅脑损伤合并tSAH的患者于开颅术后随机分为两组,治疗组30例,行持续腰大池引流术引流脑脊液;对照组30例,行多次腰椎穿刺术放脑脊液;对两组治疗方法的效果进行评价.结果 治疗组GCS评分、脑脊液红细胞计数检测、蛛网膜下腔积血清除时间、并发症的发生率及疗效预后均优于对照组.结论 重型颅脑损伤合并蛛网膜下腔出血术后早期行腰大池持续外引流能清除血性脑脊液,减少并发症,改善预后.     

非动脉瘤性自发性蛛网膜下腔出血分析

目的总结非动脉瘤性自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的临床特点。方法自发性SAH患者首次CTA和DSA均未发现动脉瘤和其他血管病变者,3～4周复查CTA或DSA,结果仍为阴性者诊断为非动脉瘤性SAH。分为中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(PMN)组和非中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(nPMN)组。结果 51例患者首次CTA和DSA未发现动脉瘤和其他血管病变,其中4例复查CTA或DSA发现动脉瘤,另有6例患者未复查即死亡。诊断为非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血共41例,其中PMN组29例,nPMN组12例。平均随访2.3年,两组均无死亡,全部的PMN病例和83.3%的nPMN病例预后良好。结论非中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(nPMN)临床过程和预后介于动脉瘤性SAH和PMNSAH之间,需要通过重复造影检查排除动脉瘤的可能。     

V-P术治疗创伤性脑积水10例临床分析

近年来发现创伤性脑积水是颅脑损伤后相当常见的并发症 ,且是病情加重、病残和致死的重要因素之一。文献报道颅脑损伤后脑积水的发病率为 0 7%～ 8% ,伴有蛛网膜下腔出血(ＳＡＨ)可达 10 %～ 3 4 % ,凡昏迷持续一周以上继发脑积水高达90 %。已引起普遍关注。我科近两年共收治 10例病人 ,现总结如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　男 7例 ,女 3例 ,最大年龄 78岁 ,最小 3 5岁 ,全部病例均为各种暴力所致颅脑损伤。 6例ＧＣＳ评分 8分以下 ,经ＣＴ证实为脑挫伤、颅内出血、　蛛网膜下腔出血 (ＳＡＨ)。 4例单纯ＳＡＨ。1 2　临床表现　 3例病人…     

颅脑损伤合并颅内动脉瘤手术治疗一例报告并文献复习

目的结合病例并文献复习,探讨颅脑损伤合并颅内动脉瘤破裂出血的诊断及治疗策略。方法 1例60岁男性患者因饮酒后摔伤头部入院,头颅CT示右侧额颞部大量硬膜下血肿、右侧额颞叶脑挫裂伤、左侧颞部硬膜下出血、蛛网膜下腔出血,急诊在全麻下行右额颞部大骨瓣开颅术,术中因脑压偏高,有脑膨出倾向,未能打开外侧裂探查,术后头颅CTA发现前交通动脉瘤,待患者病情稳定后同期行前交通动脉瘤夹闭术及颅骨修补术。结果术后DSA检查提示动脉瘤夹闭满意无显影,载瘤动脉通畅。随访1年余,患者无任何迟发性神经功能缺损。结论颅脑损伤后出现动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,应考虑合并颅内动脉瘤破裂出血可能,头颅CTA或DSA检查有助于明确诊断,对于确诊伴有颅内动脉瘤破裂的颅脑损伤患者,主张尽早及时处理,以防止动脉瘤再次破裂出血。     

不同处理方式对蛛网膜下腔出血预后的影响

目的 探讨开颅动脉瘤夹闭术和血管内栓塞治疗术对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的影响。方法 自2009年1～9月,连续入选在我院神经内科急诊就诊,发病72小时内明确诊断的动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血患者,分为开颅动脉瘤夹闭和血管内栓塞治疗两组,比较两组患者术后7 d的美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）、格拉斯哥昏迷量表（Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS）评分和病死率,采用改良的Ranking量表（modified Ranking Scale,mRS）评定两组患者术后30 d预后不良率。结果 研究中共入选86例患者,其中开颅动脉瘤夹闭术51例,血管内栓塞治疗术35例。两组术后7 dNIHSS评分、GCS评分及病死率差异无统计学意义。开颅动脉瘤夹闭组治疗30 d不良预后率（mRS＞2分）高于血管内栓塞治疗组（35.3% vs 14.3%）,差异有统计学意义（P =0.031）。结论 动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后早期进行血管内栓塞治疗术的短期预后优于开颅动脉瘤夹闭术。     

