单纯性肥胖患儿非酒精性脂肪肝病与胰岛素抵抗

目的探讨单纯性肥胖(肥胖)儿童发生非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)的情况及与胰岛素抵抗(IR)、血脂、体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)的关系。方法选择肥胖儿童90例,年龄2.5～14.3岁。其中NAFLD 24例(NAFLD组),无NAFLD 66例(无NAFLD组)。另选35例年龄、性别与其相匹配的健康儿童为健康对照组。清晨空腹测量其体质量、身高、腰围和臀围,计算BMI和WHR,同时静脉采血检测其血清胰岛素(FINS)、糖(FBG)、胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和ALT、AST等,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR=FINS×FBG/22.5),并做肝胆等部位超声检查。结果 NAFLD占肥胖儿童的26.67%;NAFLD组儿童BMI、WHR最高,其次为无NAFLD组,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.001);3组儿童FINS和HOMA-IR值差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.001),NAFLD组最高,其次为无NAFLD组,均明显高于健康对照组,但FBG无明显差异;NAFLD组血清TG、LDL-C和TC水平明显高于无NAFLD组和健康对照组(Pa<0.01);HOMA-IR值与BMI、WHR、血TG、LDL-C呈正相关(r=0.402、0.256、0.239、0.180,P=0.000、0.004、0.008、0.046);BMI、WHR诊断NAFLD的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积分别为0.805和0.765(Pa=0.000)。结论肥胖儿童NAFLD的发生与IR,血TG、LDL-C、TC升高及BMI、WHR增高关系密切,BMI、WHR对儿童肥胖NAFLD具有一定的诊断价值。控制体质量,减少腰围,可减轻IR,阻止NAFLD的发生、发展。     

肥胖伴黑棘皮病儿童代谢综合征的高危因素

目的 探讨肥胖伴黑棘皮病儿童代谢综合征(MS)的高危因素.方法 2006年11月-2007年9月在本院儿科就诊25例肥胖伴黑棘皮病儿童(病例组).男15例,女10例;年龄8.4～16.0岁,平均10.6岁;体质量(72.11±17.66)kg;身高(155±14)cm.32例身高别体质量正常的健康儿童为健康对照组.男18例,女14例;年龄7.6～15.8岁,平均9.8岁.比较二组儿童体质量指数(BMI)、胆固醇(12HO)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血压、空腹和葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)2 h血糖、胰岛素和稳态模型评估法胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)的差异,并对所有儿童进行肝脏超声波检查.采用SPSS 12.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 病例组儿童BMI、TG、LDL-C、收缩压和舒张压均显著高于健康对照组(Pa<0.01);空腹和OGTT 2h血糖、OGTT 2h胰岛素和HOMA-IR均显著高于健康对照组(Pa<0.01);BMI与收缩压、舒张压、CHO、TG、LDL-C、空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)以及HOMA-IR均无相关性(Pa>0.05).病例组患儿中超声诊断脂肪肝发生率为84%,健康对照组儿童肝脏B超检查均未见异常.结论 肥胖伴黑棘皮病儿童BMI增加、胰岛素抵抗、血脂紊乱和血压增高是MS的危险因素,密切随访监测此类患儿有助于早期发现MS.积极治疗肥胖症,阻断儿童血糖、血脂代谢紊乱的发生,有助于减少儿童2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的危险性.     

