螺旋CT肺动脉与下肢静脉联合成像对静脉血栓栓塞症的诊断价值

目的评价螺旋CT肺动脉与下肢深静脉联合成像技术（CTVPA）对静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）的诊断价值。方法对临床拟诊为肺栓塞（PE）的46例患者行CTVPA成像，先行肺动脉CT成像，后行下肢深静脉扫描，深静脉CT扫描范围从胭静脉至双肾静脉水平。结果46例患者中，CTVPA显示PE患者37例，下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）34例，两者同时存在者30例。37例PE均为多发肺动脉栓子，共累及动脉189支，其中，左右肺动脉主干栓子2．6％（5／189）支，叶动脉30．2％（57／189）支，段动脉50．2％（95／189）支。亚段及亚亚段肺动脉16．9％（32／189）支。34例DVT患者中，左侧20例，右侧12例，盆腔内静脉血栓2例。CTVPA成像检出率较CTPA高10．8％（4/37）。结论16层螺旋CT CTVPA可实现“一站式”检查，对评价肺动脉与下肢深静脉血栓栓塞性疾病有较高的敏感性与特异性。     

^99Tc^m—MAA肺显像对深静血栓患者无症状肺栓塞的应用

目的 用^99Tc^m-大颗粒聚合白蛋白（MAA）肺灌注显像研究肾病综合征伴下肢深静脉血栓患者的无症状肺栓塞发病情况。方法 75例肾病综合征伴下肢深静脉血栓而无任何肺部疾病临床症状的患者,均经临床和超声检查证实。所有患者同时进行^99Tc^m-MAA下肢静脉和肺灌注显像,其中45例并行^99Tc^m-MAA肺通气显像。结果 （1）75例患者中有83％（62例）发生下肢Guo窝静脉以下血栓;（2）^99Tc^m-MAA肺灌注显像示61％（46例）患者发生肺栓塞（28例为单侧肺栓塞,18例为双侧肺栓塞）;（3）45例患者^99Tc^m-DTPA肺通气显像未见异常。结论 大部分肾病综合征下肢深静脉血栓患者伴有无症状性肺栓塞;对下肢深静脉血栓患者肺显像应作为常规检查。     

99 Tcm-MAA肺显像对深静脉血栓患者无症状肺栓塞的应用

目的　用99Tcm 大颗粒聚合白蛋白 (MAA)肺灌注显像研究肾病综合征伴下肢深静脉血栓患者的无症状肺栓塞发病情况。方法　 75例肾病综合征伴下肢深静脉血栓而无任何肺部疾病临床症状的患者 ,均经临床和超声检查证实。所有患者同时进行99Tcm MAA下肢静脉和肺灌注显像 ,其中 45例并行99Tcm DTPA肺通气显像。结果　① 75例患者中有 83% (62例 )发生下肢窝静脉以下血栓 ;②99Tcm MAA肺灌注显像示 61% (4 6例 )患者发生肺栓塞 (2 8例为单侧肺栓塞 ,18例为双侧肺栓塞 ) ;③ 45例患者99Tcm DTPA肺通气显像未见异常。结论　大部分肾病综合征下肢深静脉血栓患者伴有无症状性肺栓塞 ;对下肢深静脉血栓患者肺显像应作为常规检查     

全膝关节置换术后预防深静脉血栓的护理

深静脉血栓(DVT)是全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty，TKA)常见的并发症对患者生命健康有着严重危害性。资料介绍美国静脉血栓的年发病率约占正常人群的1‰，在未采取预防措施的下肢关节置换术病人中，欧美静脉血栓的发病率为40％-70％(其中4．6％-19．7％发生肺栓塞，0．5％-2％死亡)，我国多在20％-48％。研究表明，下肢近侧静脉栓塞的病人约50％伴有无症状的肺栓塞，     