前交通动脉瘤二次破裂致脑室出血的治疗

目的 探讨合并脑室出血前交通动脉瘤的临床特点及手术时机.方法 回顾性分析11例脑室出血的前交通动脉瘤病例的临床资料.结果 所有病人中有8例第二次出血后经额叶或纵裂透明隔或终板破入脑室,二次出血为1～3d后,10例行动脉瘤夹闭术,5例预后良好,3例较差,2例死亡.结论 前交通动脉瘤在发生蛛网膜下腔出血可再次出血,通过额叶或纵裂透明隔或终板破入脑室,提示早期处理动脉瘤的必要性.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤5例分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤的临床特征,以此鉴别创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血。方法对我院近三年来收治的5例颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,总结其临床特征。结果 4例患者入院后急诊经CTA检查证实为颅内动脉瘤破裂出血,其中前交通动脉瘤2例,大脑中动脉瘤1例,颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤l例;1例患者为动脉瘤再次破裂后行CTA检查示颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤。急诊开颅血肿清除及动脉瘤夹闭术2例,动脉瘤夹闭术1例,血管内介入栓塞治疗术1例,药物保守治疗1例。恢复良好3例,重残1例,死亡l例。结论对伴有颅脑外伤史的蛛网膜下腔出血应注意考虑颅内动脉瘤破裂的可能,以便采取积极合理的治疗方案。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血及相关并发症的诊治

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的血管内治疗及相关并发症处理。方法对动脉瘤性SAH患者早期诊断,采用血管内治疗并对其并发症进行处理。结论本组40例动脉瘤行栓塞治疗,其中栓塞达90%者26例,95%栓塞11例,完全栓塞3例。死亡4例,1例保守治疗后出院。结论动脉瘤性SAH的早期诊治及围手术期治疗极其重要,是降低死亡率及致残率的关键,介入治疗受血管痉挛的影响小。     

High-Dose Simvastatin Is Effective in Preventing Cerebral Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Cohort Study in Korean Patients

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to assess the effect of high-dose simvastatin on cerebral vasospasm and its clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in Korean patients.MethodsThis study was designed as a prospective observational cohort study. Its subjects were aneurysmal SAH patients who had undergone aneurysm clipping or coiling. They were assigned to 1 of 3 groups : the 20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg simvastatin groups. The primary end-point was the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm. The clinical outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score after 1 month and 3 months. The risk factors of the development of vasospasm were assessed by logistic regression analysis.ResultsNinety nine patients with aneurysmal SAH were treated and screened. They were sequentially assigned to the 20 mg (n=22), 40 mg (n=34), and 80 mg (n=31) simvastatin groups. Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 36.4% of the 20 mg group, 8.8% of the 40 mg group, and 3.2% of the 80 mg group (p=0.003). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that poor Hunt-Hess grades (OR=5.4 and 95% CI=1.09-26.62) and high-dose (80 mg) simvastatin (OR=0.09 and 95% CI=0.1-0.85) were independent factors of symptomatic vasospasm. The clinical outcomes did not show a significant difference among the three groups.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that 80 mg simvastatin treatment was effective in preventing cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal SAH, but did not improve the clinical outcome in Korean patients.     

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the first year of life: case report and review of the literature

Introduction Primary subarachnoid hemorrhage is rare in infancy. A bleeding arterial aneurysm as its cause is even less frequent. A review of the literature turned up 85 cases of cerebral aneurysm that occurred in the 1st year of life, 63 of them presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).Case report The authors report a case of an 8-month-old boy who presented with seizures due to ruptured anterior communicating (ACom) artery aneurysm with subsequent subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. The infant was operated successfully, without complications.Discussion In this report the authors highlight certain clinical and diagnostic features, surgical considerations, and outcomes of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the 1st year of life.     

Efficacy of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Analog for Protracted Disturbance of Consciousness due to Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective: The efficacy of thyrotropin-releasing hormone tartrate (TRH-T) for treating prolonged disturbance of consciousness due to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether TRH-T was really effective, and what was the recovery factor when it was valid. This was a retrospective study of a single facility. Methods: We treated 208 patients with aneurysmal SAH at our hospital between 2011 and 2017. Among them, we investigated 97 cases in which TRH-T was administered to prolonged disturbance of consciousness. Thirty one patients with Hasegawa dementia rating scale-revised (HDS-R) score less than 20 were included. Patients’ HDS-R scores were evaluated 7 days after clipping the aneurysm and 2 days after completing a course of TRH-T treatment. HDS-R score increases of greater than or over equal to 8 and less than 8 were defined as good and poor outcomes, respectively. Outcomes were compared to 11 patients who did not receive TRH-T treatment. Results: Average initial and post-treatment HDS-R scores were 9 ± 6.6 and 19 ± 9.5, respectively. The good outcome group included 19 patients. Statistically significant differences in HDS-R score changes were observed between the group with initial HDS-R scores of 0-4 and the other groups. Poor outcomes were significantly correlated with age of greater than 60 years and initial HDS-R scores less than or over equal to 4 points. The improvement in HDS-R score was significantly greater in the TRH-T administration group than the control group. Conclusions: TRH-T was effective for treating prolonged disturbance of consciousness due to aneurysmal SAH, especially in young patients with HDS-R scores between 5 and 20.     

