胸壁肿块的CT诊断

目的分析胸壁肿块的CT表现,提高其诊断水平。方法 30例临床证实的胸壁肿块患者均经CT平扫,10例又经增强扫描。对所有患者的CT表现进行了回顾性分析。结果在CT像上,胸壁结核(5例)表现为胸壁内软组织密度肿块影;细菌性脓肿(4例),表现为局限性软组织肿块影,密度不均匀;脂肪瘤(4例)表现为胸壁内局限性脂肪密度肿块影;神经源性肿瘤(5例)表现为胸壁内密度均匀、边界清楚的软组织肿块影;血管瘤(1例)表现为左侧胸壁散在条状迂曲的软组织密度肿块影,增强后明显强化;胸膜间皮瘤(3例),其中良性者(2例)表现为局限性胸膜增厚,恶性者(1例)表现为弥漫性胸膜增厚伴胸腔积液;胸膜转移瘤(3例)表现为胸膜结节状增厚;肋骨转移瘤(4例)表现为胸膜结节状增厚;Askin瘤(1例)表现为右侧胸壁内及胸膜处软组织肿块影伴邻近肋骨骨质破坏。结论 CT对胸壁肿块的定位及良、恶性鉴别具有重要价值,尤其64排螺旋CT及其后处理技术更有利于其诊断与鉴别诊断。     

胸腺瘤的CT诊断分析

目的 分析胸腺瘤的CT征象,提高胸腺瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 报告31例经手术、病理证实为胸腺瘤的CT表现.结果 27例(87.1%)位于前中上纵隔,其中,良性胸腺瘤11例,肿块与心脏血管接触面(MCI)呈凸出型8例,平坦型1例,凹陷型2例.恶性胸腺瘤20例,MCI呈灌铸型18例,凹陷型2例;肿块不规则侵犯邻近结构11例,心包积液6例,心包、胸膜多发结节状转移2例,胸腔积液4例,肺内炎症2例,肺内、骨、纵隔淋巴结转移各2例,肝、胰腺转移各1例.结论 CT对胸腺瘤的良恶性诊断及鉴别诊断有较高价值.     

螺旋CT对胸腺瘤的诊断及其临床价值

目的：通过螺旋CT(spiral CT，SCT)分析胸腺瘤的影像学表现并判断其良恶性的临床价值。方法：搜集经手术病理证实的胸腺瘤30例。其中非侵袭性胸腺瘤(noninvasive thymoma，NIT)即良性胸腺瘤22例，侵袭性胸腺瘤(invasive thymorrm，IT)即恶性胸腺瘤8例。通过SCT分析胸腺瘤的瘤体形态、密度、强化特点、肿块与纵膈结构关系等影像学表现，并与病理结果相对照，研究胸腺瘤良恶性即有无侵袭性的对应关系。结果：1、SC丁诊断NIT20例，其主要表现为前上纵膈内密度均匀的圆形或类圆形轻度强化的软组织肿块，与纵膈心脏大血管分界清晰。2、SCT诊断IT7例，主要表现为前中上纵膈内分叶状、不规则形软组织肿块，密度不均，强化不一且或伴有囊变坏死区，肿瘤与心脏大血管脂肪环破坏，心包积液、纵膈胸膜浸润以及上腔静脉受压变形等。结论：SCT对胸腺瘤的良恶性(即侵袭性)判断具有较高的准确性，为临床术前治疗方案的确定以及判断其预后具有较高的指导价值。     

CT对恶性胸腺瘤诊断价值的探讨

目的：探讨恶性胸腺瘤的CT诊断价值。材料和方法：对23例经手术病理证实的恶性胸腺瘤进行回顾性CT分析，4例仅作平扫，19例平扫加增强扫描。结果：具有诊断价值的CT表现是肿瘤大小、形态和边缘；肿瘤与心脏大血管之间的脂肪影、接触面及两者所成角度；胸膜和心包改变。结论：CT对恶性胸腺瘤的诊断具有重要作用，为临床制定治疗计划，估计预后提供重要依据。     

侵袭性胸腺瘤CT表现与诊断价值

目的 探讨侵袭性胸腺瘤CT表现特征.方法 经病理证实的15例侵袭性胸腺瘤均行CT平扫加增强检查,分别对病变的形态、密度、强化方式、周围结构侵犯及种植情况进行回顾性分析.结果 15例肿瘤均表现为边缘分叶、不规则,密度不均,平扫CT值40～50HU,其中坏死囊变11例,点状钙化4例;15例均有纵隔结构侵犯,周围脂肪间隙模糊、消失,其中大血管侵犯9例,心包侵犯（心包积液）5例,胸膜肺界面不清8例,胸腔积液6例;增强扫描见肿瘤实质部分呈轻至中度强化,CT值增加10～20HU,坏死囊变不强化.结论 侵袭性胸腺瘤CT表现具有一定特征,螺旋CT能显示肿瘤内部改变,又能显示周围组织受侵犯情况,具有较高诊断价值.     