膝上与膝下深静脉血栓发生肺栓塞的相关性研究

目的探讨膝上和膝下深静脉血栓与发生肺栓塞的相关性。方法回顾性分析2016年1月~2017年12月于我院彩色多普勒超声发现下肢深静脉血栓住院患者910例,并依据解剖位置分为膝上组和膝下组,分别比较两组下肢深静脉血栓的肺栓塞发生率。并依据影像学分型将肺栓塞分为大面积肺栓塞和小面积肺栓塞,分别比较两组深静脉血栓发生大面积肺栓塞的发生率。结果膝上深静脉血栓肺栓塞发生率高于膝下深静脉血栓,两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。膝上深静脉血栓大面积肺栓塞(影像学分型)发生率高于膝下深静脉血栓,两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其中,孤立小腿肌间静脉血栓也可以发生致死性肺栓塞。结论膝上深静脉血栓形成较膝下深静脉血栓形成更易发生肺栓塞,特别是发生大面积肺栓塞。不能忽视的是孤立的小腿肌间静脉血栓也可发生致死性肺栓塞。     

放射性核素显像对下肢深静脉病变和肺栓塞的临床观察

为研究下肢深静脉血栓形成与肺栓塞发病之间的关系，对１７１例临床诊断为下肢静脉病变者，使用９９ｍＴｃ大颗粒聚合白蛋白（ＭＡＡ）进行下肢深静脉和肺灌注显像。其中１０例行Ｘ线下肢静脉造影，１８例肺栓塞患者行ＤＳＡ检查，１５例行ＭＲＩ检查。结果：下肢深静脉及肺灌注显像可见１７１例下肢静脉病变患者中有９８例（５７３％）合并肺栓塞；９８例肺栓塞患者中股静脉以上梗阻为７９例，占８０６％。与ＤＳＡ、ＭＲＩ和Ｘ线下肢静脉造影检查的符合率分别为８８９％、８６７％和９００％。故核素下肢深静脉显像结合肺灌注显像是诊断下肢深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞的有效方法。     

静脉血栓栓塞症介入诊疗术前的双源CT检查

目的：探讨在静脉血栓介入前双源CT检查的应用价值。方法：对27例临床怀疑肺动脉栓塞的患者行CT静脉血管成像和肺动脉血管成像联合扫描（CTVPA）检查并利用软件进行图像处理,2～5天后患者行下肢深静脉造影和肺动脉造影,对27例患者的CT图像和血管造影图像进行分析、比较。结果：27例患者血管造影发现肺动脉栓塞25例,下肢深静脉栓塞23例,CT发现肺动脉栓塞25例,下肢深静脉栓塞19例。下肢静脉栓塞CT表现为静脉腔内对比剂充盈缺损。横轴位上显示充盈缺损15例,“靶征”4例,MIP、CPR、VR图像15例显示静脉管腔狭窄和中断,4例表现双轨征。结论：CTV—PA是一种新的扫描模式,可同时完成肺动脉和下肢深静脉成像。两双源CT扫描速度快,扫描范围更大,图像重建更快捷、简便,更适合CTVPA。     

肺栓塞和下肢深静脉血栓的多层CT联合成像

目的：探讨下肢深静脉血栓和肺栓塞的多层CT联合成像的诊断价值,并分析下肢深静脉血栓与肺栓塞的相关性。方法：对临床疑诊肺栓塞和/或下肢深静脉血栓的连续80例患者行CT肺动脉和下肢深静脉联合成像,采用16层CT,1.25mm×16模式采集,注射对比剂120ml,注射流率3～4ml/s,肺动脉延迟20～25s扫描,下肢静脉延迟150～180s扫描。结果：共发现下肢深静脉血栓52例55侧,肺栓塞21例37侧,其中肺栓塞和下肢深静脉血栓同时存在18例。结论：肺栓塞与下肢深静脉血栓关系密切,多层螺旋CT肺动脉和下肢静脉联合成像可一次性评价肺动脉和下肢静脉,是肺栓塞适宜的检查方法。     