Clinical characteristics of ruptured distal middle cerebral artery aneurysms: Review of the literature

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms usually arise at the primary MCA bifurcation or trifurcation. Distal MCA aneurysms are rarely considered as sources of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It has been reported that ruptured distal MCA aneurysms are associated with head trauma, neoplastic emboli, arterial dissection, or bacterial infection. We experienced five cases of ruptured distal MCA aneurysms and evaluated their clinical characteristics. Retrospective analysis of aneurysmal SAH at Kobayashi Neurosurgical Neurological Hospital was performed from January, 2004 to December, 2014. Clinical characteristics of ruptured distal MCA aneurysms were analyzed using our database. Among 191 aneurysmal SAH patients, there were five ruptured distal MCA aneurysms. All patients did not have any specific medical problems such as infectious disease, head trauma, or cardiac disorders. The incidence of ruptured distal MCA aneurysm was higher than expected and was equivalent to 9.4% of the total ruptured MCA aneurysms. Strong male predominance (80%) and M2–3 junction aneurysm preponderance (80%) were observed. In addition, there were only two patients (40%) with intracerebral hematoma in our study. We reported five cases of ruptured distal MCA aneurysms. Although ruptured distal MCA aneurysms are thought to be rare as sources of aneurysmal SAH, the incidence of ruptured distal MCA aneurysm was 9.4% of all ruptured MCA aneurysms in our study. Ruptured distal MCA aneurysms should be considered as sources of aneurysmal SAH without intracerebral hematoma.     

The Utility and Benefits of External Lumbar CSF Drainage after Endovascular Coiling on Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective

Cerebral vasospasm still remains a major cause of the morbidity and mortality, despite the developments in treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The authors measured the utility and benefits of external lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage to prevent the clinical vasospasm and its sequelae after endovascular coiling on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in this randomized study.

Methods

Between January 2004 and March 2006, 280 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated at our institution. Among them, 107 patients met our study criteria. The treatment group consisted of 47 patients who underwent lumbar CSF drainage during vasospasm risk period (about for 14 days after SAH), whereas the control group consisted of 60 patients who received the management according to conventional protocol without lumbar CSF drainage. We created our new modified Fisher grade on the basis of initial brain computed tomography (CT) scan at admission. The authors established five outcome criteria as follows : 1) clinical vasospasm; 2) GOS score at 1-month to 6-month follow-up; 3) shunt procedures for hydrocephalus; 4) the duration of stay in the ICU and total hospital stay; 5) mortality rate.

Results

The incidence of clinical vasospasm in the lumbar drain group showed 23.4% compared with 63.3% of individuals in the control group. Moreover, the risk of death in the lumbar drain group showed 2.1% compared with 15% of individuals in the control group. Within individual modified Fisher grade, there were similar favorable results. Also, lumbar drain group had twice more patients than the control group in good GOS score of 5. However, there were no statistical significances in mean hospital stay and shunt procedures between the two groups. IVH was an important factor for delayed hydrocephalus regardless of lumbar drain.

Conclusion

Lumbar CSF drainage remains to play a prominent role to prevent clinical vasospasm and its sequelae after endovascular coiling on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Also, this technique shows favorable effects on numerous neurological outcomes and prognosis. The results of this study warrant clinical trials after endovascular treatment in patients with aneurysmal SAH.     

Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase-BB isoenzyme activity and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: The brain is rich in creatine kinase-BB isoenzyme activity (CK-BB), which is not normally present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Results of previous studies have shown that CK-BB can be detected in the CSF of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but whether CK-BB levels correlate with patients' neurologic outcomes is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between CSF CK-BB level and outcome after SAH. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort. SETTING: University-affiliated tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Convenience sample of 30 patients seen for cerebral aneurysm clipping. INTERVENTIONS: We sampled and assayed CSF for CK isoenzymes a median of 3 days after SAH in 27 patients, and at the time of unruptured aneurysm clipping in 3 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Without knowledge of CK results, we assigned the Glasgow Outcome Scale score early (approximately 1 week) and late (approximately 2 months) after surgery. RESULTS: Higher CSF CK-BB levels were associated with higher Hunt and Hess grades at hospital admission (Spearman rank correlation, p = 0.69; P<.001), lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores at hospital admission (p = -0.72; P<.001), and worse early outcomes on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (p = -0.64; P<.001). For patients with a favorable early outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score, 3-5), all CK-BB levels were less than 40 U/L. With a cutoff value of 40 U/L, CK-BB had a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 100% for predicting unfavorable early outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score, 1-2). Having a CK-BB level greater than 40 U/L increased the chance of an unfavorable early outcome, from 33% (previous probability) to 100%, whereas a CK-BB level of 40 U/L or less decreased it to 13%. Similar findings were obtained when considering late outcomes. CONCLUSION: The level of CSF CK-BB may help predict neurologic outcome after SAH.     