单纯性肥胖患儿胰岛素抵抗与血脂的关系

目的探讨单纯性肥胖(肥胖)患儿胰岛素抵抗与血脂的关系。方法选取肥胖患儿50例为肥胖组(男23例,女27例),同期健康儿童30例为健康对照组(男14例,女16例)。对每位对象采用同一磅秤标准,测量其身高、体质量,并计算其体质量指数(BMI)。采用儿童标准血压测定法测定2组儿童血压。采用发光免疫法、快速测血糖法分别对2组儿童的血糖、血胰岛素、血脂进行检测,并计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素敏感指数(HOMA-ISI)、胰岛素和葡萄糖曲线下的面积比值反映组织对胰岛素的敏感性(AUC)、肝脏组织对胰岛素的敏感性(FINS/FBG),并应用SPSS12.0软件进行统计学分析。结果与健康对照组比较,肥胖组患儿HOMA-IR、AUC、FINS/FBG均显著增高(t=3.939、6.314、3.723,Pa<0.01),空腹三酰甘油(TG)亦显著增高(t=2.573,P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白(HLD)、HOMA-ISI显著低于健康对照组(t=-2.982、-4.75,P<0.05、0.01)。多因素Pear-son相关分析显示,肥胖组TG与HOMA-IR、AUC、FINS/FBG呈显著正相关(r=0....     

单纯性肥胖儿童脂肪肝与血脂成分的关系

目的探讨单纯性肥胖儿童脂肪肝与血脂的关系及预防措施。方法48例2~16岁单纯性肥胖儿童。所有患儿分为脂肪肝组19例(38.78%)及无脂肪肝组29例(61.22%),对2组血脂成分进行分析。用生化分析仪检测血总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)及低密度脂蛋白(LDL)。用超声诊断仪对肝脏进行超声检查。结果脂肪肝组血脂成分TG、TC、HDL及LDL均高于肥胖无脂肪肝组。与脂肪肝关系最密切者为TG(P<0.05)。当各自变量不独立时,TG、TC、HDL及LDL均是脂肪肝形成影响因素(Pa<0.05)。结论单纯性肥胖儿童可出现脂代谢紊乱,是儿童脂肪肝形成的主要影响因素,预防与肥胖有关的脂肪肝、高血压及心血管疾病,应从儿童甚至婴幼儿做起。     

二甲双胍治疗肥胖伴高胰岛素血症非糖尿病儿童疗效

目的探讨二甲双胍治疗肥胖伴高胰岛素血症非糖尿病儿童的有效性和安全性。方法将22例肥胖伴高胰岛素血症的非糖尿病患儿分为治疗组（二甲双胍＋饮食控制＋锻炼）和对照组（饮食控制＋锻炼）。观察二组治疗前和治疗6个月后体质量指数（BMI）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、空腹血糖（FPG）和空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2 h血糖和胰岛素（2 h PG和INS）,及血浆总胆固醇（TC）和三酰甘油（TG）的变化,观察治疗组治疗期间不良反应。结果治疗组治疗前后BMI、TC、FINS、HOMA-IR比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05,0.001）;对照组治疗前后BMI比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）,其余各项指标比较均无显著差异（Pa〉0.05）。治疗组和对照组治疗前各项指标比较差异均无显著性（Pa〉0.05）,治疗6个月后FINS、HOMA-IR比较差异有显著性（Pa〈0.001）。治疗组治疗初期有腹部不适、腹泻3例（27%）,无其他不适症状,治疗3、6个月随访肝肾功能均正常。结论二甲双胍用于治疗肥胖伴高胰岛素血症非糖尿病儿童可明显降低空腹胰岛素,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

不同指标在评价肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗中的价值

目的探讨单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗临床评估的指标。方法对单纯性肥胖和正常对照儿童进行葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验,在试验前及试验后30、60、120、180 min分别测血糖和胰岛素,并计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、敏感指数(HOMA-IAI)、胰岛素分泌功能(HOMA-IS)、血糖曲线下面积与胰岛素曲线下面积比及空腹血糖和空腹胰岛紊的比值(FBG/FINS)等胰岛素抵抗评价指标。结果肥胖组FINS明显高于对照组,FBG、HOMA-IS与对照组无显著差异。HOMA-IR和HOMA-IAI之间具有显著相关性,r为-1,与FINS的r分别为0.913和-0.913,与FBG/FINS的r分别为-0.889和0.889,与曲线下面积比的r分别为-0.523和-0.523,P均<0.01。结论FINS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-IAI、血糖与胰岛素曲线下面积比、FBG/FINS均适用于肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗的评估,尤以FINS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-IAI更可取。     

