血清中IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平与高血压致急性脑梗死损伤的相关性

目的 探讨血清中炎性细胞因子与高血压致急性脑梗死(ACI)的相关性. 方法 选择河北医科大学第三医院心血管一科和神经内科自2007年6月至2009年6月收治的ACI并高血压患者102例(其中小体积梗死30例,中体积梗死45例,大体积梗死27例)和单纯ACI患者30例,同期门诊健康体检正常者30例作为对照组,ELISA检测ACI并高血压组患者入院第1、3、5、7、14天,单纯ACI组、对照组入院第1天血清细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平,分析血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平与ACI体积的相关性. 结果 入院第1天ACI并高血压组、单纯ACI组、对照组血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平均依次降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).第1、3、5、7天对照组、小体积梗死组、中体积梗死组、大体积梗死组血清IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平依次升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).第14天4组TNF-α水平依次升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);ACI并高血压患者血清IL-6、IL-8水平在第1、3、5、7天与ACI体积呈正相关关系,TNF-α水平在在第1、3、5、7、14天与ACI体积呈正相关关系. 结论 IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平与高血压对ACI的发病有协同作用,ACI并高血压患者血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平与脑梗死的体积相关.     

亚低温对急性脑卒中患者血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平的影响和临床意义

目的 探讨亚低温对急性脑卒中患者血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α的影响和临床意义。方法 将36例急性脑卒中患者随机分为亚低温和常规治疗组．检测入院第1天（d1）、第3～5天（d3～5）、第14天（d14）血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平并进行对照比较。结果 两组患者d1、d3～5、d14血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平均高于正常组（P〈0．05）,亚低温组出d3-5、d14血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平低于同期常规治疗组（P〈0．05）。结论 亚低温可降低急性脑卒中患者血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平．抑制脑卒中后炎症反应．保护脑神经细胞。     

炎症因子与急性脑梗死的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者血清白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的变化及其与脑梗死体积的关系。方法 收集99例急性脑梗死患者(发病时间≤24h)为脑梗死组,40例门诊健康体检正常者为对照组,采用ELISA法测定IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平,分析其与脑梗死体积的相关性。结果 脑梗死组血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平均显著高于对照组(P0.01);与中等体积梗死组和小体积梗死组相比,大体积梗死组血清IL-6、TNF-α、hsCRP水平均显著增高(P0.01),且三者均与梗死体积呈正相关关系。结论 检测血清IL-6、TNF-α、Hs-CRP水平有助于脑梗死的早期诊断和梗死体积的判断.     

TLR4的表达在急性缺血性脑血管病中作用的研究

目的观察急性缺血性脑血管病患者外周血单核细胞TLR4的表达及其与早期脑梗死中典型炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的相关性,旨在探讨TLR4在急性脑梗死中发挥的炎症损伤的作用。方法研究对象的选取分为3组:(1)发病3 d的急性脑梗死组;(2)无急性脑梗死的脑动脉粥样硬化组;(3)健康人群组。组间比较3组外周血单核细胞TLR4所表达的TLR4mRNA、外周血中TNF-α、IL-6浓度。急性脑梗死外周血单核细胞TLR4 mRNA的表达及其与TNF-α、IL-6浓度相关性。结果急性脑梗死组TLR4 mRNA的表达和血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度均显著高于动脉粥样硬化组和健康人群组(P 0. 01)。急性脑梗死患者TLR4 mRNA与血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6浓度均呈正相关(P 0. 01)。结论 TLR4在急性脑梗死发病机制中炎性损伤的过程有着重要作用,通过上调TLR4表达,推测可能是促使炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6等浓度增多,来介导脑缺血的炎性损伤。     

