双氢青蒿素在人的药代动力学及与青蒿素的比较

用放射免疫测定法研究青蒿素和双氢青蒿素在人的药代动力学结果:人口服青蒿素片剂15 mg/kg后1.5 h,血药峰值达0.09μg/ml,MRT为3.27 h,而口服双氢青蒿素仅1.1 mg/kg和2.2mg/kg后1.33 h,血药峰浓度分别为0.13μg/ml和0.71μg/ml,MRT分别为2.36和2.26 h,可见,青蒿素片剂的生物利用度仅为双氢青蒿素的1.62%～10.08%,所以口服宜用双氢青蒿素。直肠给青蒿素栓剂15 mg/kg和双氢青蒿素栓剂8 mg/kg后,血药分别于4.6 h和4.7 h达峰浓度0.04 μg/ml和0.11 μg/ml,MRT分别为6.98 h和6.96 h,可见青蒿素栓剂的生物利用度仅为双氢青蒿素者的29%,作为栓剂也可用双氢青蒿素。     

蒿苯酯在大鼠的药物代谢动力学

大鼠ig蒿苯酯后吸收迅速,其药时曲线出现双峰现象。SPLI非房室模型统计矩计算结果表明,3剂量组平均驻留时间MRT约在12h,半衰期T_1/2约在8h,基本一致。将前8h第一峰血药浓度曲线用3P87程序拟合,药代动力学模型为一室模型。大鼠ig蒿苯酯后2h药物可广泛分布于各组织,6h后各组织中药物浓度均很低。ig蒿苯酯后主要经尿排出,48h经粪尿累积排出70.4%。蒿苯酯平均血浆蛋白结合率约为70%。提取物形式的鉴别结果表明,大鼠ig蒿苯酯后血中以蒿苯酯原型药为主,尿中蒿苯酯及还原青蒿素均有,粪中则以还原青蒿素为主。     

青蒿琥酯皮肤擦剂在小鼠和兔体内的药代动力学研究

将青蒿琥酯溶于苯二甲酸二甲酯,加适量氨酮制成皮肤擦剂。给兔脱毛后,皮肤涂抹此擦剂25mg/kg后,血药浓度达峰时间平均为2 h,峰浓度平均为1.80μg/ml。药物在兔体内平均驻留时间为3.54 h,清除半衰期约为2.46 h。给小鼠脱毛皮肤涂抹擦剂6.7,31.3和71.4 mg/kg,血药浓度在给药后0.5～4 h达高峰,峰浓度分别为0.82,2.05和7.11μg/ml,体内药物平均驻留时间为3.39,2.79及3.54 h,清除半衰期为2.35,1.93及2.45 h。可见,给兔及小鼠皮肤擦剂后,青蒿琥酯吸收良好,血药浓度维持时间较长。     

阿哌沙班在大鼠体内药动学/药效学研究

目的 考察阿哌沙班大鼠体内药动学并评价其与药效学的相关性。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）测定不同时间阿哌沙班血药浓度并绘制血药浓度-时间曲线,同时测定各时间点凝血酶原时间（PT）延长倍数并绘制药效-时间曲线,对药动及药效进行相关性分析。结果 阿哌沙班以2 mg/kg剂量iv给予大鼠,血药浓度时间曲线下面积（AUC_0-∞）、半衰期（t_1/2z）分别为（4 016.07±1 160.46）μg·h/L、（2.95±1.59）h;以10 mg/kg剂量ig给药,AUC_0-∞、t_1/2z、峰浓度（C_max）、达峰时间（t_max）、生物利用度（F）分别为（17 973.48±3 145.30）μg·h/L、（1.52±0.36）h、（4 949.12±615.38）μg/L、（1.00±0.71）h、89.5%。阿哌沙班以10 mg/kg剂量ig给药后0.5~2.0 h可显著延长PT,以各时间点PT延长倍数对血药浓度作图呈良好的线性关系。结论 阿哌沙班大鼠ig给药F高,吸收迅速,延长PT的效应与血药浓度呈现良好的相关性。     