肥胖儿童血清抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗、β细胞功能的关系

目的研究不同程度肥胖儿童血清抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗(IR)、胰岛β细胞功能的关系。方法根据体质量指数(BMI)将研究对象分为正常对照组(BMI<22,n=30)、肥胖1组(23≤BMI<30,n=82)和肥胖2组(BMI≥30,n=31)。对3组患儿进行葡萄糖耐量试验,测量空腹血清抵抗素,分别采用稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMAβ)和总体胰岛素敏感指数(WBISI)、30min胰岛素增量与葡萄糖增量比值(△I30/△G30)作为基础和糖负荷后胰岛素敏感性和胰岛β细胞功能的评价指标。结果肥胖儿童糖耐量减低6例(5.3%),2型糖尿病2例(1.8%)。随BMI增加,糖负荷后2h血糖(2hPG)、血糖曲线下面积(AUCg)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素曲线下面积(AUCi)和HOMAIR逐步增高(P均<0.05),WBISI逐步降低(P<0.001);肥胖组HOMAβ和△I30/△G30较对照组明显上升(P均<0.05);肥胖组间无显著差异(P均>0.05);空腹血清抵抗素3组间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);8例糖耐量异常儿童抵抗素较对照组略高,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。BMI与2hPG、FINS、HOMAIR、HOMAβ、△I30/△G30呈明显正相关(P均<0.05),与WBISI呈高度负相关(P<0.001),抵抗素与上述指标及BMI无明显相关(P均>0.05)。结论肥胖儿童存在IR、糖负荷后血糖水平升高和胰岛β细胞分泌功能上调,随肥胖程度加重,胰岛素敏感性进一步降低,而胰岛β细胞分泌功能无相应增强。循环抵抗素水平可能不是介导儿童肥胖及IR的关键因素,抵抗素的确切作用尚待进一步研究。     

单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗与肿瘤坏死因子-α的关系

目的探讨单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗与肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的关系。方法单纯性肥胖患儿50例作为观察组(男23例,女27例);选取同期健康儿童30例为对照组(男14例,女16例)。采用发光免疫法、放射免疫法、快速测血糖法分别对两组儿童的血糖、血胰岛素、血脂和TNF-α进行检测。并作对比分析。结果观察组稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、TNF-α及舒张血压(DBP),与对照组比较均明显升高(t=3.939,4.938,3.278 P均<0.01);收缩血压(SBP)、空腹三酰甘油(TC)与对照组比较均明显升高(t=2.536,2.573 P均<0.05);胰岛素敏感指数(HOMA-ISI)观察组明显低于对照组(t=-4.75 P<0.01)。观察组TNF-α与体质量指数(BMI)、TC、HOMA-IR均呈显著正相关(r=0.284,0.328,0.361 P均<0.05)。TNF-α与HOMA-ISI呈显著负相关(r=-0.36 P<0.01)。BMI与HOMA-IR呈显著正相关性(r=0.294 P<0.05)。结论单纯性肥胖儿童存在胰岛素抵抗,血清TNF-α与肥胖儿童的BMI、TC、BP、胰岛素抵抗密切相关,TNF-α可能参与胰岛素抵抗病理生理机制。     

血清microRNA-122与肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 研究肥胖儿童血清microRNA-122（miR-122）与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法 选取47例7~14岁重度肥胖儿童为肥胖组,另选取与肥胖组性别及年龄匹配的正常体重健康儿童45例作为健康对照组,分别检测并记录两组儿童的身高、体重、腰围、臀围、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、白介素-6（IL-6）、miR-122水平,计算体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,并进行统计分析。结果 与健康对照组相比,肥胖组儿童身高、体重、BMI、WHR及FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、FFA、IL-6、miR-122水平均升高（P < 0.05）;肥胖组miR-122水平与FINS、HOMA-IR、IL-6水平呈正相关（分别r=0.408、0.442、0.464,P < 0.05）;miR-122的变化与IL-6有线性回归关系,且呈正相关（b'=0.318,P < 0.05）。结论 肥胖儿童血清miR-122可能与胰岛素抵抗相关,具体机制尚需进一步研究。     