十二指肠间质瘤的MSCT诊断

目的:探讨十二指肠间质瘤的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现及诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经手术或病理证实的14例十二指肠间质瘤患者的MSCT平扫及双期增强扫描资料,并结合三维重组进行观察.结果:14例十二指肠间质瘤肿瘤中降部7例,水平部4例,升部3例.良性间质瘤5例,均向腔内生长,呈圆形或类圆形,与肠壁等密度、密度均匀,边界清.恶性间质瘤6例,向腔外生长5例、腔内外生长1例,肿瘤边缘有分叶,密度不均匀,2例可见囊变坏死及气体影,明显不均匀强化5例,明显均匀强化1例,周围组织侵犯或远处转移5例.潜在恶性3例,向腔外生长2例,腔内外生长1例,平扫等密度、密度均匀,临近肠壁增厚,不均匀强化.CT检查的敏感度为100%,定位准确率为92.1%(13/14),定性准确率78.6%(11/14).结论:MSCT双期增强扫描结合重建技术能准确显示十二指肠间质瘤的部位、形态、大小及供血血管,对鉴别肿瘤良恶性有重要临床价值.     

肺外神经内分泌癌的CT表现

目的 分析肺外神经内分泌癌(NEC)的CT表现,并探讨CT对该瘤的诊断价值.方法 结合文献回顾性分析12例经病理证实的肺外神经内分泌癌患者的临床及CT资料.结果 12例病例,病变分别位于肝脏、胃、十二指肠、空肠、阑尾、胰腺、胸腺、纵隔及腹腔,11例单发,肝脏1例多发.平扫10例密度不均匀,增强扫描示肿瘤实性部分动脉期明显强化(胸腺1例轻度强化,腹腔1例中度强化),静脉期及延迟期持续强化,低密度区轻中度强化;9例肿瘤周围组织浸润及远处淋巴结转移.结论 肺外神经内分泌癌的CT表现有一定特征,多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描对于肺外NEC的术前诊断及治疗具有重要价值.     

肾上腺肿瘤的MSCT多期增强扫描应用价值

目的 探讨MSCT多期增强扫描对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断及鉴别价值.方法 收集经病理证实的肾上腺肿瘤患者70例共72个病灶的资料,包括醛固酮腺瘤23个、皮质醇腺瘤18个、嗜铬细胞瘤17个及转移瘤14个.结果 醛固酮腺瘤平扫CT均值≤20 HU,21个呈轻度均匀强化.皮质醇腺瘤平扫CT均值≤25 HU,12个呈中度均匀强化;15个嗜铬细胞瘤呈重度不均强化;12个转移瘤呈中度不均强化.动脉期强化率:醛固酮腺瘤＞嗜铬细胞瘤＞皮质醇腺瘤＞转移瘤;静脉期强化率:醛固酮腺瘤＞皮质醇腺瘤＞转移瘤,嗜铬细胞瘤＞转移瘤;相对造影剂清除率:醛固酮腺瘤＞皮质醇腺瘤＞嗜铬细胞瘤＞转移瘤.结论 肾上腺4种常见肿瘤的MSCT平扫、增强密度特征及其强化率、清除率存在差异,可作为这些肿瘤诊断及鉴别诊断的参考指标.     

128层螺旋CT对胃间质瘤的诊断及其良恶性分析

目的探讨128层螺旋CT对胃间质瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的23例胃间质瘤患者的CT资料。结果 CT平扫均呈单发软组织肿块,其中11例为恶性,肿块相对较大,密度不均匀,部分伴有囊变、坏死、钙化;12例为潜在恶性,瘤体相对较小,多数密度均匀,3例病变出现钙化。CT增强后肿瘤实质部分均有较明显强化。多平面重建可清晰显示肿瘤与胃壁的关系。结论胃间质瘤的CT表现有一定的特征性,128层螺旋CT扫描及多平面重建有助于胃间质瘤的定位定性诊断及其良恶性分析。     

肾上腺神经鞘瘤的CT影像特点(附14例报告)

目的探讨肾上腺神经鞘瘤的CT表现,提高对本病的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的14例肾上腺神经鞘瘤的CT表现,分析肿瘤的数目、部位、形态、大小、边缘、囊变、钙化、密度及强化方式等特点。结果 14例肿瘤均为单发,右侧肾上腺9例,左侧肾上腺5例;肿瘤边界清晰,最长径为3.2~14.7cm,平均7.0cm;4例密度均匀,10例囊变,3例钙化,2例恶性。平扫CT值25~39HU,平均33HU;增强4例轻度均匀强化,10例轻中度不均匀强化。结论肾上腺神经鞘瘤CT表现具有一定特征性,CT对肾上腺神经鞘瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控通路以及与肿瘤发生发展关系的研究进展作一综述.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。