双氢青蒿素对小鼠抗疟作用的药效动力学

双氢青蒿素(DHA)是青蒿素的一种还原产物,对感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株的小鼠一次im给药,其抗疟作用的量—效关系和时—效关系可分别用y=4.9960+2.9536x和y=7.2654-0.3414t表达,进而估算出其ED₅₀和ED₅₀分别为1.00±0.13 mg/kg和2.72±0.70 mg/kg以DHA 5.0 mg/kg im后其药效下降一半的时间为6.6 h,体内有效药量的消除速率常数k为0.2662 h^-1,效量半衰期为2.6 h。式中y为机率单位,是DHA对疟原虫抑制作用的估算值,x为对数剂量,t为DHA im后的间隔时间。     

酶联免疫吸附试验法研究PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF在小鼠体内的药代动力学

研究重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)、聚乙二醇修饰的重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(PEG-rhG-CSF)与重组人血清白蛋白-粒细胞集落刺激因子融合蛋白(rHSA-hG-CSF)在小鼠体内的药代动力学，验证两种方法对rhG-CSF半衰期(T_1/2)的影响。小鼠分别皮下给药rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF后，在不同时间点采血并分离血清，采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法测定血清中rhG-CSF的浓度，用3P87药动学软件进行曲线拟合并计算参数。结果显示，rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF的半衰期(T_1/2)分别为2.1，14.2和10.6 h，后两者半衰期分别为rhG-CSF的7倍、5倍；PEG-rhG-CSF和rHSA-hG-CSF的达峰时间T_peak分别为rhG-CSF的15倍、13倍。通过ELISA法检测比较rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF在小鼠体内的药代动力学，表明PEG修饰与白蛋白融合技术可以延长rhG-CSF的半衰期。     

达比加群在家兔中的药代动力学及其对实验室检查的影响

目的 通过在新西兰大白兔中单剂量服用达比加群酯,对比不同时间点的达比加群血药浓度变化、不同血药浓度时的实验室检查结果,探讨达比加群的药代动力学特征及其对实验室检查结果的影响。 方法 18只新西兰大白兔采用随机数字表法分为5 mg/kg组、10 mg/kg组和对照组三组,每组6只,分别灌胃5 mg/kg、10 mg/kg达比加群酯溶液和等体积的溶剂,于给药前,给药后0.5、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、12、24 h取血,通过液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测达比加群血药浓度计算药代动力学参数并分析组间差异;通过检测达比加群浓度(蛇静脉酶发色底物法测定,ECA)、部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT),与LC-MS/MS结果做相关性分析,同时对ECA与LC-MS/MS进行Bland-Altman偏倚性分析。 结果 达比加群在各实验组中药代动力学参数:5 mg/kg组:t_max=(2.42±0.66)h、C_max=(131.07±49.95)ng/mL、AUC0→t=(814.56±366.86)ng·h-1·mL-1、AUC0→∞=(902.79±426.86)ng·h-1·mL-1、MRT=(5.69±1.74)h、t1/2=(8.12±1.98)h;10 mg/kg组:t_max=(2.83±1.13)h、C_max=(309.99±189.12)ng/mL、AUC0→t=(1 732.26±605.15)ng·h-1·mL-1、AUC0→∞=(1887.63±616.99)ng·h-1·mL-1、MRT=(5.69±1.83)h、t1/2=(8.47±2.87)h,两实验组t_max、MRT和t1/2均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验室检查结果:与对照组相比,给药后TT-时间曲线随药-时曲线有类似的变化。APTT与达比加群呈低度相关(R²=0.224);TT与达比加群浓度呈高度相关(R²=0.780)但有过高的敏感性;ECA检测达比加群的血药浓度呈高度相关(R²=0.882),Bland-Altman偏倚性分析提示ECA低估药物浓度。     

