儿科院外心跳停止的流行病学特点与预后

目的 总结儿科院外心跳停止(OHCA)病例的流行病学特点与预后.方法 回顾性研究2001年1月至2009年12月我院急诊创伤中心(EDTC)收治的OHCA患儿的临床资料,分析与预后相关的因素[年龄、性别、转运工具、有无目击者、是否现场给予心肺复苏(CPR)、OHCA发生地点、OHCA可能原因及治疗等].结果 9年中共收治221例OHCA患儿,男女之比为1.15:1,经急诊抢救恢复自主循环(ROSC)77例(34.84%),出院时存活21例(9.50%).OHCA发生时有目击者、现场给予CPR、初始复苏时使用.肾上腺素使用次数、OHCA发生场所、救护车转运是急诊复苏成功的良好预测指标.初始复苏时肾上腺素使用次数、目击者现场CPR及OHCA发生地点是OHCA患儿最终存活的独立预测因子.意外伤害性疾病(69/221,31.22%)与复杂先天性心脏病(46/221,20.82%)是儿科OHCA主要原因.小于1岁年龄组是儿科OHCA的最好发年龄段(145/221,65.61%).结论 儿科OHCA患者存活率低,预后差,加强意外伤害预防、早期目击者CPR,能减少DHCA的发生率及改善预后.     

儿科院外心跳停止的流行病学特点与预后

目的 总结儿科院外心跳停止(OHCA)病例的流行病学特点与预后.方法 回顾性研究2001年1月至2009年12月我院急诊创伤中心(EDTC)收治的OHCA患儿的临床资料,分析与预后相关的因素[年龄、性别、转运工具、有无目击者、是否现场给予心肺复苏(CPR)、OHCA发生地点、OHCA可能原因及治疗等].结果 9年中共收治221例OHCA患儿,男女之比为1.15:1,经急诊抢救恢复自主循环(ROSC)77例(34.84%),出院时存活21例(9.50%).OHCA发生时有目击者、现场给予CPR、初始复苏时使用.肾上腺素使用次数、OHCA发生场所、救护车转运是急诊复苏成功的良好预测指标.初始复苏时肾上腺素使用次数、目击者现场CPR及OHCA发生地点是OHCA患儿最终存活的独立预测因子.意外伤害性疾病(69/221,31.22%)与复杂先天性心脏病(46/221,20.82%)是儿科OHCA主要原因.小于1岁年龄组是儿科OHCA的最好发年龄段(145/221,65.61%).结论 儿科OHCA患者存活率低,预后差,加强意外伤害预防、早期目击者CPR,能减少DHCA的发生率及改善预后.     

儿科急诊心肺复苏特点与预后分析

目的分析小儿院外呼吸或心跳停止(或呼吸、心跳停止)的病因、临床特征及影响心肺复苏预后的相关因素,为提高儿科急诊心肺复苏成功率及改善预后寻找可行方法。方法对急诊创伤中心(EDTC)2001年3月至2007年3月急诊心肺复苏(CPR)患儿的临床资料、心肺复苏原因及预后进行总结分析。结果共有199例患儿在EDTC进行CPR。就诊时呼吸停止84例(42.21%),出院时存活54例(64.29%);心跳停止115例(57.79%),急诊CPR后恢复自主循环(ROSC)38例(33.04%),出院时存活9例(7.83%);呼吸停止与心跳停止者病死率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=71.52,P=0.000)。呼吸停止或心跳停止时157例(78.89%)有现场目击者,其中137例目击者为家长(87.26%),42例(21.11%)无目击者;有目击者予院前CPR20例(12.74%);有目击者与无目击者最终病死率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.09,P=0.45)。意外伤害性疾病(58例,29.15%)是导致小儿急诊CPR的首要原因,其次为先天性心脏病(49例,24.62%)和严重感染性疾病(32例,16.08%)。院前救护车转运52例(26.13%)。结论小儿院外呼吸或心跳停止者病死率高,尤其是院外心跳停止者;意外伤害是儿童期急诊CPR的最常见原因,家长是儿童呼吸或心跳停止最常见的目击者;要提高儿科急诊CPR成功率,需要加强监护人对儿童的监护意识,预防意外伤害的发生;同时需要对监护人普及儿科急救的基本知识,提高他们第一时间救护患儿的能力,从而改善院外呼吸或心跳停止患儿的预后。     