单纯性肥胖儿童临床与血脂成分分析

目的对单纯性肥胖儿童临床与血脂成分进行分析,探讨单纯性肥胖儿童血脂代谢紊乱情况及临床意义。方法对50例2.5~16.0岁单纯性肥胖儿童与40例正常同年龄儿童的临床及血脂成分进行分析,应用生化分析仪检测血脂,包括三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)。应用超声诊断仪进行肝脏检查。结果1.单纯性肥胖与对照组儿童年龄与身高无显著差异,而体质量与体质量指数(BMI)、血压(BP)两组间差异均有非常显著意义(P均<0.001)。2.单纯性肥胖儿童血清TC、TG、LDL的浓度明显高于对照组,差异均有显著性(P均<0.001),HDL浓度两组比较其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3.单纯性肥胖18例(36%)儿童肝脏B超示存在脂肪肝。结论单纯性肥胖儿童存在血脂代谢紊乱,血清TC、TG、LDL浓度均明显升高,预防动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病必须从儿童时期开始。     

循环Alarin在肥胖儿童中的水平及与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的 本研究拟探讨循环Alarin在肥胖儿童中的表达水平及与代谢参数的关系。方法 招募体重指数（BMI）高于第95百分位数的肥胖儿童86例为肥胖组,82例年龄和性别与肥胖组匹配的BMI低于第85百分位数的健康儿童作为健康对照组。根据是否发生胰岛素抵抗（IR）,将86例肥胖组儿童分为IR组（n=27）和非IR组（n=59）。测量身高、体重、收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（SDP）,并计算体重指数（BMI）。检测总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、尿酸（UA）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及空腹血糖（FBG）水平,并计算葡萄糖和胰岛素曲线下面积（AUC）、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、全身胰岛素敏感性指标（WBISI）。ELISA法检测循环Alarin水平。结果 肥胖组儿童循环Alarin水平较健康对照组显著升高,IR组儿童循环Alarin水平较非IR组显著升高（P < 0.01）。循环Alarin与BMI、TG、FBG、AUC_葡萄糖、AUC_胰岛素、HOMA-IR呈正相关,与WBISI呈负相关（P < 0.05）。循环Alarin的变化与BMI、FBG、HOMA-IR有线性回归关系,其中HOMA-IR对循环Alarin的影响最大（P < 0.05）。结论 循环Alarin水平在肥胖儿童中显著升高,可能与肥胖和IR的发生有关。     

Glucose tolerance status in 510 children and adolescents attending an obesity clinic in Central Italy

Brufani C, Ciampalini P, Grossi A, Fiori R, Fintini D, Tozzi A, Cappa M, Barbetti F. Glucose tolerance status in 510 children and adolescents attending an obesity clinic in Central Italy. Childhood obesity is epidemic in developed countries and is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Aims: Establish prevalence of glucose metabolism alterations in a large sample of overweight/obese children and adolescents from Central Italy. Methods: The study group included 510 overweight/obese subjects (3–18 yr). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed with glucose and insulin determination. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were derived from fasting and OGTT measurements. Beta‐cell function was estimated by insulinogenic index. Fat mass was measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Results: Glucose metabolism alterations were detected in 12.4% of patients. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was the most frequent alteration (11.2%), with a higher prevalence in adolescents than in children (14.8 vs. 4.1%, p < 0.001); silent T2DM was identified in two adolescents (0.4%). HOMA‐IR and glucose‐stimulated insulin levels were higher in patients with IGT than individuals with normal glucose tolerance (HOMA‐IR = 4.4 ± 2.5 vs. 3.4 ± 2.3, p = 0.001). Fat mass percentage and insulinogenic index were not different between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, age, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance influenced independently plasma glucose at 120 min of OGTT. Individuals with combined impaired fasting glucose/IGT (IFG/IGT) and T2DM were older and had reduced plasma insulin values at OGTT when compared to patients with simple IGT. Conclusions: Glucose metabolism alterations are frequently found among children and adolescents with overweight/obesity from Central Italy. Age, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance are main predictors of IGT. We suggest the use of OGTT as a screening tool in obese European adolescents.     