生物降解型左旋18-甲基炔诺酮微球在大鼠的药代动力学

用放射免疫法研究了左旋18-甲基炔诺酮(LNG)微球和LNG微晶在大鼠的药代动力学。大鼠单次imLNG微晶35mg·kg^-1后4.88h.血药峰值达67.66nmol·L^-1,MRT为10.16d,T_{<0.32nmol·L^-1}为41.50d;而单次imLNG微球20.4,41.1和83.3mg·kg^-1后,血药分别于6,4.67和4.33h达峰浓度15.19,33.61和38.55nmol·L^-1,MRT分别为69.23,65.12和63.25d,T_{<0.3nmol·L^-1}分别为167.81,169.73和167.23d。可见LNG微球在大鼠的MRT和T_{<0.32nmol·L^-1}分别约为LNG微晶的6.6和4.2倍,提示该微球具有明显的缓释长效作用,且初始血药峰值明显低于肌注LNG微晶。     

金黄色葡萄糖球菌肠毒素C2改构蛋白大鼠药动学研究

目的 研究金黄色葡萄糖球菌肠毒素C2改构蛋白（2M-118）在大鼠体内单次和多次给药后的药动学特征。方法 24只大鼠随机分为3组,每组8只,雌雄各半,分别单次iv低、中和高剂量（1、2和4 mg/kg）2M-118,高剂量组大鼠于单次给药后,继续每天给药1次,共给药8次。于给药前（0 h）,首次及末次给药后5、10、20、30、45 min和1.0、1.5、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0 h采集眼静脉丛全血约0.5 mL,制备血清。采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法检测大鼠血清药物浓度,采用DAS 3.2.8药动程序计算药动学参数。结果 大鼠单次iv 2M-118后,在1～4 mg/kg剂量内,峰浓度（C_max）、初始浓度（C₀）和药时曲线下面积（AUC）均与剂量呈正相关;消除相半衰期（t_1/2Z）随剂量递增明显延后,平均t_1/2z分别为0.24、0.60和1.18 h;表观分布容积（V_z）随剂量递增而增大;各剂量组的清除率（CL_z）较为一致。与同剂量（4 mg/kg）单次给药相比,大鼠多次给药后的主要药动学参数基本保持一致,体内药物无蓄积倾向。结论 大鼠单次iv 2M-118后,在1～4 mg/kg剂量内,体内暴露量与剂量呈正相关,其清除可能呈现非线性动力学特征;单次与多次iv给予相同剂量2M-118后,药动学行为特征基本一致,无明显药物蓄积。     

克林霉素局部给药与口服给药药物代谢动力学比较研究

目的探讨通过不同途径使用克林霉素药物代谢动力学的临床研究。方法选取20例年龄在25~35岁的健康女性志愿者,首先给志愿者采用克林霉素100 mg阴首给药;1个月后给予此20例志愿者口服克林霉素100 mg,给药后,分别使用液/质联用法,对患者给药后24 h内的血药浓度进行监测,时间间隔为1次/h。结果通过阴道给药的t1/2半衰期为：（15.2±2.5）h;通过口服给药的克林霉素给药的t1/2半衰期为：（3.6±0.6）h;通过阴道给药的血药浓度的情况：给药后1 h的血药浓度：0.54 ng/ml;6 h的血药浓度：15.43 ng/ml;12 h的血药浓度：253.2 ng/ml;通过口服给药的血药浓度的情况：给药后1小时的血药浓度：1.3 ng/ml;6小时的血药浓度：21.4 ng/ml;12小时的血药浓度：256.2 ng/ml;结论克林霉素通过局部给药,药物能够较长时间的停留在药物作用的表面,发挥局部治疗的作用。     

口服双氢青蒿素在兔和狗体内的药代动力学研究

青蒿素是一带有双氧桥结构的倍半萜内酯类抗疟药,已获我国卫生部新药审批委员会批准正式生产,用于临床。青蒿素用硼氢化钠还原得双氢青蒿素,其抗疟作用为青蒿素的4～8倍。我们曾报告给狗po青蒿素50mg/kg后,用放射免疫法在血中未测到青蒿素。     

Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of BMS-204352 after intravenous administration to dogs