CT血管造影后深静脉扫描对深静脉血栓的诊断价值

目的探讨肺动脉CT血管造影后深静脉扫描对深静脉血栓的位置、范围及管腔狭窄程度的诊断价值,并与下肢静脉造影结果进行对照。方法19例疑诊肺栓塞的患者,接受肺动脉CT血管造影后深静脉扫描,其中男8例,女11例,年龄38~73岁。CT肺动脉造影扫描范围从膈顶至主动脉弓水平。其中15例接受双下肢静脉造影,扫描范围从膈顶至小腿上端。分别观察2种检查方法的影像结果,并将下肢静脉影像进行比较分析。结果全部19例患者行肺动脉CT血管造影后深静脉扫描,所有病例均获得满意的肺部图像,18例获得良好的深静脉扫描图像,1例深静脉显影不良,不能诊断。7例有不同程度和范围的肺动脉栓塞,11例见有深静脉血栓,其中既有肺动脉栓塞又有深静脉血栓者6例,1例仅有肺动脉栓塞而无深静脉血栓,5例仅有深静脉血栓而无肺动脉栓塞。15例患者在CT检查前后24h接受下肢静脉造影检查,10例呈阳性,显示血栓分别位于静脉和股静脉。10例下肢静脉血栓病例,CT检查发现9例,漏诊1例;而CT发现的股静脉以上平面的深静脉血栓4例,下肢静脉造影受其技术方法限制,均未能显示。结论CT肺动脉造影除能够发现肺栓塞的部位及其他非栓塞病变外,对下肢、盆腔及腹部的静脉扫描,还可准确地诊断深静脉血栓。     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者并发肺栓塞14例的临床分析

目的：对慢性阻塞性肺病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD）患者并发的肺动脉栓塞（Pulmonary Embolism PE）进行临床分析，探讨诊断与治疗及预防的对策。方法：肺栓塞患者14例，分析一般状况、临床特点，对9例PE采用静脉尿激酶溶栓和肝素抗凝治疗。结果：COPD患者肺栓塞发病率为14．59％；其中85．64％伴有深静脉血栓，初诊误诊率为78．57％，总病死率为28．54％：静脉溶栓有效率为88．89％。结论：肺栓塞有很高的误诊率与病死率，应对高龄的、长期卧床的并有深静脉血栓倾向的COPD患者给予必要的预防；溶栓与抗凝疗法是治疗急性肺栓塞的有效手段之一。     

16层螺旋CT对肺动脉栓塞及下肢静脉血栓行联合成像的技术优势

目的探讨16层螺旋CT同时扫描肺动脉和下肢静脉的联合成像技术。方法40例疑为肺动脉栓塞(简称肺栓塞)的病人于16层螺旋CT上行肺动脉和下肢静脉联合成像。CT后处理包括最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)及容积再现(VR)。采用t检验进行统计学分析。结果肺栓塞、下肢静脉血栓同时存在者25例，单纯下肢静脉血栓者8例，单纯肺栓塞者2例，二者均正常者5例。不同重建层厚均可清晰显示肺动脉栓子。肺动脉、下肢静脉增强后的CT值显著高于栓子的CT值。MPR、MIP、VR三者对肺栓塞的显示率分别为100％、100％、65％，下肢静脉血栓的显示率分别为100％、60％、50％。结论16层螺旋CT联合肺动脉、下肢静脉成像将为肺栓塞的诊断提供新的方法。     

Deep venous thrombosis: comparison of indirect multidetector CT venography and sonography of lower extremities in 26 patients