����˫�ҶԸ��ȵ���Ѫ֢���ֶ�ͯ�Ǵ�л��Ѫ��֬Դ�Լ��ص�Ӱ��

目的观察二甲双胍治疗对高胰岛素血症肥胖患儿血清脂源性激素脂联素、抵抗素、瘦素水平的影响。方法2004-01—2005-02将武汉市儿童医院和同济医院54例高胰岛素血症肥胖患儿分为轻、中度肥胖组及重度肥胖组,均以二甲双胍治疗12周,测量治疗前后体重、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及脂源性激素脂联素、瘦素、抵抗素的变化。结果治疗前轻、中度肥胖组和重度肥胖组高胰岛素血症患儿空腹血糖水平与健康对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),血清胰岛素、瘦素、抵抗素及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)均高于健康对照组(P<0.01),脂联素水平明显低于健康对照组(P<0.01)。二甲双胍治疗12周后与治疗前相比,血清胰岛素水平、胰岛素抵抗指数明显降低(P<0.01),轻、中度肥胖组及重度肥胖组血清瘦素水平分别由治疗前的(24.3±1.8)μg/L、(30.2±5.1)μg/L降低为治疗后的(19.6±6.3)μg/L、(24.7±5.3)μg/L,差异有统计学意义;抵抗素水平分别由治疗前的(16.5±6.0)μg/L、(22.3±5.2)μg/L升高为(22.0±5.1)μg/L、(30.6±11.7)μg/L,差异有统计学意义;轻、中度肥胖组和重度肥胖组血清脂联素水平治疗前分别为(8.4±3.2)mg/L、(6.5±1.2)mg/L,治疗后分别为(8.9±2.3)mg/L、(7.03±3.0)mg/L,治疗前后相比,P>0.05。体重指数(BMI)下降,但差异无显著性。结论二甲双胍能显著改善肥胖患儿胰岛素抵抗。降低血清瘦素水平可能是其改善胰岛素抵抗机制之一,但在对脂源性激素脂联素、抵抗素水平的改善上,有其局限性。     

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in obese Argentinean children and adolescents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in obese children and adolescents and to examine insulin resistance and insulin secretion. We studied 427 asymptomatic obese patients. DM2 and IGT were diagnosed by an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin resistance and P-cell function were assessed by using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), insulin/glucose index (I/GI), fasting insulin and insulin sensitivity index (ISI-composite). Thirty patients showed IGT (7%) and seven had DM2 (1.6%). The mean age was 10.7 +/- 3.5 years, the diabetic group being significantly older than the normal group (p < 0.01). The mean body mass index was 30 +/- 5.3 kg/m2 without significant differences between groups. beta-Cell function declined significantly in the patients with IGT and DM2, and insulin resistance increased significantly. Given the rather high prevalence of glucose metabolism impairment, children with obesity should undergo glucose tolerance testing for appropriate therapeutic intervention.     