BMS-204352 is a novel maxi-K channel opener that is being developed for the treatment for stroke. The current study was designed to evaluate the dose proportionality and pharmacokinetics of BMS-204352 in dogs. In an open, three-way crossover study, three beagle dogs received a single intravenous dose of BMS-204352 as a 6-min infusion into the femoral vein at 0.4, 0.9, and 2.0 mg/kg dose levels. There was at least a 1-week washout period between treatments. Serial blood samples were collected for up to 32 h post dose and plasma samples were analyzed for the concentrations of intact BMS-204352 using a validated liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric (LC/MS) method. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a non-compartmental method. Results indicated that peak BMS-204352 concentrations (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) values increased in a dose proportional manner. Mean residence time (MRT, 18.2-21.9 h) and elimination half-life (T(half), 13.5-17 h) did not change with dose. There was no dose dependency in the mean BMS-204352 total body clearance (CLT, 134-158 ml/h/kg) and mean steady state volume of distribution (VSS, 2839-3291 ml/kg). The high VSS value indicated that BMS-204352 was distributed extensively in the extravascular tissues. In conclusion, BMS-204352 exhibits linear pharmacokinetics over the dose range tested (0.4-2 mg/kg).     

Disposition of a new tetrahydrocarbazole analgesic drug in laboratory animals and man

1. The disposition of AY-30,068 (I), a new tetrahydrocarbazole analgesic drug, was studied in mice, rats, dogs, rhesus monkeys, and man.

2. Oral doses of the ¹⁴C-labelled drug in aqueous solution were well absorbed in rodents, but absorption of oral doses of the crystalline drug in dogs was poor. Due to the virtual absence of serum metabolites in rats and dogs, the bioavailability of I was nearly identical to the extent of absorption. Although a small first-pass effect was observed in mice, unchanged I represented a major portion of serum radioactivity.

3. A linear increase in the serum concentrations of I occurred at doses between 0.05 and 25?mg/kg in rats, 0.1 and 50?mg/kg in dogs, and 1–160?mg in man. In rhesus monkeys given a 0.5?mg/kg oral dose, the C_max and AUC of I were similar to values obtained following a corresponding dose in dogs.

4. After i.v. administration of a 1.0?mg/kg dose the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2β) of I was 4?h in mice and 9–10h in rats and dogs. In rodents, dogs, and several human subjects, the elimination of I was interrupted by secondary peaks. Enterohepatic circulation was confirmed in bile duct cannulated rats, where the t1/2β of I was decreased to 2.4?h. In rodents the serum clearance and apparent volume of distribution of I were 0.04–0.21/kg.?h and 0.5–0.81/kg, respectively, and 0.61/kg.h and 9.81/kg in dogs.

5. In rodents and dogs dosed with ¹⁴C-labelled I, radioactivity was excreted almost entirely in the faeces. No unchanged I was detected in rat bile, while about 70% of the radioactivity corresponded to conjugates of parent drug.     

染料木黄酮在Beagle犬体内代谢动力学的剂量依赖性研究

目的研究不同剂量染料木黄酮(genistein)在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学特征。方法将染料木黄酮制成混悬液，按2.67，5.34及10.68 mg·kg^-1给Beagle犬灌胃，于灌胃后不同时间在犬前腿部静脉采抗凝血标本，用葡糖醛酸酶溶液处理血浆。采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中母体药物及葡糖醛酸结合型药物浓度，血浆药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药代动力学软件分析。结果染料木黄酮在Beagle犬体内过程符合二室开放模型，当剂量为2.67 mg·kg^-1时，母体药物MRT为52.9 min，AUC为6.7 mg·min·L^-1，葡糖醛酸结合型药物AUC为33.9 mg·min·L^-1；当剂量为5.34 mg·kg^-1时，母体药物MRT为224.8 min，AUC为26.1 mg·min·L^-1，葡糖醛酸结合型药物AUC为70.1 mg·min·L^-1；当剂量为10.68 mg·kg^-1时，母体药物MRT为267.7 min，AUC为33.2 mg·min·L^-1，葡糖醛酸结合型药物AUC为140.5 mg·min·L^-1。结论染料木黄酮首过代谢突出，血浆中药物主要以葡糖醛酸结合形式存在。在一定范围内随给药剂量增加，母体药物的吸收量趋于饱和，药物的血浆消除半衰期延长。     

Pharmacokinetics of amosulalol, an alpha, beta-adrenoceptor blocker, in rats, dogs and monkeys