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of indirect mutidetector row computed tomographic (MDCT) venography with lower extremity venous sonography for the diagnosis of femoropopliteal deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and to determine the frequency and location of DVT at MDCT venography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE) underwent both combined MDCT venography and MDCT pulmonary angiography and lower extremity venous sonography. Indirect MDCT venography was acquired from the upper calves to the mid-abdomen following MDCT pulmonary angiography. The CT venographic findings were compared with those of sonography for the diagnosis of femoropopliteal DVT. All CT scans were also reviewed for the frequency and location of DVT. RESULTS: Indirect MDCT venography disclosed DVT in 19 patients, and 12 of whom also had PE. Seventeen patients with thrombosis in the femoropopliteal veins were identified in both indirect MDCT venography and sonography. The sensitivity and specificity of indirect MDCT venography for femoropopliteal DVT, as compared with sonography, were both 100%. In one patient DVT in the superficial femoral vein was detected using only indirect MDCT venography. MDCT venography also showed superior extension of femoropopliteal DVT to the inferior vena cava and iliac veins in four patients and thrombosis isolated to the inferior vena cava and common iliac vein thrombosis in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect MDCT venography is as accurate as sonography in the diagnosis of femoropopliteal DVT. MDCT venography can further reveal thrombus in large pelvis veins and the inferior vena cava, an important advantage over sonographic screening for DVT.     

CT pulmonary angiography and suspected acute pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use and quality of CT pulmonary angiography in our department, and to relate the findings to clinical parameters and diagnoses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 324 consecutive patients referred to CT pulmonary angiography with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). From the medical records we registered clinical parameters, blood gases, D-dimer, risk factors and the results of other relevant imaging studies. RESULTS: 55 patients (17%) had PE detected on CT. 39 had bilateral PE, and 8 patients had isolated peripheral PE. 87% of the examinations showing PE had satisfactory filling of contrast material including the segmental pulmonary arteries, and 60% of the subsegmental arteries. D-dimer test was performed in 209 patients, 85% were positive. A negative D-dimer ruled out PE detected at CT. Dyspnea and concurrent symptoms or detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), contraceptive pills and former venous thromboembolism (VTE) were associated with PE. The presence of only one clinical parameter indicated a negative PE diagnosis (p < 0.017), whereas two or more suggested a positive PE diagnosis (p < 0.002). CT also detected various ancillary findings such as consolidation, pleural effusion, nodule or tumor in nearly half of the patients; however, there was no association with the PE diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The quality of CT pulmonary angiography was satisfactory as a first-line imaging of PE. CT also showed additional pathology of importance in the chest. Our study confirmed that a negative D-dimer ruled out clinically suspected VTE.     

Does multi-detector row CT pulmonary angiography reduce the incremental value of indirect CT venography compared with single-detector row CT pulmonary angiography?

PURPOSE: To compare retrospectively the incremental value of indirect computed tomographic (CT) venography performed after multi-detector row CT pulmonary angiography and single-detector row CT pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional ethics committee approved this study; informed consent was not required. The authors retrospectively reviewed results of 1100 combined single-detector row CT pulmonary angiographic and indirect CT venographic examinations (542 men, 558 women; mean age, 61 years +/- 17 [standard deviation]) (group 1) and 308 combined multi-detector row CT pulmonary angiographic and indirect CT venographic examinations (150 men, 158 women; mean age, 62 years +/- 18) (group 2), performed in 1408 patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE). Frequency of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), PE, and VTE, and the incremental value of indirect CT venography were recorded in both groups. Data were compared by means of the Student t test for continuous data and z statistics for independent proportions. RESULTS: VTE, PE, and DVT were found in 23.3% (n = 256), 19.9% (n = 219), and 18.3% (n = 201) of the 1100 patients in group 1, respectively, and in 23.7% (n = 73), 17.2% (n = 53), and 18.8% (n = 58) of the 308 patients in group 2, respectively (P values ranging from .273 to .876). The incremental value of indirect CT venography was 14.4% (37 of 256 patients) in group 1 and 27.4% (20 of 73 patients) in group 2. CONCLUSION: Despite potential improved accuracy of multi-detector row CT pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of PE, the addition of indirect CT venography increased the diagnosis of VTE in 27.4% of patients.     