精神分裂症患者致炎性细胞因子和酪氨酸羟化酶mRNA表达水平的研究

目的探讨精神分裂症的外周神经免疫机制及其与临床症状的关系。方法检测精神分裂症患者致炎性细胞因子白介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）以及酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）的mRNA表达水平，采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应及半定量检测技术，分别检测39例精神分裂症患者（患者组）、25例同胞（同胞组）及30名正常对照（对照组）外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）IL-1β、TNF-α及TH基因表达水平，同时应用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定精神分裂症患者临床症状。结果患者组、同胞组及对照组IL-1β的mRNA表达水平分别为1．52±1．01、1．52±1．09和0．74±0．38；TNF—α的mRNA表达水平分别为1．18±0．99、1．01±0．87和0．70±0．29；TH的mRNA表达水平分别为0．55±0．33、0．61±0．32和0．28±0．20。患者组和同胞组的IL-1β、TNF—α、TH的mRNA表达水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。患者组IL-1β（r=0．420）、TNF—α（r=0．430）的mRNA表达水平与PANSS的-般病理症状分呈正相关（P〈0．01）。同胞组与对照组合并统计，IL-1β与TNF-α的mRNA表达水平呈正相关（r=0．847，P〈0．01）；IL-1β与TH的mRNA表达水平呈正相关（r=0．666，P〈0．01）。患者组仅IL-1β与TNF—α的mRNA表达水平呈正相关（r=0．942，P〈0．01）。结论精神分裂症患者PBMC细胞TH、IL-1β和TNF—α的mRNA表达水平高于正常，且与精神分裂症的-般病理症状显著相关。     

糖皮质激素对重度颅脑损伤患者血浆TNF-α、IL-1β水平的影响

目的 研究糖皮质激素对颅脑损伤患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）水平的影响。方法 随机将重度颅脑损伤患者分为激素治疗组（20例）与非激素治疗对照组（22例），激素组给予地塞米松10mg／d，共7d。正常组选择健康体检者15例。采用ELSIA法检测两组患者伤后第1、2、7、14天血浆中TNF一仪、IL-1β含量。结果 在颅脑损伤第1、2天激素组血浆TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显高于正常组（P（0．01），在第7、14天明显低于非激素组（P（0．01），但与正常组无明显差异（P〉0．05）。非激素组血浆TNF-α、IL-1β水平在各时间点均明显高于正常组（P〈0．01）。结论 糖皮质激素对降低颅脑损伤患者血浆TNF-α、IL-1β水平具有明显的延迟性，使损伤早期因TNF-α、IL-1β显著升高引起的有害作用未能消除，至恢复期又使TNF-α、IL-1β明显降低，其神经保护作用不能发挥。     

急性脑梗死患者同型半胱氨酸与炎症因子的相关性分析

目的研究急性脑梗死患者肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及白介素-6（IL-6）与同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）之间的相关性,以探讨其与急性脑梗死发生的关系。方法收集158例急性脑梗死患者（ACI组）、122例健康人（对照组）血液标本,采用循环酶法检测血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平,用ELISA法即酶联免疫吸附法测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）,白介素-6（IL-6）水平。结果 ACI组Hcy、TNF-α和IL-6的水平均较对照组显著升高（P均〈0.05）。ACI组Hcy与TNF-α、IL-6水平存在显著性正相关（r=0.346,P〈0.05）,TNF-α与IL-6水平之间也存在显著性正相关（r=0.382,P〈0.05）。结论 Hcy、TNF-α、IL-6水平与急性脑梗死的发生密切相关,三者联合检测对急性脑梗死的预防、早期诊断及治疗和预后均有重要价值。     