Significance of acanthosis nigricans in childhood obesity

Aim: Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is among the most common dermatologic manifestations of obesity and hyperinsulinism. In this study, we aimed to find the clinical and laboratory differences in obese children with AN and without AN (non‐AN). Methods: In total, 160 obese children were included in the study. The duration of obesity, body mass index (BMI), BMI z‐scores, birth weight, parental BMI, lipid profile, fasting and post‐meal (PM) glucose and insulin levels were compared in 67 obese with AN and 93 obese without AN. Results: Age was similar in both groups. AN group had higher male to female ratio (42/25 in AN, 43/50 in non‐AN; P = 0.03), higher BMI (30.3 ± 6.1 in AN, 26.4 ± 3.6 in non‐AN; P < 0.001) and weight for height (162.6 ± 28.8 in AN, 144.6 ± 15.8 in non‐AN; P < 0.001) than non‐AN group. There were no significant differences between the groups in birth weight, parental BMI and blood pressure. AN group had higher fasting (19.9 ± 16.2 mU/L in AN, 10.4 ± 7.6 mU/L in non‐AN; P < 0.001) and PM insulin (88.6 ± 87.3 mU/L in AN, 51.1 ± 42.0 mU/L in non‐AN; P = 0.01) and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) (4.0 ± 2.5 in AN, 2.2 ± 1.8 in non‐AN; P < 0.001) than non‐AN group. However, fasting and PM glucose, triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein‐, high‐density lipoprotein‐ and total cholesterol levels were similar in both groups. BMI was correlated with HOMA‐IR in both groups (r = 0.40 for AN, r = 0.28 for non‐AN). PM glucose and PM insulin were correlated in both groups (r = 0.56 for AN, r = 0.39 for non‐AN). However, fasting glucose and fasting insulin were correlated in only non‐AN (r = 0.25), but not in AN group. Conclusions: Obese children with AN show higher insulin levels and HOMA‐IR. AN is an important predictor of the insulin resistance in childhood obesity. Insulin secretory dynamics seem to be disrupted in fasting state initially, which is reflected as the loss of fasting insulin–glucose correlation in AN group.     

Relationship between different fasting-based insulin sensitivity indices in obese children and adolescents

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate insulin sensitivity from data obtained from baseline values and from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal and obese children and adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: We recruited 89 children 4-10 years old and 82 adolescents 11-18 years old divided into moderately obese (Mod OB), severely obese (Severe OB), and non-obese (Non-OB) controls. We evaluated the relationship between four simple measures of insulin sensitivity: homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), fasting glucose to insulin ratio (FGIR), and fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI), with an insulin sensitivity measure derived from the standard 2-hour OGTT, the composite whole body insulin sensitivity index (ISI Comp). RESULTS: The strongest correlation was between QUICKI and ISI Comp and between FGIR and ISI Comp, (correlations [r] 0.81-0.85 in the Mod OB and 0.63-0.67 in the Severe OB). The relationship between HOMA-IR and ISI Comp and between FIRI and ISI Comp did not appear to be as strong (correlations [r] -0.36 and -0.53 in Mod OB and Severe OB, respectively). Moderately obese and severely obese children had fasting and 2-hour insulin levels 2-3 fold higher than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: QUICKI and FGIR, are strongly correlated with OGTT measures of insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents with different degrees of obesity. These simple fasting-based indices may help the pediatrician identify patients at risk of developing insulin resistance.     

Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity

Aims: To assess prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS: obesity, abnormal glucose homoeostasis, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension) in obese UK children and adolescents of different ethnicities and to assess whether fasting data is sufficient to identify IRS in childhood obesity. Methods: A total of 103 obese (BMI >95th centile) children and adolescents 2–18 years of age referred for assessment underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, measurement of fasting lipids, and blood pressure determination. Main outcome measures were prevalence of components of IRS by modified WHO criteria, with IRS defined as ?3 components (including obesity). Results: There were 67 girls (65%). BMI z-score ranged from 1.65 to 6.15, with 72% having a z-score ?3.0. Abnormal glucose homoeostasis was identified in 46% (hyperinsulinism in 40%, impaired fasting glucose in 0.8%, impaired glucose tolerance in 11%). No subjects had silent type 2 diabetes. Dyslipidaemia was identified in 30% and hypertension in 32%. Thirty one per cent had obesity alone, 36% had two components, 28% had three, and 5% had all four components. Birth weight, BMI, and family history of IRS were not associated with risk of IRS. Higher age increased the risk of IRS; however the syndrome was seen in 30% of children under 12 years. The use of fasting glucose and insulin data for identifying IRS had a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 100%. Conclusions: One third of obese children and adolescents have the IRS; however type 2 diabetes is rare. Obese children with the IRS may form a high risk group to whom scarce intervention resources should be targeted. Further work is needed to develop appropriate screening programmes for IRS components in significantly obese children.     