小儿院外心跳停止的病因及预后分析

目的了解小儿院外心跳停止(OHCA)的病因及影响预后的因素。方法2000年1月～2003年4月我院急诊创伤中心接受OHCA67例,全部病例经过正规的心肺复苏(CPR)。详细记录患儿原发病史和或急性发病经过,从心跳呼吸停止到CPR的间隔时间,转运方式,院前有无CPR,复苏前后心电图。创伤患儿记录脊柱、颈椎保护措施。结果死亡65例(97%),存活2例(3.0%)。OHCA主要死亡原因:意外伤害22例(32.8%),伴有原发基础疾病者21例(31.3%),急性感染性疾病14例(20.9%)。心跳停止到CPR平均时间15min(5～30min)。全部病例没有院前CPR经历。创伤患儿院前无脊柱、颈椎保护措施。患儿转送医院方式以乘坐公交车为多,由120救护车转入占10%。来院时ECG无电活动60例(89.6%),心电机械分离7例(10.4%)。结论小儿OHCA发生率低、病死率高、预后差。小儿心跳停止的EKG波型以心室无收缩、一直线等电位为主。小儿OHCA病因顺位的前三位分别是意外伤害、原发基础疾病、急性感染性疾病。要降低OHCA病死率首先应降低意外伤害的发生率。全民普及急救知识,加强医疗人员高级生命支持的培训,加强急诊治疗服务体系的建设,尤其是建立完善的院前急救和转运系统,从而提高小儿OHCACPR的成功率。     

小儿院外心跳停止的病因及预后分析

目的了解小儿院外心跳停止(OHCA)的病因及影响预后的因素。方法2000年1月～2003年4月我院急诊创伤中心接受OHCA67例，全部病例经过正规的心肺复苏(CPR)。详细记录患儿原发病史和／或急性发病经过，从心跳呼吸停止到CPR的间隔时间，转运方式，院前有无CPR，复苏前后心电图。创伤患儿记录脊柱、颈椎保护措施。结果死亡65例(97％)，存活2例(3．0％)。OHCA主要死亡原因：意外伤害22例(32．8％)，伴有原发基础疾病者21例(31．3％)，急性感染性疾病14例(20．9％)。心跳停止到CPR平均时间15min(5～30min)。全部病例没有院前CPR经历。创伤患儿院前无脊柱、颈椎保护措施。患儿转送医院方式以乘坐公交车为多，由120救护车转入占10％。来院时ECG无电活动60例(89．6％)，心电机械分离7例(10．4％)。结论小儿OHCA发生率低、病死率高、预后差。小儿心跳停止的EKG波型以心室无收缩、一直线等电位为主。小儿OHCA病因顺位的前三位分别是意外伤害、原发基础疾病、急性感染性疾病。要降低OHCA病死率首先应降低意外伤害的发生率。全民普及急救知识，加强医疗人员高级生命支持的培训，加强急诊治疗服务体系的建设。尤其是建立完善的院前急救和转运系统，从而提高小儿OHCACPR的成功率。     

影响儿童院内心肺复苏预后的因素分析

目的：探讨儿童院内心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)预后的影响因素。方法通过回顾性观察研究,对2012年1月至2014年10月我院发生的281例心肺复苏病例进行单因素分析,以自主循环恢复﹥20 min 作为近期复苏成功标准,分析心肺复苏预后的影响因素。结果纳入的281例患儿中,男∶女为1.34∶1,年龄1～191个月,其中自主循环恢复﹥20 min 共129例(45.9%),出院存活20例(8.8%)。性别、年龄、体重、呼吸心跳骤停(cardiopulmonary arrest,CPA)发生时间、CPA 初始心电图、pH 值、乳酸水平对心肺复苏预后无明显影响。基础疾病、CPA 发生地点、CPR 组织人员、通气方式、CPR 总时间、初期复苏时使用肾上腺素的次数、使用碳酸氢钠及血糖情况对复苏成功率有影响。结论目前 CPR 成功率及出院存活率仍较低。呼吸系统疾病成功率相对较高。CPR 时间﹥20 min、需要使用碳酸氢钠以及初期复苏中使用肾上腺素大于3次是影响 CPR 成功的不利因素。     