脑出血患者血肿周围组织细胞因子与细胞凋亡相关基因表达的动态观察

目的探讨脑出血患者血肿周围组织细胞因子表达和细胞凋亡的关系。方法对30例脑出血患者采取非功能区漏斗式入颅，从入颅路径过程中必须切除的脑组织里取靠近血肿旁约1cm脑组织作为实验组，按发病到手术的时间将实验组分为6h以内组6例、6～12h组7例、12～24h组5例、24～72h组6例、72h以上组6例；取7例远离血肿的脑组织作为对照组（6h以内6例，6～12h1例）。应用HE染色、免疫组化染色及逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）观察组织病理，肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）等细胞因子和Tunel、促凋亡相关基因（Bax）、抑凋亡相关基因（Bcl-x）的表达情况。结果HE染色光镜观察显示：对照组、6h以内组血肿周嗣组织基本正常，6～12h组损伤较轻，12～24h组损伤较重，24～48h组损伤严重，以后逐渐好转。免疫组化显示：TNF-α蛋白和mRNA及IL-1β和IL-6mRNA表达于12～72h达高峰（P〈0．01），以后逐渐降低。Tunel、Bax蛋白和mRNA表达在12～72h达峰值（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。Bcl-x蛋白及mRNA表达在12～72h有升高趋势，但无统计学差异。相关分析显示：TNF-α蛋白和mRNA、IL-1β及IL-6mRNA的表达与Tunel、Bax蛋白和mRNA的表达呈显著正相关（P〈0．01），与Bcl-x蛋白和mRNA表达无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论脑出血后血肿周围组织炎性细胞因子的表达与细胞凋亡密切相关，并与组织病理损伤程度相一致。     

脑梗死后癫痫患者血清细胞因子水平的改变

目的研究脑梗死后癫痫患者血清细胞因子水平的改变。方法应用放射免疫法检测87例脑梗死后癫痫患者（脑梗死癫痫组）和75名健康体检者（正常对照组）的血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α），白细胞介素（IL）-2和IL-6水平。结果脑梗死癫痫组血清TNF-α[（2．5&#177;0．57）ng／L]、．89&#177;0．36）ng／L，IL-2（4．3&#177;1．5）ng／L，IL-6（13．3&#177;11．1）ng／L]（均P〈0.01）。结论脑梗死后癫痫患者的血清细胞因子TNIL-2[2（9、0&#177;0．83）ng／L]及IL-6[（97．5&#177;13．1）ng／L]水平明显高于正常对照组[TNF-α（0F-α、IL-2及IL-6水平显著升高，提示细胞因子可能在脑梗死后癫痫的发病中起重要作用。     

急性脑梗死诱发全身炎症反应综合征致多器官功能障碍综合征的机制探讨

目的探讨急性脑梗死（ACI）后诱发SIRS及导致多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的发病机制。方法收集急性脑梗死患者48例，分为三组，急性单纯脑梗死组（SACI）26例；急性脑梗死致全身炎症反应综合征组（SIRS组）22例；急性脑梗死致多器官功能障碍综合征组（MODS组）13倒；应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA法）分别测定不同组别患者血清中TNF-α、IL-6值，与对照组（20例同期健康体检者）比较。结果（1）48例ACI致SIRS的发生率为45．83％，ACI致MODS的发生率为27．08％，ACI致SIRS时诱发MODS的发生率为59．09％。（2）ACI致MODS时均已提前发生了SIRS。（3）SACI组、SIRS组及MODS组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6含量均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）；且SIRS组明显高于SACI组（P〈0．01）；MODS组明显SIRS组（P〈0．01），呈逐渐升高的趋势。（4）MODS不同积分组血清TNF-α、IL-6含量均明显高于SIRS组（P〈0．01）；且MODS组患者，严重者（积分≥9分）血清TNF-α、IL-6含量明显高于病情较轻者（积分〈9分）（P〈0．01）。（5）MODS组死亡患者血清TNF-α、IL-6含量明显高于存活者（P〈0．01）。结论（1）急性脑梗死（ACI）可以诱发全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS），并且是脑梗死致多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的发病基础和前提。（2）ACI首先诱发SIRS，SIRS是致MODS的主要机制，动态监测急性脑梗死患者血清TNF-α、IL-6的变化对急性脑梗死是否导致SIRS及MODS的发生有很高的预警价值。（3）急性脑梗死患者血清TNF-α、IL-6含量可作为判断急性脑梗死致SIRS、急性脑梗死致MODS病变程度、预后及转归的指标，并对及时指导临床早期治疗有着重要意义，对SIRS向MODS过度的早期诊断有非常重要的参考价值。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]