Renal vein thrombosis in patients with nephrotic syndrome: CT diagnosis

A retrospective evaluation of the computed tomography (CT) findings in 50 patients with the nephrotic syndrome was undertaken. In four patients with clinical manifestations of acute renal vein thrombosis (RVT) on initial examination, the diagnosis was confirmed by CT findings. Three patients had left RVT, one had right RVT, and all four had thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC) at the level of the renal veins. Of the remaining 46, otherwise asymptomatic patients, one had bilateral RVT, two had left RVT, and five had isolated IVC thrombus. The abnormalities noted on CT scans were widened renal vein(s) containing thrombus, thrombus in the IVC, renal enlargement, thickened Gerota fascia and formation of pericapsular venous collaterals, and an abnormal renal parenchymal enhancement pattern consisting of prolonged corticomedullary discrimination, delayed and/or persistent paraenchymal opacification, and delayed or absent pyelocalyceal visualization.     

Negative spiral CT in acute pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the clinical outcome of non-anticoagulated patients with clinically suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and no symptoms or signs of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) following a negative contrast medium-enhanced spiral CT of the pulmonary arteries (s-CTPA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a 24-month period, 739 of 751 patients underwent s-CTPA with acceptable diagnostic quality for clinically suspected acute PE. All patients who had a CT study not positive for PE were followed up with a questionnaire, a telephone interview and review of all medical reports, including autopsies and death certificates for any episodes of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during a 3-month period. RESULTS: PE was diagnosed in 158 patients. Of the remaining 581 patients with a negative s-CTPA, 45 patients were lost to follow-up. 88 patients were excluded because of anticoagulation treatment (cardiac disorder n=32, chronic VTE or acute symptomatic DVT n=31, PE diagnosed at pulmonary angiography n=1, thrombus prophylaxis during diagnostic work-up or other reasons than VTE n=24) and 7 patients undergoing lower extremity venous studies because of symptoms of DVT (all negative). Thus, 441 patients with a negative s-CTPA and no DVT symptoms, venous studies or anticoagulant treatment constituted the follow-up cohort. Four of these patients had proven VTE (all PE) during the 3-month follow-up period. Two of the PE episodes contributed to the patient's death. CONCLUSION: Patients with clinically suspected acute PE, no symptoms or signs of DVT and a negative single slice s-CTPA using 3-5 mm collimation, may safely be left without anticoagulation treatment unless they are critically ill, have a limited cardiopulmonary reserve and/or if a high clinical suspicion remains.     

64层CT肺动脉造影对肺栓塞诊断及治疗后复查的应用研究

目的:探讨64层CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)对肺栓塞的诊断效果及治疗后复查的价值。方法:对32例肺动脉栓塞的患者采用64层CT行CTPA检查,并进行多平面重建(MPR)、最大密度投影及容积重建处理。患者复查采用相同CT检查及后处理重建。结果:32例患者中15例有下肢静脉栓塞、4例有恶性肿瘤、3例有近期手术病史,2例有近期外伤史。CTPA对肺动脉主干、左右肺动脉及叶、段、亚段动脉显示良好,32例患者中显示受累肺动脉221支,其直接征象为肺动脉血管内充盈缺损,间接征象包括肺梗死实变、肺野少血征、胸腔积液等。肺栓塞治疗后复查有24例患者1月内肺动脉栓子消失或明显吸收缩小(占75%);6例患者吸收不明显(占18.7%);2例死亡。结论:64层CT能清楚地显示肺栓塞的形态、部位及其它间接征象,并能有效监测治疗效果,为临床提供有益帮助。     

40层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨40层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞中的应用价值.方法:使用40层螺旋CT扫描机(Siemens Defination AS 40)对临床初步诊断肺动脉栓塞的38例患者进行研究.采用层厚5 mm行胸部增强扫描.利用3D后处理工作站进行重建为0.75 mm的轴面及多平面重建(MPR).比较层厚5 mm和1mm的轴面图像及MPR图像.结果:CT诊断肺动脉栓塞31例.病变共累计肺动脉260支.对于主肺动脉及肺叶动脉栓塞,3种图像检出结果一致.但对于肺段及亚段肺动脉栓塞的显示,层厚0.75 mm优于5 mm,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),0.75 mm的MPR与轴面图像间差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论:40层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中具有无创、快速、敏感性高的优点,应当作为肺动脉栓塞的首选检查方法.