住院患儿发生心跳呼吸骤停复苏后存活率的预测因素分析

目的 探讨发生心跳呼吸骤停(CRA)住院儿童复苏后存活率的预测因素.方法 回顾性分析PICU发生CRA患儿的临床及心肺复苏(CPR)、复苏后资料,并进行单因素分析以及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析,探讨近期和远期存活率的预测因素.结果 2006年1月至2008年12月烟台毓璜顶医院PICU发生CRA并接受CPR的87例患儿中,43例恢复自主循环,复苏成功率为48.3%,24 h存活31例(35.6%);存活出院19例(21.8%).单因素分析结果显示:原发病、合并症以及发生骤停类型、气管插管、有效复苏时问、应用肾上腺素的剂量、复苏后24 h内体温、复苏后6 h血糖值、复苏后合并症均影响复苏后24 h存活率和出院存活率;Logistic回归分析示原发病、复苏时间为24 h存活率的预测因素;原发病、复苏时间、复苏后24 h体温为出院存活率的预测因素.结论 住院患儿发生CRA后近期、远期存活率均低,原发病及合并症、CPR质量以及复苏后管理均影响存活率,其中原发病、复苏时间为近期存活率预测因素,原发病、复苏时间、复苏后24 h体温为远期存活率的预测因素.     

儿童意外伤害相关因素分析与干预

目的分析5年中儿童意外伤害的病因,寻求降低意外伤害发生的有效措施。方法回顾性分析2000年1月~2004年12月急诊创伤中心就诊的3 744例意外伤害病例的临床资料。结果3 744例中各意外类型的年龄分布有显著差异,各意外伤害原因的时间分布有显著差异。意外伤害发生率男性高于女性,意外创伤占意外伤害发生率的81.62%;学龄前儿童意外伤害占意外伤害发生率的65.01%;家中发生意外伤害占意外伤害发生率的43.14%;意外伤害急诊死亡27例(0.72%),占同期急诊患儿死亡数的26.47%。结论儿童意外伤害以意外创伤为首位,学龄前是意外伤害发生的主要年龄段,意外伤害发生以春夏季节为主,家庭是意外伤害最易发生的场所,其急诊病死率已占其他急诊疾病病死数的1/4以上,要降低儿童期意外伤害的发生率与病死率应以预防为主。     

儿童重症监护病房先天性心脏病患儿心肺复苏效果及预后影响因素分析

目的了解我国部分儿童重症监护病房(PICU)内先天性心脏病(简称先心病)患儿心肺骤停后实施心肺复苏的效果及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析2017年11月至2018年10月我国11家医院PICU收治的281例心肺骤停且接受标准心肺复苏的患儿资料, 根据是否患有先心病分为先心病组和非先心病组, 比较一般情况、心肺复苏持续时间、复苏过程中肾上腺素使用次数、自主循环恢复(ROSC)率、出院存活率、出院儿童脑功能分类量表等临床资料。根据是否以恶性心律失常为心肺骤停直接原因分为心律失常和非心律失常2个亚组, 比较患儿ROSC和出院存活率。组间比较采用t检验、χ2检验或方差分析, 采用Logistic回归分析先心病心肺骤停患儿ROSC和出院存活的影响因素。结果我国部分PICU内心肺骤停发生率为3.2%(372/11 588), 心肺复苏实施率为75.5%(281/372)。281例发生心肺骤停并接受心肺复苏的患儿中男144例, 女137例, 年龄32.8(5.6, 42.7)月龄。先心病组患儿56例(19.9%), 非先心病组患儿225例(80.1%)。先心病组女性患儿占比高于非先心病组[60.7%(...     

新生儿心肺复苏:血流动力学的关键作用

研究表明,约10%的新生儿需要帮助其建立有效通气,而仅有0.1%的新生儿需要心肺复苏(CPR)或复苏药物的干预,其中以早产儿居多。最近一项研究表明,在一个具备训练有素复苏队伍的Ⅲ级医疗中心,仅有0.6%的新生儿在复苏中需用肾上腺素。该研究指出,在复苏过程中需用肾上腺素的新生儿其死亡率高达41%,且近期会发生神经系统疾病(57%缺氧缺血性脑病和癫疒间)。延长胸外按压及使用肾上腺素10min后仍无生命体征的新生儿死亡率高达83%,而存活者约93%留有中到重度后遗症。在产房内实施胸外按压和(或)联合药物复苏所带来的不良后果使学者开始思考:是否要为新生儿CPR制定胸外按压及药物应用的最佳方案。因无法预     

