3-次苄基硫色满酮类化合物的合成及其体外抗真菌活性

目的:设计合成3-次苄基硫色满酮类化合物,并对其抗真菌活性进行初步评价.方法:以取代苯硫酚为原料,经多步反应制得目标化合物,并采用琼脂2倍浓度稀释法测定目标化合物的抗真菌活性.结果:共合成了6个新化合物,经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及元素分析确证其结构.目标化合物对大部分供试真菌具有活性,但弱于对照品克霉唑.结论:3-次苄基硫色满酮在体外具有一定的抗真菌活性.     

硫色满酮3位Mannich碱衍生物的合成及其抗真菌活性

目的 设计、合成硫色满酮3位Mannich碱类化合物，并对其抗真菌活性进行初步评价。方法 以对氟苯硫酚为原料，经多步反应合成目标化合物，并测定目标化合物的抗真菌活性。结果共合成了10个未见文献报道的新化合物，经红外光谱、核磁共振氟谱及元素分析确证了其结构。其中化合物3对大部分供试真菌活性强于或相当于对照品克霉唑。结论 硫色满目3位取代Mannich碱具有较强的抗真菌活性。     

2,3,3a,4-四氢硫色烯并[4,3-c]吡唑类化合物的合成及其体外抗真菌活性研究

目的 设计合成2,3,3a,4-四氢硫色烯并[4,3-c]吡唑类化合物，并对其体外抗真菌活性进行初步评价。方法 以取代苯硫酚为起始原料，合成中间体3-次苄基硫色满酮，该中间体与水合肼在热醋酸中反应生成目标化合物。采用二倍稀释法对4种受试真菌—絮状表皮毛癣菌(E. floccosum)、石膏样小孢子菌(M. gypseum)、绿色木霉菌(T. viride)和断发毛癣菌(T. tonsurans)进行体外抗真菌活性测试。结果 合成了12个新的2,3,3a,4-四氢硫色烯并[4,3-c]吡唑类化合物，其结构经氢核磁共振谱、质谱和元素分析确证。抗真菌实验结果表明，所合成的目标化合物对供试真菌具有一定程度的抑制活性。结论 2,3,3a,4-四氢硫色烯并[4,3-c]吡唑类化合物具有体外抗真菌活性。     

3-甲基硫色酮衍生物的合成Ⅰ

报道了3-甲基硫色酮衍生物的合成路线。合成了八个化合物,并测定了基中二个化合物的抗真菌活性。结果表明,对供试的十种真菌均有不同程度的抗菌活性。     

色酮及硫色酮类抗真菌化合物的研究进展

本文综述了近年来色酮及硫色酮类抗真菌化合物的研究进展,分别对色酮和硫色酮两种化合物进行详细介绍。文章重点阐述了色酮及硫色酮类化合物在抗真菌方面的研究进展及开发现状,介绍了色酮及硫色酮类化合物不同位置的化学修饰及其生物活性,并对其机理和构效关系的进行了分析研究。通过对色酮及硫色酮化合物的抗真菌活性的研究,以期得到更多的有效作用靶点,合成和开发出更多高效、低毒、广谱的抗真菌类药物。     

2-[5-取代苯并咪(噻)唑-2-硫基]-1-(4-取代苯基)乙酮缩氨基胍的合成及NHE1抑制活性

目的设计合成缩氨基胍类化合物并研究其NHE1抑制活性。方法以4-取代苯乙酮(1)为原料,经溴代得α-溴代物(2),再与2-巯基-5-取代苯并咪(噻)唑(3)反应得到2-(5-取代苯并咪(噻)唑-2-硫基)-1-(4-取代苯基)乙酮(4),最后与氨基胍缩合得到目标化合物;以血小板肿胀模型进行初步的体外NHE1抑制活性筛选。结果与结论合成了12个新化合物,其结构经IR、1H-NMR及MS确证。初步的药理试验表明,12个目标化合物均有一定的NHE1抑制活性,其中化合物5b和5h的活性明显优于阳性对照药卡立泊来德。     

含 2-取代-1,3-二硫杂环戊烷席夫碱大环化合物的合成及其抑菌活性研究

目的 开发新型抗菌药物。方法 以不同的β-二酮、二硫化碳、1,2-二溴乙烷等为原料合成含2-取代-1,3-二硫杂环戊烷大环席夫碱化合物,并进行初步抑菌活性研究。结果 合成得到的中间体(Ⅰa~Ⅰc)及目标席夫碱大环化合物(Ⅱa~Ⅱc)经元素分析、红外光谱、1H-NMR、MS等手段进行了结构表征。合成的席夫碱大环化合物抑菌能力优越。结论 本试验合成了含2-取代-1,3-二硫杂环戊烷大环席夫碱化合物,其具有更加优越的抑菌能力。     

含二茂铁基Schiff碱类化合物的设计、合成及抗真菌活性研究

目的合成一系列含二茂铁基的Schiff碱类化合物,并测定其体外抗真菌活性。方法以二茂铁为起始原料,经乙酰化、氧化、酰化、肼解制得中间体二茂铁甲酰肼(1);以各种4-取代的苯硫酚和3-氯丙酸为起始原料,经取代、环合制得中间体取代2H-苯并[b]噻喃-4-酮(2a);以取代苯酚和3-氯丙酸为起始原料,经加成、环合制得中间体取代2H-苯并[b]吡喃-4-酮(2b);以各种取代苯胺和丙烯酸为起始原料,经加成、环合制得中间体取代2,3-二氢喹啉-4(1H)-酮(2c),中间体2a、2b、2c分别与1反应得到目标化合物。采用二倍浓度稀释法测试各目标化合物的体外抗真菌活性。结果与结论合成的15个化合物均未见文献报道,其结构经1H-NM R、HRM S谱确证;活性测试结果表明,多个目标化合物对测试真菌表现出一定的体外抑菌活性。     

硫色(满)酮衍生物的合成及抗真菌活性研究

设计并合成了８个硫色（满）酮及其衍生物，其中７个化合物未见文献报道，其结构均经红外光谱、核磁共振、氢谱及元素分析证实．体外抑菌试验表明：８个化合物均有不同程度的抑菌活性．化合物９４０２，９４０３效果最好，有开发前景．     

(E)-1-芳基-2-咪唑乙酮和(E)-1-芳基-2-苯并咪唑乙酮取代苯腙衍生物的合成及其抗真菌活性

根据抗真菌药物的作用机理和构效关系,本文设计合成了61个(E)-1-芳基-2-咪唑乙酮和(E)-1-芳基-2-苯并咪唑乙酮取代苯腙衍生物,其中57个化合物是未知的。初步抑菌试验结果表明,大多数化合物对深部致病真菌具有不同程度的抑菌作用。当苯环上有2,6-Cl₂,2,4-Cl₂,p-Cl,p-NO₂,p-OCH₃,p-SCH₃取代时,抗真菌活性较强,特别是有p-OCH₃取代的化合物(如:13,29,45)抗真菌活性优于或相似于克霉唑,抗菌谱也较广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.