FTO基因SNP rs9939609, rs1421085多态性与儿童青少年肥胖及其代谢指标的相关性研究

目的 研究FTO(fat-mass and obesity associated)基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性与儿童青少年单纯性肥胖及其代谢指标的相关性。方法 以2004至2006年于复旦大学附属儿科医院内分泌门诊就诊的汉族单纯性肥胖和超重儿童青少年分别作为肥胖组和超重组;选择上海市某中学正常体重汉族学生作为正常对照组。分别测量身高和体重,计算BMI。测定血清空腹葡萄糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、三酰甘油(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平。计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和胰岛素敏感指数（QUICKI）。抽提外周血基因组DNA,采用Taqman-MGB探针技术检测FTO基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性,分析不同基因型与代谢指标和BMI的相关性。结果 肥胖组纳入236例,超重组纳入239例,正常对照组纳入241名。①肥胖+超重组的BMI、FPG、FIns、TG和 HOMA-IR显著高于正常对照组;②肥胖、超重和正常对照组rs9939609分型成功率分别为94.9%（224/236例）、97.9（234/239例）和95.9%（231/241名）,rs1421085分型成功率分别为92.8%（219/236例）、97.1% （232/239例）和95.4%（230/241名）。rs9939609 AA基因型频率：肥胖组为2.7%,超重组为0.4%,正常对照组为1.7%,肥胖+超重组A等位基因频率显著高于正常对照组（OR=1.437,P=0.048）;rs1421085 CC基因型频率：肥胖组为2.7%,超重组为0.9%,正常对照组为1.7%,肥胖+超重组C等位基因频率高于正常对照组,但差异无统计学意义（OR=1.388,P=0.076 0）;③rs1421085 TC +CC基因型和rs9939609 TA +AA 基因型儿童青少年的BMI显著高于TT基因型（rs9939609：P=0.000 3;rs1421085：P=0.000 5）;rs1421085 TC +CC基因型和rs9939609 TA +AA 基因型与FPG、FIns、TG、TC、HOMA-IR、QUICKI无显著相关性。结论 FTO基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性与中国汉族儿童青少年肥胖和（或）超重存在相关性。A等位基因频率远低于欧洲人群,对BMI的作用效果与欧洲人群相似,但对代谢指标影响存在显著差异。     

Childhood obesity in a population at high risk for type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of obesity and investigate its association with fasting glucose and insulin among children and adolescents in a population at high risk for type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: A cross-sectional screening survey involving anthropometry and fasting serum levels of glucose and insulin. SETTING: A remote aboriginal (Ojibwa-Cree) community in northern Manitoba, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: All children aged 4 to 19 years in the community were invited to participate, with a response rate of 82% (n = 719). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Obesity is defined as body mass index exceeding the 85th percentile of the National Center for Health Statistics reference data. The diagnosis of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose is based on the new criteria of the American Diabetes Association. RESULTS: There is a high prevalence of obesity, with 64% (female) and 60% (male) exceeding the 85th percentile and 40% (female) and 34% (male) exceeding the 95th percentile. Body mass index is a significant predictor of both glucose and insulin in both sexes, independent of age. Obese children are at increased risk of being classified as having diabetes or impaired fasting glucose (odds ratio 5.1, 95% CI 1.51, 17.0). CONCLUSIONS: The early onset of type 2 diabetes in childhood is increasingly observed in many populations. Childhood obesity is a strong risk factor. Early detection and intervention directed at obesity are potential strategies to avert the long-term consequences of type 2 diabetes.