Randomized pilot trial of postoperative aspirin in subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and feasibility of a clinical trial on the effectiveness of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). BACKGROUND: Several studies have indicated that increased platelet activity might be involved in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after SAH. METHOD: Fifty patients who had early surgery (< or =4 days) for a ruptured aneurysm were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trial medication, consisting of suppositories with 100 mg ASA versus placebo, was started immediately after surgical clipping of the aneurysm and continued for 21 days. End points were functional outcome and quality of life at 4 months, clinical deterioration after operation, development of DCI, hypodense lesion on postoperative CT, and hemorrhagic complications. RESULTS: One-third of all patients with aneurysmal SAH were eligible for the trial. Fifteen of 26 patients receiving placebo deteriorated clinically versus 10 of 24 patients receiving ASA; 4 patients in each group deteriorated from DCI. Postoperative hypodensities on CT were observed in 27 patients, distributed equally in both groups. Functional outcome and quality-of-life scores were slightly in favor of patients who had received ASA, but not to a significant degree (p = 0.22). Two patients in the ASA group had an asymptomatic hemorrhagic complication, and one patient in the placebo group had a fatal and another a symptomatic hemorrhagic complication. CONCLUSION: This pilot study shows that a clinical trial of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is feasible and probably safe. The effectiveness of ASA on functional outcome and delayed cerebral ischemia has to be studied in a larger trial.     

GDC血管内栓塞治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后慢性脑积水的影响机制与预后研究

目的 探讨GDC血管内栓塞治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后慢性脑积水发生的易患因素和临床预后.方法 纳入研究标准的132例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者均行GDC血管内栓塞治疗,术后对出血破入脑室伴脑室系统梗阻患者行脑室外引流术,对其他患者行腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换术,出血后1月CT评价慢性脑积水发生情况.对慢性轻度脑积水行短期临床观察,慢性重度脑积水行脑室腹腔分流术.根据改良Rankin量表评价患者6月后临床恢复情况.行统计学分析明确影响慢性脑积水发生的易患因素,比较动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血治疗6月后有无慢性脑积水者在临床预后上的差异.结果 本组动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者慢性脑积水的发生率为12.12%(16/132),其易患因素依次是年龄、术前Fisher分级、术前Hunt-Hess分级.GDC血管内栓塞治疗后6月随访,有无慢性脑积水者在临床预后方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后慢性脑积水的发生不是单因素作用的结果,重度慢性脑积水患者及时行脑室腹腔分流术可得到较好的预后结果.     

Brain Injuries during Intraoperative Ventriculostomy in the Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients

Objective

Intraoperative ventriculostomy is widely adopted to make the slack brain. However, there are few reports about hemorrhagic or parenchymal injuries after ventriculostomy. We tried to analyze and investigate the incidence of these complications in a consecutive series of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods

From September 2006 to June 2007, 43 patients underwent surgical clipping for aneurysmal SAH at our hospital. Among 43 patients, we investigated hemorrhagic or parenchymal injuries after intraoperative ventriculostomy using postoperative computed tomographic scan in 26 patients. After standard pterional craniotomy, ventriculostomy catheter was inserted perpendicular to the cortical surface along the bisectional imaginary line from Paine''s point.

Results

Hemorrhagic injuries were detected in 12 of 26 patients (46.2%). Mean systolic blood pressure during anesthesia was with in statistically significant parameter related to hemorrhage (p = 0.006). On the other hand, parenchymal injuries were detected in 11 of 26 patients (42.3%). Female and the amount of infused mannitol during anesthesia showed statistically significant parameters related to parenchymal injury (p = 0.005, 0.04, respectively). However, there were no ventriculostomy-related severe complications.

Conclusion

In our series, hemorrhagic or parenchymal injuries after intraoperative ventriculostomy occurred more commonly than previously reported series in aneurysmal SAH patients. Although the clinical outcomes of complications are generally favorable, neurosurgeon must keep in mind the frequent occurrence of brain injury after intraoperative ventriculostomy in the acute stage of aneurysmal SAH.