The pharmacokinetics of an alpha, beta-adrenoceptor blocker, amosulalol hydrochloride, were studied after i.v. and oral administration to rats, dogs and monkeys. After an i.v. dose (1 mg/kg), the plasma concentration-time curve fitted a two-compartment open model with terminal half-lives of 2.5 h in rats, 2.1 h in dogs and 1.8 h in monkeys. The order of plasma clearances for amosulalol was: rats greater than dogs greater than monkeys. After oral administration, the maximum plasma concentration was obtained at 0.5-1 h in rats (10-100 mg/kg) and dogs (3-30 mg/kg), and at 1.7-2.7 h in monkeys (3-10 mg/kg). A linear relationship between the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and dose administered was obtained for all three species. The systemic availabilities of the drug in rats, dogs and monkeys were 22-31%, 51-59% and 57-66%, respectively. After repeated oral administration (10 mg/kg) to dogs for 15 days, the pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly from those on the first day.     

用放射免疫法比较肌注和阴道给黄体酮的生物利用度

Serum levels of progesterone were determined after vaginal and intramuscular administration of progesterone 50 mg to eight women (27～42 years of age). Subjects were injected in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, i.e. on the 9～13 th day of the menstrual cycle. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12 and 24h after administration and serum concentration of progesterone were determined by RIA.Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by both one-compartment open model and statistical moment non-model analysis. Their absorption rate constant, elimination rate constant and time to peak (Tmax) were approximate, which were 0.50～0.66, 0.06～0.05 and 5 h respectively. The mean residence time of drug in the body (MRT) of suppository was 21h and that of injection was 20 h. Area under the serum concentration-time curve for suppository was 0.27～0.28 times that of injection (P<0.01).     

Disposition of a new tetrahydrocarbazole analgesic drug in laboratory animals and man

1. The disposition of AY-30,068 (I), a new tetrahydrocarbazole analgesic drug, was studied in mice, rats, dogs, rhesus monkeys, and man. 2. Oral doses of the 14C-labelled drug in aqueous solution were well absorbed in rodents, but absorption of oral doses of the crystalline drug in dogs was poor. Due to the virtual absence of serum metabolites in rats and dogs, the bioavailability of I was nearly identical to the extent of absorption. Although a small first-pass effect was observed in mice, unchanged I represented a major portion of serum radioactivity. 3. A linear increase in the serum concentrations of I occurred at doses between 0.05 and 25 mg/kg in rats, 0.1 and 50 mg/kg in dogs, and 1-160 mg in man. In rhesus monkeys given a 0.5 mg/kg oral dose, the Cmax and AUC of I were similar to values obtained following a corresponding dose in dogs. 4. After i.v. administration of a 1.0 mg/kg dose the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) of I was 4 h in mice and 9-10 h in rats and dogs. In rodents, dogs, and several human subjects, the elimination of I was interrupted by secondary peaks. Enterohepatic circulation was confirmed in bile duct cannulated rats, where the t1/2 beta of I was decreased to 2.4 h. In rodents the serum clearance and apparent volume of distribution of I were 0.04-0.2 l/kg.h and 0.5-0.8 l/kg, respectively, and 0.6 l/kg.h and 9.8 l/kg in dogs. 5. In rodents and dogs dosed with 14C-labelled I, radioactivity was excreted almost entirely in the faeces. No unchanged I was detected in rat bile, while about 70% of the radioactivity corresponded to conjugates of parent drug.     

Enzyme induction following a single dose of amobarbital in dogs

The elimination of amobarbital in dogs was investigated by injecting various doses of amobarbital into a given animal. At low doses (3mg/kg) serum levels declined in a first-order fashion. Superficially, at high doses (20 mg/kg) the relationship between serum concentration and time could be quantitatively characterized by simple one-compartment saturable kinetics. Indeed, qualitatively, saturation of the amobarbital-metabolizing enzymes was indicated by a shallower initial slope of the semilogarithmic concentration-time profile at the high than at the low dose. However, in addition, an acute enzyme induction phenomenon was observed which was indicated by a shorter terminal half-life of amobarbital at the high dose than after the low dose and also by a shortening in antipyrine half-life.This work was supported by Medical Research Council of Canada, Ottawa Grant No. MA-4763.