Improving Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Young Children and Adolescents

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is an unusual but devastating occurrence in a young person. Years of life-lost are substantial and long-term health care costs of survivors can be high. However, there have been noteworthy improvements in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) standards, out-of hospital care, and postcardiac arrest therapies that have resulted in a several-fold improvement in resuscitation outcomes. Recent interest and research in resuscitation of children has the promise of generating improvements in the outcomes of these patients. Integrated and coordinated care in the out-of-hospital and hospital settings are required. This article will review the epidemiology of OHCA, the 2010 CPR guidelines, and developments in public access defibrillation for children.     

Basismaßnahmen der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Timely initiation of resuscitation measures has an enormous impact on the outcome of a child after cardiac arrest; therefore, basic life support started by non-specialized lay rescuers as well as by professional healthcare providers plays an outstanding role within the guidelines for pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Resuscitation measures initiated by bystanders are associated with a better neurological outcome and better survival in adult and pediatric patients compared to no bystander CPR; therefore, the early recognition of a critically ill child as well as an early initiation and an effective performance of basic life support actions, such as securing an open airway, effective ventilation and high quality compressions are essential. These targets should be addressed in resuscitation education for lay people and medical professionals within the coming years. Thus, more research on optimization of educational concepts as well as public relations activities are necessary. This article summarizes the current guidelines on pediatric basic life support and provides practice-oriented recommendations.     

Automated External Defibrillators and Secondary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death Among Children and Adolescents

Sudden cardiac death is devastating at any age, but it is especially so among children and adolescents. This report discusses the outcomes for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and describes public access defibrillation programs in general and those directed at children and adolescents. In addition, the relatively new concept of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)–automated external defibrillator (AED) programs directed at schools is discussed. Although limited data are available, some of the preliminary data suggest improved OHCA outcomes associated with CPR-AED programs implemented in schools. These early data provide hope for the future potential reduction in the incidence of sudden cardiac deaths in the school setting, not only among children and adolescents, but also among adults.     

Role of pediatricians in advocating life support training courses for parents and the public

Available literature suggests a need for both initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation basic life support training and refresher courses for parents and the public as well as health care professionals. The promotion of basic life support training courses that establish a pediatric chain of survival spanning from prevention of cardiac arrest and trauma to rehabilitative and follow-up care for victims of cardiopulmonary arrest is advocated in this policy statement and is the focus of an accompanying technical report. Immediate bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation for victims of cardiac arrest improves survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Pediatricians will improve the chance of survival of children and adults who experience cardiac arrest by advocating for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and participating in basic life support training courses as participants and instructors.     

Results of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children

We retrospectively evaluated the outcome from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in 149 children of all age groups. Only 7 children experienced ventricular fibrillation. 47 children (31.5%) died immediately. Further 47 children died within 24 hours of their arrest, 24 (16.1%) survived longer than 24 hours after CPR but not until discharge. Only 31 children (20.8%) survived to discharge, 5 with severe neurologic sequelae, attributable to the arrest or resuscitation efforts. Cardiopulmonary arrests in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit carried the worst prognosis. Better results were obtained out-of-hospital, in the OR or on the pediatric floor. Long-term survival rate did not correlate with age, or type of administered catecholamine. None of the children receiving calcium survived. This large study confirms the poor outcome of CPR in children.     

Review of resuscitation physiology in children

More than one quarter of children survive to hospital discharge after in-hospital cardiac arrests, and 5–10% of children survive to hospital discharge after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differs in children from adults. Following the Airway, Breathing, Circulation format, this article reviews the physiology of paediatric cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. It addresses the appropriate interventions during CPR, mechanisms of action of commonly used drugs and special resuscitation circumstances: premature and newly born infants, traumatic cardiac arrest, and ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation). New exciting discoveries in resuscitation science postulate that the key factor in improving outcomes of paediatric cardiac arrest is improving the quality of interventions. A thorough understanding of the physiology underpinning CPR is helpful in ensuring optimal delivery of CPR in children and improving clinical outcomes.